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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Egocentrism in children of parents with a history of psychotic disorders.

It is known that children of schizophrenic parents have an increased risk for becoming schizophrenic, but it has been extremely difficult to determine what features may exist in such children before they become manifestly ill that might provide a key for identifying vulnerability to subsequent disorder. This study was carried out to determine whether certain types of egocentric perception exist in the children of psychotic parents that might represent a clue to vulnerability. Sixty parent-child pairs were investigated as part of the University of Rochester (NY) Child and Family Study, using standardized diagnostic assessment procedures in the parents and several methods for evaluating egocentric perception in their offspring. Results showed that severity of psychotic symptoms in a parent related significantly to the degree of persistent age-inappropriate spatial egocentrism in his or her child. All of several diagnostic approaches used for parent classification were about equally valid in this regard, except for hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia, which did not correlate significantly with offspring egocentricity.

Child↗
PubMed1976

Differential diagnosis of psychiatric patients with the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test.

This study investigated whether normals, personality disorders, psychotics and organics could be differentiated by the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test. There were significant differences between all the groups except the psychotics and personality disorders. It appears that, in general, perceptual disturbance lies along a pathological continuum. Similar performances of psychotics and personality disorders were discussed.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1975

Biochemical research into psychosis.

A strategy is presented for biological psychosis research with neuroleptics acting as a point of crystallisation like antidepressants do in biological depression research. The neuroleptics chlorpromazine, haloperidol and oxypertine were studied, and it was found that they influence central catecholamine (CA) metabolism in man. An increased central dopamine (DA) turnover was found to occur in psychotic disorders, mostly in the form of motor agitation. As the first of a planned series of studies, chlorpromazine with presumed ability to reduce both DA-ergic and noradrenaline (NA)-ergic transmission and oxypertine as a more selective blocker of NA-ergic transmission were selected for comparison. The overall therapeutic effect of oxypertine was inferior to that of chlorpromazine, whereas oxypertine proved more effective in cases where loss of initiative was predominant. On the other hand, chlorpromazine exerted a more marked influence on extrapyramidal motor functions than oxypertine. In chronic psychotic disorders with inertia, oxypertine thus seems to be a neuroleptic which is strong enough to prevent exacerbation of delusions and hallucinations while at the same time increasing the level of motivation. These findings were in accordance with our predictions. The comparative study is illustrative of the practical significance of the research approach in this study: The biochemical action profile of a neuroleptic seems to be a more reliable indicator of its clinical action than does its chemical structure.

Brain↗
PubMed1978

Reliability of the Group for Advancement of Psychiatry Diagnostic Categories in Child Psychiatry.

A total of 403 multiple diagnoses were independently assigned to 41 patient protocols by 73 psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers to determine the levels of interrater reliability of the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) diagnostic categories. With the exception of the psychotic disorders category, these diagnostic categories were found to have low levels of interdiagnostician reliability. Differences in the reliabilities across disciplines and levels of training were found. It is noted, however, that neither years of experience, kind of training, nor direct contact with the patient can be regarded as a substitute for improvements in the classification system itself. The importance of a reliable classification system for child psychiatry is emphasized and suggestions for improvements in the present GAP system are made.

Child↗
PubMed1978

The clinical activity of oxazepam.

Over the years, oxazepam has distinguished itself clinically from other benzodiazepines by virtue of its excellent tolerance. Recent research suggests that this is due to metabolic and pharmacokinetic differences rather than an intrinsically more favourable toxic-to-therapeutic dosage ratio. Because of its excellent tolerance, dosage is very flexible, and it is, therefore, possible to utilize oxazepam in a wide spectrum of anxiety-related disorders including the psychoses. The use of oxazepam in anxiety neurosis, depressive neurosis, psychotic disorders, alcoholism, and insomnia is discussed.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1978

Status within the family and early life experiences in patients with affective disorders and cycloid psychosis.

The family constellation and early childhood experiences have been investigated in 534 in- and outpatients (21 male and 323 female). The series comprised the following diagnostic subgroups: bipolar (n = 195) and unipolar (n = 175) affective psychotic disorders, non-psychotic depressive syndromes (n = 94) and cycloid psychosis (n = 70). A 34-item questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the present investigation relying upon information about meaningful variables in the relevant literature. Five main areas (status within the family, separation and loss, disturbing life experiences, acts of violence, and somatic factors) were covered in the study. Female patients have been found to be over-represented in regard to many variables. Few inter-group differences were found. This finding would suggest that negative, early childhood experiences are shared by most psychiatric patients and are not specific for any of the disorders which have been taken into account in the study.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2026

Prevalence of psychosis in South Asia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Psychotic disorders are a major contributor to global disability, yet prevalence data from South Asia which inhabits a quarter of the world's population, remain limited. Reliable estimates are essential for health service planning, policy, and closing the substantial treatment gap. This review provides the first comprehensive synthesis of psychosis prevalence across South Asia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Global Health, and Medline to 18 December 2024 for DSM- or ICD-based prevalence studies in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in community or clinical populations were included. Study quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Random-effects meta-analyses estimated pooled prevalence using the logit transformation. Heterogeneity was explored with meta-regression of key methodological variables (publication year, diagnostic system, residential setting). FINDINGS: Thirty-one studies from five countries were included. Among community-dwelling adults, pooled point prevalence was 0.85% and lifetime prevalence was 1.40%, with inter-country differences (India 1.18%, Pakistan 2.13%, Nepal 2.90%). Clinical samples showed substantially higher proportions of individuals with psychosis in service settings (11.44%), reflecting concentration of cases in treatment-seeking samples. Data for children and adolescents were limited and summarised narratively. Heterogeneity was high across meta-analyses, and exploratory meta-regression did not identify any significant moderators. INTERPRETATION: Psychosis prevalence estimates in South Asia appear higher than global averages but should be interpreted cautiously due to substantial heterogeneity and methodological variation; nevertheless, they highlight the need for culturally sensitive screening, improved detection, and strengthened mental health services.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

CSF acid monoamine metabolites in psychotic syndromes: what might they signify?

Research thus far indicates that CSF 5HIAA and HVA may be correlated with state components of psychotic syndromes. HVA may be positively correlated with a component of arousal or activity. The negative correlation between 5HIAA and state variables of activity or agitation in one study suggests an inhibitory deficit in some acute psychoses or a circulating psychotomimetic substance acting on 5HT receptors. Low CSF HVA values in some psychotic patients could be a manifestation of DA receptor supersensitivity which may antedate and promote the occurrence of acute psychosis. The low CSF HVA is also consistent with a Type B monoamine oxidase deficiency in chronic patients. Such a deficiency could theoretically play a role in either (or both) state or trait behavioral components of psychotic illnesses. Decreased CSF HVA could also be related to trait behaviors in psychoses as a possible reflection of MBD. An increasingly important aspect of biological research in psychotic states in the recognition that biological studies should relate to the component behaviors which make up particular psychotic disorders.

Homovanillic Acid↗
PubMed1975

Neuroleptics, catecholamines, and psychoses: a study of their interrelations.

The authors examined central catecholamine metabolism in various symptomatological psychotic disorders and the relationship between the biochemical and therapeutic action profiles of neuroleptics. Haloperidol and (to a lesser entent) chlorpromaziner icrease the dopamine (DA) turnover in the central nervous system, but the authors influenced; oxypertine has the reverse effect. The authors question whether disorders of DA-metabolism underlie or result from disorders of motor activity, postulating that the hyperdopaminergic activity observable in psychoses is dependent on motor hyperactivity rather than on "true" or psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Mediterranean and standard American diet consumption in psychosis and non-psychosis affective disorders groups: Symptoms and cognition.

UNLABELLED: Research supports an association between diet and health, and emerging evidence suggests that diet is associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, no human study has examined an anti-inflammatory diet across rigorously defined psychiatric diagnoses and its associations with symptom severity and cognition. As inflammation is implicated in mental illness, we investigated adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), an anti-inflammatory diet, and the standard American diet (SAD), and examined cross-sectional relationships with psychiatric symptoms and cognition. METHOD: Participants included 54 individuals with psychotic disorders, 30 with non-psychosis affective disorders and 40 healthy controls. Participants underwent diagnostic interviews, PANSS symptom ratings, and MATRICS cognitive assessments. The self-report GBAQ was used to assess adherence to the MD versus SAD. RESULTS: The psychosis group was significantly more likely to consume the SAD than healthy controls (p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.007), with MD adherence predicting better working memory (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.461, p&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001). In the non-psychosis affective disorders group, MD adherence predicted slower processing speed (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;-0.376, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.049). In the non-psychosis affective disorders group, MD predicted reduced PANSS General Psychopathology scale (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;-0.449, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.013), as well as the Activation (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;-0.362, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.049), and Dysphoric Mood factors (r&#xa0;=&#xa0;-0.403, p&#xa0;=&#xa0;0.027). DISCUSSION: This first-of-its kind study identified poor dietary choices in persons with psychosis, showing significantly lower symptoms and better cognition in association with the MD in transdiagnostic analyses. It supports the study of dietary interventions for prevention and treatment of psychiatric conditions.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

PH-dependent behavior of erythrocyte membrane elevations. II Occurrence in moderate acidemic and alkalemic conditions.

Changes of the number of red cell membrane elevations revealed by freeze-etch electron microscopy are pH-dependent in vitro and in vivo. In healthy volunteers a decrease of the number of red cell surfaces with elevations was observed under moderate acidemic and alkalemic conditions. These changes were different in patients with Huntington's chorea and affective psychotic disorders. Elevations of the red cell membrane with the same diameter can be demonstrated in ultrathin sections, if sodium azide is added during the fixation procedure.

Erythrocyte Membrane↗
PubMed1977

Plasma concentrations of perphenazine and its sulphoxide metabolite during continuous oral treatment.

Plasma concentrations of perphenazine (PPZ) (Trilafon) and perphenazinesulphoxide (PPZSO) were estimated during a 2-week period in 16 patients receiving peroral PPZ treatment for various psychotic disorders. The results demonstrated that the average concentration of three plasma samples was a reasonably good expression of the steady-state plasma level despite a great fluctuation in the concentration from sample to sample. Increased doses in three of the patients resulted in disproportionate increases in the plasma levels. Neurological side effects were recorded and their relation to plasma concentrations are discussed.

Administration, Oral↗