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Group Psychotherapy began in 1905 with Pratt who assembled tuberculosis patients for a class treatment. Application of psychoanalytic concepts to group psychotherapy varied from Pratt's rejection of Freud and psychoanalysis to Louis Wender's descriptive and educational use of psychoanalysis in his group psychotherapy in 1936. At about the same time (1936) Paul Schilder actually interpreted the resistance, transferences, and dreams in his group psychotherapy sessions. Accordingly, Schilder would have to be recognized as the first to conduct a psychoanalytic group psychotherapy. Schilder's many contributions to group psychotherapy appeared in a few papers written before 1941. Precursors of current mainstream group psychotherapy can be found in them and they are still used as references.
The impact of culture on clients' expectations for psychotherapy has not been adequately studied. This is the first study to explore Korean clients' expectations in psychotherapy. A 120-item instrument was used to collect data on expectations for psychotherapy held by 25 Korean clients of the Asian Mental Health Clinic. Six hypotheses regarding expectations for therapist's discipline, characteristics, techniques, goals, and roles in psychotherapy were examined. The findings indicate that the model that Koreans have for a psychotherapeutic relationship is similar to the special teacher-disciple relationship in Korea. The study demonstrated that psychiatric nurses are held in high regard by Korean clients. Education of Koreans to Western psychotherapy concepts and procedures is essential. Recommendations were made for different treatment modalities integrating Western concepts of psychotherapy with Korean cultural concepts of mental health.
Analyses of the data from the Menninger Psychotherapy Research Project (MPRP) have consistently indicated little difference in the therapeutic outcome between patients seen in psychoanalysis and those seen in psychotherapy. Reanalysis of the data from the MPRP, utilizing a distinction between two broad configurations of psychopathology (Blatt, 1974, 1990a; Blatt and Shichman, 1983), however, indicates that patients whose pathology focuses primarily on disruptions of interpersonal relatedness and who use primarily avoidant defenses (anaclitic patients), and patients whose pathology focuses primarily on issues of self-definition, autonomy, and selfworth and who use primarily counteractive defenses (introjective patients) differ in their responsiveness to psychotherapy and psycho-analysis. Based on recently developed procedures for systematically evaluating the quality of object representation on the Rorschach, reanalysis of the Menninger data reveals that anaclitic patients have significantly greater positive change in psychotherapy, while introjective patients have significantly greater positive change in psychoanalysis. These statistically significant patient-by-treatment interactions are discussed in terms of their clinical implications as well as the importance of differentiating among types of patients in studies of therapeutic outcome and of therapeutic process.
The author explains the characteristics of the psychiatric outpatient population in Hermosillo and mentions that these do not allow for the use of traditional psychotherapy. He underlines the importance of the affective ties of the patient with the institution (based on previously formed stereotypes). The author describes also several short therapy techniques, such as persuasion, suggestion, brief psychotherapy and group psychotherapy (for which special training is required). He tells of his experience using psychotherapy with psychiatric medication in an institution.
The authors consider neurosis as a disturbed ability of an adequate perception and reaction which must be corrected by the use of psychotherapy. The method of the socalled rational deep psychotherapy is taken as the main therapeutical influence. Other methods and measures are used in the complex with this method. The possibility of a patient's logical judgement in the use of the methods of suggestive therapy is pointed out. The new methods of psychotherapeutical influence are stated.
The Vanderbilt-Psychotherapy-Scales appeared to be useful instruments for the identification of process characteristics determining the outcome of brief dynamic psychotherapies. The German versions of the two scales measuring important components of the psychotherapeutic process and of negative indicators are described in this article. It could be shown that--similar to the original versions--both scales can be used economically and that rater agreement soon reaches satisfactory levels. To demonstrate the potential use of the scales, their application in two different short term treatments are described which are presently analysed in a multi-center study of "single case oriented process research" using a variety of different methods. The example demonstrates that both scales are useful to discriminate both different theoretical foundations of the treatments as well as specific features of the patients and their therapists. The usefulness of the scales in a broader context is mainly based upon the experience that they reveal a lot of important informations about the psychotherapeutic process with a minimum of expense.
Using critisized statistical technics, the authors have studied the psychotherapies done at a given time in a university psychiatric outpatient clinic. Thereupon they display some correlations, more specifically, the importance of sex gender, of patients' socio-cultural level, of unconscious socio-cultural stereotypes present in the therapists, of diagnosis and of the motivation to seek treatment by psychotherapy. Statistical analysis allows a more coherent approach of these problems.
The author describes his experience in institutional psychotherapy, at the Clínica Hospital of Villahermosa, Tabasco. He mentions factors in the patient, in the psychiatrist, in the institution and in the culture, as fostering the success or the failure of institutional psychotherapy. He shows the effectiveness of this type of treatment in this enviroment and describes ways of improving this kind of work.
In the psychiatric management of patients where the author works the following factors are given careful consideration: a) source of referral, b) previous information about the illness, c) the content of the first session, d) obstacles for further treatment and e) theoretical basis for the psychotherapy sessions. Bellak and Small outlines are followed to structure brief and emergency psychotherapy at the author's institution.
This study examined the amount of actual client self-disclosure emitted and the pattern of its occurrence within and across individual therapy sessions. An earlier finding showed that many clients avoided self-disclosure until the session's closing minutes early in therapy. These data revealed that in the middle stages of short-term therapy for a university population (N = 26) clients continue to engage in the highest proportion of self-disclosure during the latter half of the therapy hour. The position that there are ways in which psychotherapy sabotage can be reduced was discussed.
At the Clínica Hospital Vasco de Quiroga, in Morelia, satisfying results were obtained using a psychotherapeutic approach that included abreaction of conflicts, exercise of directive authority, an attitude to relieve the patient of his guilt, advising, orienting and persuading the patients. This approach includes establishing rapport, obtaining information about the problem, elaborating a diagnostic impression, orienting oneself towards individual psychotherapy, and evaluating how frequently the sessions will be held, according to the therapist's affective neutrality, time available and capacity to listen.
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