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PubMedDate not supplied

Implications of proprotein Convertase 5 (PC5) in the arterial restenotic process in a porcine model.

INTRODUCTION: Convertases (PCs), especially PC5, have been detected in various layers of atherosclerotic and injured arteries. We postulate that PCs could be important enzymes in vascular disease thus studied PC5 expression in a porcine balloon and stent coronary arterial vascular injury model. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of slides of porcine arteries from paraffin blocks were studied 1, 7, 14 and 28 days post injury. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry studies show expression of PC5 in control artery endothelial cells, weak medial smooth muscle cell (SMC) staining and strong staining in the small nerves of the adventitia. At 7, 14 and 28 days postinjury, there is strong positive PC5 staining of the neointimal cells and the adventitial vasa vasora and myofibroblasts. Colocalization immunohistochemistry confirms the smooth muscle staining properties of the myofibroblast-like cells in both these locations. Single-label immunohistochemistry studies show the same cells to stain strongly positive with TGF-B, PDGF, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. CONCLUSION: PC5 may be involved in the process of arterial injury via its effect on growth factors (GFs) and mediators. These preliminary observations suggest that the convertases, especially PC5, represent a target for future study in the process of arterial injury.

Angioplasty, Balloon↗
PubMed1998

Pro-neurotensin/neuromedin N expression and processing in human colon cancer cell lines.

The regulatory peptide neurotensin NT has been proposed to exert an autocrine trophic effect on human colon cancers. In the present study, pro-neurotensin/neuromedin N (proNT/NN) expression and processing were investigated in 13 human colon cancer cell lines using a combination of radioimmunoassay and HPLC techniques. All 13 cell lines displayed low to moderate levels of proNT/NN ranging from 10 to 250 fmol/mg protein. However, only 6 (HCT8, LoVo, HT29, C119A, LS174T, and coloDM320) processed the precursor. Three of the latter (HCT8, LS174T, and coloDM320) were analysed in detail with regard to proNT/NN processing pattern and were found to produce NT and large precursor fragments ending with the NT or NN sequence. They had no detectable level of NN. Such a processing pattern resembles that generated by the prohormone convertase PC5. Northern and Western blot analysis of prohormone convertase expression in the 3 cell lines revealed that they were devoid of PC1 and PC2, whereas they all expressed PC5. These data indicate that proNT/NN is a good marker of human colon cancer cell lines while NT is found in only about half of the cell lines. They also suggest that, in addition to NT, several proNT/NN-derived products, possibly generated by PC5, might exert an autocrine positive effect on human colon cancer growth.

Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases↗
PubMed2000

Highly regulated expression of subtilisin-like proprotein convertase PACE4 (SPC4) during dentinogenesis.

Expressions of mRNAs for four subtilisin-like proprotein convertases (SPCs: furin, PACE4, PC6, and PC8) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) in the rat molar tooth during development were analyzed by Northern blotting, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and in situ hybridization to explore the possible involvement of SPCs in the processing of proBMPs. We found a temporospacial expression of PACE4, but not one of the other SPCs, in this tissue; i.e., RT-PCR analysis revealed that the level of PACE4 mRNA, but not that of the other SPC mRNAs became high around the second postnatal day. This increase was in good accordance with the increase in BMP4 mRNA, indicating an apparent association of these molecules with the differentiation and establishment of functional ameloblasts and odontoblasts. During dentinogenesis, PACE4 mRNA was localized in the ameloblasts and odontoblasts. These observations suggest that PACE4 plays a crucial role in dentinogenesis, especially via the activation of BMPs.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The developmental expression in the rat CNS and peripheral tissues of proteases PC5 and PACE4 mRNAs: comparison with other proprotein processing enzymes.

Many peptides modulating cellular growth and differentiation in development are first synthesized as precursors that require proteolytic processing by the "prohormone convertase" (PC) family of endoproteases. Using in situ hybridization, we have here determined that two recently identified PC members, PC5 and PACE4, are expressed prenatally in spatial and temporal patterns that are each unique and distinct from those of previously characterized PCs. PC5 mRNA is first detected at e9 in highly restricted regions of the neural tube, in caudal myotomes, and at the materno-embryonic junction of the uterus. At e10, restricted PC5 mRNA expression is detected in the optic and otic vesicles, the roof of midbrain, and trunk myotomes. By midgestation (e13-e16), PC5 mRNA expression in the developing nervous system has expanded to multiple regions including hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem, and spinal cord. By midgestational stages, PACE4 mRNA is expressed in multiple regions of the developing nervous system, generally distinct from PC5, and including a uniquely high level of expression in the ventricular zone of the hippocampus. In several peripheral organ systems, including lung and gut, we observed remarkably complementary patterns of PC5 and PACE4 expression. In addition, PACE4 transcripts are expressed in the heart and liver, whereas PC5 is expressed in the adrenal and kidney primordia. These results suggest that both PC5 and PACE4 may be involved in neuropeptide precursor processing in the developing nervous system and peripheral tissues with the general nonoverlapping expression patterns suggesting that PC5 and PACE4 may process distinct sets of proprotein substrates.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Proprotein convertases furin and PC5: targeting atherosclerosis and restenosis at multiple levels.

Several growth factors, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and proteolytic enzymes important for cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions in atherosclerosis and restenosis are initially synthesized as inactive precursor proteins. Activation of proproteins to biologically active molecules is regulated by limited endoproteolytic cleavage at dibasic amino acid residues. This type of activation typically requires the presence of suitable proprotein convertases (PCs). The PC-isozymes furin and PC5 are expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions and have been found to be up-regulated, following vascular injury in animal models in vivo. In vitro, these PCs can regulate vascular smooth muscle cell and macrophage functions and signaling events, through activation of pro-alpha-integrins and/or pro-membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases. Integrins link the cytoskeleton with the extracellular matrix and mediate bidirectional signaling and mechanotransduction, whereas matrix metalloproteinases are the major matrix-degrading enzymes. Both activities are required for cell recruitment to the intima. Furthermore, cleavage of extracellular matrix molecules by matrix metalloproteinases potentially contributes to weakening of the fibrous cap, promoting plaque rupture. Based on these recent in vitro and in vivo data, furin and PC5 are potential contributors to the initiation, progression, and complications of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Targeting these PCs may provide future anti-atherosclerotic therapies.

Atherosclerosis↗
PubMed2006

Prohormone convertases differentially process pro-neurotensin/neuromedin N in tissues and cell lines.

Neurotensin (NT) is synthesized as part of a larger precursor that also contains neuromedin N (NN), a six-amino acid neurotensin-like peptide. NT and NN are located in the C-terminal region of the precursor (pro-NT/NN) where they are flanked and separated by three Lys-Arg sequences. A fourth dibasic sequence is present in the middle of the precursor. Dibasics are the consensus sites recognized and cleaved by specialized endoproteases that belong to the family of proprotein convertases (PCs). In tissues that express pro-NT/NN, the three C-terminal Lys-Arg sites are differentially processed, whereas the middle dibasic is poorly cleaved. Processing gives rise mainly to NT and NN in the brain, to NT and a large peptide with a C-terminal NN moiety (large NN) in the gut, and to NT, large NN, and a large peptide with a C-terminal NT moiety (large NT) in the adrenals. Recent evidence indicates that PC1, PC2, and PC5-A are the prohormone convertases responsible for the processing patterns observed in the gut, brain, and adrenals, respectively. As NT, NN, large NT, and large NN are all endowed with biological activity, the evidence reviewed in this paper supports the idea that posttranslational processing of pro-NT/NN in tissues may generate biological diversity of pathophysiological relevance.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1993

Identification of an isoform with an extremely large Cys-rich region of PC6, a Kex2-like processing endoprotease.

In the previous study [1993, J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 113, 132-135] we identified PC6, a member of the Kex2 family of processing endoproteases. In this study, we identified another cDNA encoding an isoform of PC6, and designated it as PC6B and redesignated the originally identified PC6 as PC6A. PC6B had a very large Cys-rich region consisting of 22-times repeats of a Cys-rich motif, and a putative transmembrane domain which is not present in PC6A. A PC6B transcript was found mainly in the intestine, while PC6A transcripts were in various tissues. These results suggest distinct roles of PC6A and PC6B in endoproteolytic processing of precursor proteins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Proprotein processing activity and cleavage site selectivity of the Kex2-like endoprotease PACE4.

Proprotein processing activity of the Kex2-like mammalian endoprotease PACE4 and its cleavage selectivity for sites with basic amino acid residues were determined. Using a recombinant vaccinia virus-based expression system, PACE4 was expressed in pig kidney PK(15) cells and, like two other Kex2-like endoproteases furin and PC6A, shown to correctly process the precursor of von Willebrand factor (pro-vWF). Furthermore, characteristics of the cleavage site selectivity of PACE4 were compared to those of furin and PC6A using the vWF cleavage site mutants vWFR-1G, vWFK-2A, and vWFR-4A as substrates. Cleavage site selectivity of PACE4 and PC6A appeared to be similar but they differed from that of furin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Cellular processing of the neurotrophin precursors of NT3 and BDNF by the mammalian proprotein convertases.

In order to define the enzymes responsible for the maturation of the precursors of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (proNT3), we have analysed their biosynthesis and intracellular processing by the proprotein convertases furin, PC1, PC2, PACE4, PC5 and its isoform PC5/6-B. In these studies, we utilized a vaccinia virus expression system in either BSC40 or the furin activity-deficient LoVo cells. Results demonstrated that in both cells furin and, to a lesser extent, PACE4 and PC5/6-B effectively process proBDNF and proNT3. Furthermore, we have determined that human proNT3 is sulfated, suggesting that processing of proNT3 occurs following the arrival of the precursor to the Trans Golgi Network.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Human lactase-phlorizin hydrolase is not processed by furin, PC1/PC3, PC2, PACE4 and PC5/PC6A of the family of subtilisin-like proprotein processing proteases.

Human lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH, EC 3.2.1.23/62) is synthesized as a single-chain precursor glycoprotein (pro-LPH) with a relative molecular mass of just over 200 kDa. Maturation to the mature enzyme (m-LPH, 160 kDa) occurs after passage of pro-LPH through the Golgi complex and involves the proteolytic removal of a 849 amino acid propeptide. The role of this propeptide as well as its removal is not fully understood and the proteolytic enzyme or enzymes involved are unknown. We studied the potential role of five different members of the family of subtilisin-like proprotein processing proteases in the maturation process of human LPH using a vaccinia virus based coexpression system in pig kidney PK(15) cells. Infected/transfected PK(15) cells expressed full-length pro-LPH but no maturation to m-LPH was observed. Coexpression of human pro-LPH with human furin, human PC1/PC3, human PC2, human PACE4 and mouse PC6A in PK(15) cells did not result in maturation of the enzyme. Cleavage and secretion of von Willebrand factor precursor (pro-vWF) was used as a positive control. None of the five proprotein processing proteases tested were capable of cleaving human pro-LPH, strongly suggesting that they are not involved in the maturation of this enzyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Chromosomal assignment of the genes for proprotein convertases PC4, PC5, and PACE 4 in mouse and human.

The genes for three subtilisin/kexin-like proprotein convertases, PC4, PC5, and PACE4, were mapped in the mouse by RFLP analysis of a DNA panel from a (C57BL/6JEi x SPRET/Ei)F1 x SPRET/Ei backcross. The chromosomal locations of the human homologs were determined by Southern blot analysis of a DNA panel from human-rodent somatic cell hybrids, most of which contained a single human chromosome each. The gene for PC4 (Pcsk4 locus) mapped to mouse chromosome 10, close to the Adn (adipsin, a serine protease) locus and near the Amh (anti-müllerian hormone) locus; in human, the gene was localized to chromosome 19. The gene for PC5 (Pcsk5 locus) mapped to mouse chromosome 19 close to the Lpc1 (lipocortin-1) locus and, in human, was localized to chromosome 9. The gene for PACE4 (Pcsk6 locus) mapped to mouse chromosome 7, at a distance of 13 cM from the Pcsk3 locus, which specifies furin, another member of this family of enzymes previously mapped to this chromosome. This is in concordance with the known close proximity of these two loci in the homologous region on human chromosome 15q25-qter. Pcsk3 and Pcsk6 mapped to a region of mouse chromosome 7 that has been associated cytogenetically with postnatal lethality in maternal disomy, suggesting that these genes might be candidates for imprinting.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Implication of proprotein convertases in the processing and spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the etiological agent of SARS. Analysis of SARS-CoV spike glycoprotein (S) using recombinant plasmid and virus infections demonstrated that the S-precursor (proS) exists as a approximately 190 kDa endoplasmic reticulum form and a approximately 210 kDa Golgi-modified form. ProS is subsequently processed into two C-terminal proteins of approximately 110 and approximately 80 kDa. The membrane-bound proprotein convertases (PCs) furin, PC7 or PC5B enhanced the production of the approximately 80 kDa protein. In agreement, proS processing, cytopathic effects, and viral titers were enhanced in recombinant Vero E6 cells overexpressing furin, PC7 or PC5B. The convertase inhibitor dec-RVKR-cmk significantly reduced proS cleavage and viral titers of SARS-CoV infected cells. In addition, inhibition of processing by dec-RVKR-cmk completely abrogated the virus-induced cellular cytopathicity. A fluorogenically quenched synthetic peptide encompassing Arg(761) of the spike glycoprotein was efficiently cleaved by furin and the cleavage was inhibited by EDTA and dec-RVKR-cmk. Taken together, our data indicate that furin or PC-mediated processing plays a critical role in SARS-CoV spread and cytopathicity, and inhibitors of the PCs represent potential therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Evolution of the prohormone convertases: identification of a homologue of PC6 in the protochordate amphioxus.

Many of the protein precursors traversing the secretory pathway undergo cleavage at multibasic sites to generate their bioactive forms. The proprotein convertases (PCs), a family of subtilisin-like proteases, are the major endoproteases that serve this function. Genes encoding seven distinct members of this family have so far been characterized in vertebrates: furin, PC2, PC1/PC3, PC4, PACE4, PC5/PC6 and PC7/PC8/LPC. Multiple PC genes have also been cloned from a number of invertebrates, including Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. These findings suggest that gene duplication and diversification of the PCs have occurred throughout metazoan evolution. To investigate the structural and functional changes which have occurred during vertebrate development, we have analyzed the expression of PC genes in the protochordate amphioxus. We have previously shown that amphioxus express homologous PC2 and PC1/PC3 genes [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 (1995) 3591]. Here we report the characterization of amphioxus cDNAs encoding proteases with a high degree of similarity to mammalian PC6. Three cDNAs encoding three PC6 isoforms differing only in their carboxy-terminal sequences were found, derived by alternative splicing. Two isoforms appear to be soluble enzymes, whereas the third contains a transmembrane hydrophobic segment and thus is likely to be membrane-bound. All three variants contain many repeats of a cysteine-rich motif that is found in several other PC family members. Thus, amphioxus, like the vertebrates, expresses two types of PCs, e.g., PC2 and PC1/PC3 which function in the regulated secretory pathway in neuroendocrine cells, and the more widely expressed PC6 which functions mainly in the constitutive pathway.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed1998

The pro-protein convertase PC1 is induced in the transected sciatic nerve and is present in cultured Schwann cells: comparison with PC5, furin and PC7, implication in pro-BDNF processing.

Injury of peripheral nerves induces expression of several pro-protein convertases (PCs) involved in processing of precursor proteins into their diverse active end-products. In this study, the focus was on convertase PC1 which, although undetectable in control nerves, is strongly induced in injured nerves. High concentrations of PC1 mRNA of 9.0, 5.5, 3.0, 2.5 and 1.6 kb were observed on day 4 post-lesion in proximal and distal segments. By in situ hybridization PC1 mRNA was detected in most of endoneurial cells, which were further identified by immunocytochemistry as myelin 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase containing Schwann cells. PC1 mRNA and protein were also present in cultured Schwann cells also containing convertases PC5, furin and PC7 as well as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Mostly unprocessed pro-NGF of 35 kDa and pro-BDNF of 35 kDa were found on Western blotting of Schwann cells. Expression of exogenous neurotrophins by infection with vaccinia virus vector showed that mouse pro-NGF and rat pro-BDNF are cleaved intracellularly on smaller forms of 13.5 kDa NGF and 14 kDa BDNF. Infection experiments demonstrated that Schwann cells contain active processing enzymes. In conclusion, this work provides in vivo evidence of the presence of several PCs in the injured rat sciatic nerve and ex vivo in cultured Schwann cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Neuronal cell lines expressing PC5, but not PC1 or PC2, process Pro-CCK into glycine-extended CCK 12 and 22.

Endocrine tumor cells in culture and in vitro cleavage assays have shown that PC1 and PC2 are capable of processing pro-CCK into smaller, intermediate and final, bioactive forms. Similar studies have shown that PC5 has the ability to process a number of propeptides. Here, we use GT1-7 (mouse hypothalamic) and SK-N-MC and SK-N-SH (human neuroblastoma) tumor cell lines to study the ability of PC5 to process pro-CCK. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that the cells express PC5 mRNA and protein, but not PC1 or PC2. They were engineered to stably overexpress CCK and cell media was analyzed for pro-CCK expression and cleavage of the prohormone. Radioimmunoassays showed that pro-CCK was expressed, but no amidated CCK was detected. Lack of production of amidated CCK may be due to the lack of the appropriate carboxypeptidase and amidating enzymes. Production of glycine-extended CCK processing products was evaluated by treatment of media with carboxypeptidase B followed by analysis with a CCK Gly RIA. Glycine-extended forms of the peptide were found in the media. The predominant forms co-eluted with CCK 12 Gly and CCK 22 Gly on gel filtration chromatography. The results demonstrate that these cell lines which express PC5 and not PC1 or PC2 have the ability to process pro-CCK into intermediate, glycine-extended forms more closely resembling pro-CCK products in intestine than in brain.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Secretory proprotein convertases PACE4 and PC6A are heparin-binding proteins which are localized in the extracellular matrix. Potential role of PACE4 in the activation of proproteins in the extracellular matrix.

PACE4, PC6 and furin are potent subtilisin-like proprotein convertases (SPCs) which are responsible for the activation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta)-related factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan within the extracellular matrix (ECM) is known to regulate the biological activity of various differentiation factors including TGFbeta-related molecules. PACE4 binds tightly to heparin and its heparin-binding region was found to be a cationic stretch of amino acids between residues 743 and 760. Furthermore, PACE4 was detected in the extracellular material fraction of the HEK293 cells, defined as the material remaining on the culture plate following the removal of the cells from the plate. PACE4 bound to the extracellular fraction was selectively dislodged by heparin into the culture medium. Heparin has no inhibitory activity against PACE4. Similarly, PC6A is also able to bind to heparin, whereas soluble furin does not. In human placenta, PACE4 is mainly present in syncytiotrophoblasts and can be released by heparin. These results suggest that PACE4 and PC6 are unique SPC family proteases that anchor heparan sulfate proteoglycans at the ECM. The interaction between PACE4 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans might play an important role in the delicate spatiotemporal regulation of TGFbeta-related factors' biological activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Increased proteolytic processing of protein tyrosine phosphatase mu in confluent vascular endothelial cells: the role of PC5, a member of the subtilisin family.

Cleavage and subsequent release of the extracellular domains of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTP) occur at high cell density and may have an important role in regulating their activity. Because cleavage of RPTP occurs at a target motif (RXK/RR) recognized by a family of subtilisin/kexin-like endoproteases, we postulated that members of the subtilisin family may have an important role in this cleavage. We show in this report that the membrane-associated RPTPmu--both in its full 200-kDa form and as a 100-kDa cleavage product--is upregulated 4- and 7-fold, respectively, as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) approach confluence. To determine whether RPTPmu cleavage depended on PC5 (a subtilisin/kexin like endoprotease present in endothelial cells), we transfected COS cells with expression plasmids coding for RPTPmu and PC5 or the closely related protease PACE4. PC5, but not PACE4, cleaved RPTPmu, and RPTPmu cleavage was absent in COS cells transfected with an expression plasmid encoding a mutant PC5 whose active-site serine had been mutated to alanine. We also performed RNA blot analysis to determine whether PC5 expression was affected by confluence in HUVEC. PC5 mRNA levels were upregulated by more than 30-fold when confluence in HUVEC increased from 25% to 100%. These results indicate that PC5 may have an important role in mediating the cleavage of RPTPmu in response to contact inhibition in HUVEC.

Amino Acid Sequence↗