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This article provides a review of selected presentations and events that highlighted the annual meeting of the International Society for the Advancement of Respiratory Psychophysiology (ISARP) and the 14th International Symposium on Respiratory Psychophysiology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 1995. The meeting, which was scheduled as a satellite to the 35th annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, included two workshops (Diana M. Innocenti on "Identification of Individual Breathing Patterns and Introduction to the Reeducation of Dysfunctional Patterns in Hyperventilation, Asthma, and Emphysema" and Richard N. Gevirtz on "Respiratory and Psychophysiological Factors in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Functional Cardiac and Panic Disorders"), two symposia (one on "Breathing Retraining: Issues and Applications" and one on "Capnography and Hyperventilatory Hemodynamics"), three invited addresses (Hans Folgering on "Rehabilitation of Patients with Exercise Hypoxemia"; David Stubbing on "Assessing Impairment, Disability, and Handicap in Chronic Lung Disease"; and Robert Banzett on "Hypercapnia-Induced Air Hunger"), three panel sessions (one on "Respiratory Psychophysiology of Airway Obstruction," one on "Applied Respiratory Psychophysiology," and one on "Hyperventilation and Panic: Psychological Aspects"), and a poster session.
This article presents a summary of selected events that highlighted the 13th International Symposium on Respiratory Psychophysiology held at the inaugural meeting of the International Society for the Advancement of Respiratory Psychophysiology, Saint Flour, France, 1994. The topic of basic and applied research includes summaries of presentations of research on (a) the control of breathing, (b) dyspnea, (c) dyspneic-fear, (d) hyperventilation (panic disorder, somatic changes, pain, fatigue, occupational stress, and strain), and (e) asthma. The topic of evaluation of treatment includes (a) a review of breathing retraining outcome studies and (b) a discussion of recent advances and continuing controversies regarding breathing patterns and breathing retraining. The topic of technical advances is provided by a description of a visual feedback device for pulmonary rehabilitation. The symposium banquet celebration was highlighted by an award ceremony in which L. C. Lum was recognized for his distinguished contributions to respiratory psychophysiology.
This Presidential Address 2004 emphasizes the pivotal role of Psychophysiology as an integrated neuroscience with a panoply of electrophysiological and neuroimaging technologies for the establishment of methodologically crucial conceptual links for the understanding and mapping of brain functions pertaining to cognitive, emotional and motivational processes. Moreover, Psychophysiology's unique neuroscientific perspective by integrating functions of central and autonomic nervous systems with behavior in health and disease is underlined. Based on these developments, the progress of rigorous neuroscientific Clinical Psychophysiology offers possibilities for diagnosis, treatment and objective evaluation of therapeutic outcome in various pathological conditions.
Theoretical as well as methodological issues associated with psychophysiological mechanisms of chronic pain syndromes are reviewed and discussed. Results of studies on psychophysiological responses in patients with recurrent headaches, chronic back pain, and temporomandibular pain disorders are presented. These studies are evaluated on the basis of a set of 12 theoretical and methodological criteria that include diagnostic procedures, use of control groups, sample description, use of multiple and relevant physiological measures, introduction of ecologically valid and actually stress-inducing stressors, use of adequate adaptation and baseline periods, adequacy of data acquisition, and analysis. Results on baseline levels, reactivity to stress and pain stimuli, and return to baseline levels are presented. When only the most methodologically sound studies are included, the data suggest that baseline levels, regardless of type of physiological measure, are not generally elevated in chronic pain patients. The presence of symptom-specific stress-related psychophysiological responses is more commonly observed, and the evidence on return to baseline is at this time inconclusive.
In psychophysiological research, complex tailor-made and interactive analyses of biosignals (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, and respiration) are often required. Moreover, a synchronization between experimental stimuli and psychophysiolgical responses is necessary. In this article, we present Psychophysiological Analysis (PSPHA), a modular script-based program for analyzing biosignals in the time domain. The modules can be integrated in a VBScript, and a wizard allows easy adaption of parameters. PSPHA is a free, interactive, and flexible program for analyzing the data of psychophysiological experiments.
The clinical efficacy of Morita therapy on outpatients with psychophysiological insomnia (PPI) was evaluated psychophysiologically. The subjects, 13 outpatients (mean age: 47. 6 +/-17.7, male/female: 6/7), were diagnosed with PPI at the International Classifications of Sleep Disorders. For each patient the examinations were performed consecutively during, one week of pre-treatment (PRE) and post-treatment (POST; 2.0 +/- 1.1 months), using objective (wrist actigraphy) and subjective (sleep log) measurements. The results were as follows. (1) Subjectively, total sleep time increased and sleep latency shortened significantly at POST compared with PRE. (2) Objectively, the numbers of times of waking decreased, sleep efficiency increased and mean activity in sleep decreased significantly at POST compared with PRE. (3) Dissociations between subjective and objective evaluations about awakening time, total sleep time and sleep latency at PRE improved significantly at POST. From the above-mentioned results, it was suggested that the lack of dissociations between subjective and objective evaluations at POST showed psychophysiologically the reconstruction of sleep a preventing association and breaking free from the entrapment of insomnia. This finding suggested that Morita therapy on outpatients with PPI was effective in helping subjects accept their insomnia and lied a constructive life.
In order to find a psychophysiological paradigm for clinical application we have developed the Viennese Psychophysiological Test-System (VPTS), which includes a special selection and combination of experimental situations, physiological measurements, behavioral measurements and data analysis. This study presents detailed information concerning these four aspects. Experimental situations are related to the human model of information processing, where short changes of stimulus-reaction-correlated processes are selected: resting conditions (eyes open, eyes closed), habituation-orienting test, psychomotor-performance test, signal-detection test and reaction-time test. Physiological measures include central and peripheral activity of the cerebrospinal and autonomic nervous system: cortical activity (spontaneous electroencephalogram, auditory evoked potentials, late positive components, slow potentials), ocular activity (eye and eyelid movements), electrodermal activity (skin conductance), cardiac activity (heart rate measurement), respiratory activity (rate of respiration) and peripheral vascular activity (finger pulse volume). Behavioral measurements extend from micro behavior to complex diagnostic systems: psychomotor measurements, self-reported mood, arousal and visceral perception, psychological and psychiatric interviews. The application of this test system in 15 elderly subjects of both sexes aged 58-77 years gives information which exceeds the sum of the singular constructing elements of the VPTS.
In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, the effects of tenilsetam, a novel antihypoxidotic/nootropic agent, on spontaneous and event-related activity of the central and autonomous nervous system were studied in 15 elderly subjects of both sexes aged 58-77 years by means of the Viennese Psychophysiological Test-System (VPTS). The VPTS includes a special selection and combination of experimental situations, physiological measurements, behavioral measurements and data analysis. At weekly intervals, the subjects received randomized single oral doses of placebo, 150 mg, 300 mg and 900 mg tenilsetam (TEN) and 5 mg co-dergocrine-mesylate (CDM) as reference drug. Psychophysiological testings were carried out before and 2 h after drug administration. Evaluation of the spontaneous EEG-activity demonstrated no significant drug effects as compared to placebo. In contrast, TEN showed a dose-dependent augmentation of the N1-P2 and N2-P300 amplitudes of the event-related potentials (ERPs) in specific experimental conditions. In reference to placebo, the increase of N2-P300 amplitude after the highest dosage of TEN, as well as after CDM, amounted to approximately 5 microV, which confirms the hypothesis that nootropic drugs may influence the P300 amplitude in the sense of an improved availability of cognitive processing resources. There was no effect on ERP latencies, on mean amplitudes of contingent negative variation and of post-imperative negative variation, on autonomous nervous system, on psychological measurements, nor on reaction time. However, specific improvements were observed in psychomotor measures, such as synchronization accuracy and rhythmicity. These findings highlight the importance of using EEG and ERP measures in different experimental situations in conjunction with behavioral, psychological and autonomous nervous system measures to study nootropic drug effects.
Since 1986 there have been unparalleled advances in the psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD) processes and procedures. This paper traces the emergence of a new emphasis in PDD research; the development of forensic psychophysiology as an academic discipline; provides an overview of computerized polygraphs now in use for collecting physiological data; introduces new sensors and transducers currently under study; and describes a new instrument now under development.
Psychophysiological process and outcome phenomena were analyzed to examine differential temporal patterns within and across cognitive, behavioral and physiologically-based treatments of agoraphobia. Eighty-eight severe and chronic agoraphobics with panic attacks (DSM-III) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: Paradoxical Intention, Graduated Exposure or Progressive Deep Muscle Relaxation Training. Protocol therapists, whose treatment integrity was objectively monitored, conducted 12 two-hour weekly sessions. All subjects received programmed practice instructions concurrent with their primary treatment. Analyses revealed numerous significant reductions on in vivo psychophysiological measures for the relaxation condition, a few improvements for the exposure treatment and no effects for the paradoxical intention modality. The mediating role of pretreatment physiological reactivity in treatment outcome and follow-up status was examined and revealed no significant associations. Synchrony-desynchrony patterns were found to vary widely according to both treatment phase and the time interval between assessments. No between-group differences were observed on the proportion of synchronizers. However, synchronizers exhibited superior outcome and follow-up compared to desynchronizers on all domains except the physiological measures. Conceptual, methodological and clinical implications of these findings are discussed with recommendations for future research.
We used quantitative methodology to examine the first three decades of the journal Psychophysiology from a stand-point of historic interest. A bibliometric analysis was conducted on 1,781 works published during this period. In total, 2,537 authors have published in the journal. The distribution of their productivity matches approximately what would be expected based on previous bibliometric investigations. A constant increase in the collaboration between researchers was evident (reaching an average of 2.56 authors per paper). The literature cited in these articles dates back between 4.53 and 8.12 years (M = 6.48 years). These bibliometric results show that this journal can be placed among the most experimentally oriented group within the field of psychology.
The general activation level (GAL) is one of the sources of influence in psychophysiological experiments. That means most of the results are dependent on the GAL. Taken this into account one can furthermore elucidate a part of the high variability of the interesting physiological data. We analysed heart rate (HR), auditory evoked potentials (AEP) elicited by background stimuli and the subjective assessment of the internal state of the subjects to describe changes of the GAL. Summarizing the results we can show different influences of the GAL on the physiological data. Changes of HR and AEP-parameters are caused by specific experimental conditions. The distinct influence of the subjective state of the subjects on the AEP-shapes allows the conclusion that subjective data should be more taken into consideration. The comprehensive characterization of the GAL requires data of different integrative levels.
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