[Aneurysmatic dilatation of pulmonary veins (pulmonary varicose veins)].
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Female↗
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Results for “Pulmonary Veins”
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Demonstration of pulmonary arteries by contrast injection into pulmonary vein.
Pulmonary venous injection of contrast medium in the near-wedge position produced a flow into the pulmonary arterial tree in 15 out of 21 children with cyanotic congenital heart disease. In 5 there was good opacification of both sides from a single injection. The technique provides an additional method of demonstrating the anatomy of the pulmonary arteries where surgical treatment is contemplated.
Adolescent↗
Common pulmonary vein atresia without anomalous pulmonary venous connection.
Common pulmonary vein atresia without pulmonary venous connection is a rare form of congenital heart disease. No communication exists between the confluence of the pulmonary veins and the heart or a major systemic vessel. A case diagnosed antemortem is presented. Correct early diagnosis is imperative as surgery may be corrective.
Heart Defects, Congenital↗
A severe complication of pulmonary vein angiography.
A pulmonary vein angiogram was performed using a pressure injection with the tip of an end and side hole catheter in a near-wedge position; extravasation of contrast material into a bronchus occurred, causing severe bronchoconstriction. It may be possible to avoid this complication by the use of an end hole balloon catheter in the wedge position, slow flow rates of contrast material, and low pressure injections.
Angiography↗
Blood flow in pulmonary veins: III. Simultaneous measurements of their dimensions, intravascular pressure and flow.
Vein flow in the large extraparenchymal pulmonary veins is pulsatile and its wave form has an inverse relationship to left atrial pressure. Extraparenchymal pulmonary veins are thin walled and collapsible. This enables them to behave as highly compliant structures. Dimensional measurements of their cross sectional area in living open chested dogs showed them to be non circular at low left atrial pressures. They rapidly assumed a circular cross section as left atrial pressure rose. Only at pressures above 1.5 kPa (11 mmHg) were the pulmonary veins circular in cross section. The aggregate volume of the large extraparenchymal pulmonary veins, when fully distended, was found to be equal to or greater than one stroke volume of the heart. The extraparenchymal pulmonary veins act as a reservoir to the left atrium so that left ventricular stroke volume can be maintained relatively unaffected by beat by beat changes in right ventricular stroke output. Their behaviour at normal mean left atrial pressures also enables them to isolate the lung capillaries from retrograde transmission of positive pressure transients from the left atrium, which could otherwise impede venous outflow of blood from the lung capillary bed.
Animals↗
[Morphological (Macro-, micro-electronoptical) changes and cytoenzyme changes after ligation of the pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and both in dogs].
In six dogs ligature of the main pulmonary artery was performed, and in five other ligature of the pulmonary veins was carried out, while in five other animals combined simultaneous ligatures were made. Extensive infarcization was noted, of the pulmonary tissue, with an evolution toward death, in all types of ligatures. Death occured earlier in ligatures of the pulmonary veins. All the interventions were performed on the left lung, under general anesthesia, orotracheal intubation and assisted respiration. Electron-optic investigation revealed mitochondrial alterations 30 minutes after ligature of the pulmonary veins and 2 hours after that of the pulmonary arteries. The lesions were extensive in time. In the infarction areas the activity of the energetic enzymes (SDH, NADH2, G6PD, LDM) appears to be reduced, and even completly abolished. This occurs earlier when pulmonary veins are closed. On the basis of clinical and surgical data already mentioned in the literature, as well as on that of the experimental studies performed, the authors consider that ligature of the pulmonary artery, either therapeutically or due to various necessities, an intervention that is recommended by some surgeons, is not a functional type of intervention, and can even have ill-fated results, especially if the pulmonary venous circulation is also involve in the pathological process.
Animals↗
Pulmonary vein blood flow velocity in pulsus paradoxus.
The effect of inspiration on pulmonary vein blood flow velocity and forward pressure gradient from pulmonary vein to left atrium was studied in seven patients with chronic constrictive pericarditis, five of whom had clinically obvious pulsus paradoxus. Compared to patients without pericardial disease, where inspiration produced no change, patients with pericardial disease showed an inspiratory fall in the forward pressure gradient and forward blood flow velocity in the pulmonary veins on inspiration. The mechanism of pulsus paradoxus in these patients can be explained by incomplete transmission of the inspiratory fall of intrathoracic pressure to the left atrium.
Adult↗
Electron-microscopic studies of the innervation of the pulmonary veins of the mouse.
The innervation of the pulmonary veins was studied with electron microscopy. The adrenergic and cholinergic nerves were differentiated with potassium permanganate fixation. All three layers of the venous wall, namely, the tunica intima, media and adventitia, contained unmyelinated axons. Adrenergic and cholinergic axons were located near the cardiac muscle in the tunica media and near the smooth muscle in the tunica intima. The morphological relationships may explain the pharmacological and electrophysiological responses of the large pulmonary veins observed by others.
Adrenergic Fibers↗
[Obliterating changes of pulmonary veins as the cause of pulmonary hypertension].
The clinical course and the necropsy study in a 9,7 year old boy with primary vascular pulmonary hypertension showed that it was due to an intrapulmonary venoocclusive disease. The inter- and intralobular veins and the venoles revealed fibrous intimal thickening up to subtotal obstruction or total occlusion. The etiology remains unknown. There were no thrombi of veins or arteries within the lung. It is supposed the intimal proliferation due to an unknown etiologic agent is primary and thrombosis secondary.
Autopsy↗
Blood flow in pulmonary veins: II. The influence of events transmitted from the right and left sides of the heart.
The wave form of blood flow in the large extra parenchymal pulmonary veins has an inverse relationship to the pressure wave form in the left atrium during each cardiac cycle. However, when vein flow from the lungs is separated from the left atrium by diverting it into a constant pressure reservoir, its wave form then resembles a lung capillary flow pulse, though delayed from it in time and reduced in ampliture. The pulsatility of flow in pulmonary veins separated from the left atrium is further reduced when transcapillary pressure is elevated by lung inflation. However, in the intact state, the relation between the pattern of pulmonary vein flow and left atrial pressure remains unaffected by lung inflation. It is postulated that the thin walled extraperenchymal pulmonary veins together behave as a collapsible reservoir which enables outflow from them to be determined by changes in left atrial pressure, in spite of variations of pulsatile flow into them from the lungs.
Animals↗
Pharmacological comparison of isolated bronchial artery and pulmonary vein: possible functional relationships.
Using selective agonists and antagonists, active alpha and beta 1-adrenoceptors and muscarinic cholinoceptors were identified in isolated strips of bronchial artery and pulmonary vein. Beta 2 receptors were located in the bronchial artery only. The bronchial artery was more sensitive to phenylephrine and less sensitive to carbachol than the corresponding pulmonary vein, which was in turn more sensitive to the spasmogenic action of serotonin, SRS-A and prostaglandins than the artery. Both vessels contained histamine H1-receptors and tryptamine D-receptors. Histamine H2-receptors were confined to the pulmonary vein. The data are consistent with the involvement of both bronchial and pulmonary vasculature in allergic pulmonary diseases.
Animals↗
[Scintigraphic and electrocardiographic changes after ligation of the pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and mixed ligation in dogs].
The authors have investigated in 6 dogs the disturbances of the perfusion determined by ligature of the main left pulmonary artery, of the pulmonary veins, and mixed ligatures. The scintigraphic method was used (consisting in intravenous injection of radionuclide-labelled ferric colloids, and detection with the Anger camera). In 12 dogs electrocardiographic modifications were also investigated, occuring at various intervals of time after the above-mentioned ligatures. With the aid of scintigraphy it was noted that pulmonary perfusion was abolished in the corresponding lung both immediately and at 24 hours following ligatures. With the aid of scintigraphy it was noted that pulmonary perfusion was abolished in the corresponding lung both immediately and at 24 hours following ligature of the vessels. The same aspects was noted in all three types of ligature. Consecutive infarctions were noted at necropsies. The electrocardiogram evidenced sings of coronary failure when all the pulmonary veins of one lung were ligatured, signs of ventricular and atrial overcharge in dogs with ligature of the pulmonary artery and mixed modifications, although less severe, in combined vascular ligatures. The more rapid evolution toward death of dogs with ligatures of the pulmonary veins could be explained by the coronary failure.
Animals↗
Pharmacological studies on the pulmonary vein of the horse. I. Effects of selected spasmogens.
Horses suffer from a respiratory condition, similar to human allergic asthma, that is characterized by severe dyspnea, wheezing, coughing, and mucus production. Mediator substances released during the allergic reaction may contract airways and pulmonary vasculature. Nothing is known of the effects of autacoids and other vasoactive substances on equine pulmonary vessels. Therefore, spiral strips of equine pulmonary vein were prepared in vitro and the effects of histamine (H), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), bradykinin (BK), carbachol (Carb), and phenylephrine (phen) were studied. The order of contractile effectiveness for the agonists on the vein was found to be 5HT greater than H greater than Bk greater than Phen greater than Carb, although H consistently produced the greatest maximal effects. H1-receptors appeared to mediate H contractions while H2-receptors had no measurable effect. 5HT responses were mediated directly by 'D-type' smooth muscle receptors. Bk produced contractions but of a lesser magnitude than either H or 5HT. Varying degrees of tachyphylaxis were observed for each agent. alpha-Adrenergic receptor stimulation by Phen initiated low-magnitude contractions whereas Carb exhibited virtually no activity on the pulmonary vein. Contractile responses of pulmonary veins to various spasmogens may contribute to the equine asthmatic response by raising vascular hydrostatic pressure, thereby enhancing edema formation.
Animals↗
Blood flow in pulmonary veins: I. Studies in dog and man.
The pattern of blood flow in the large extra parenchymal pulmonary veins is pulsatile in both dog and man. This pulsatility is dominated by the changes in left atrial pressure taking place throughout the cardiac cycle. No pulsatile component of low in the large pulmonary veins could be attributed to forward transmission of a flow pulse conducted from the lung capillaries. The findings suggest that there must be a region of considerable compliance in the pulmonary venous system which can absorb pulsations from the lung capillaries and eliminate their transmission to the left atrium.
Animals↗
[Morphologic study of the arterial vasa vasorum of the pulmonary veins in dogs].
The authors studied 54 hearts of dog, to try and find a pattern of the origin, traject and distribution of the vasa vasorum of the great vessels in the heart of the dog. They used the injection-corrosion-fluorescence method imagined by one of them, verifying the good penetrability of the substance they injected and a fine visualization under Wood light. They observed that the arterial vasa vasorum of the pulmonary veins come from the atrial branches of the circumflex artery, from an atrial antero-right branch of the artery of sinusatrial node, branches from the right-coronary artery and from the bronchial arteries. The systematize the arterial blood supply of the different sides of the pulmonary veins, though it is not a rigid classification as the atrial arterial branches, supplying the vasa vasorum, show a great variability of size and there are several anastomosis between them.
Animals↗
Systemic artery-to-pulmonary vein fistula in osteogenic sarcoma of the chest wall.
An arteriovenous fistula between the systemic and pulmonary circulations may be congenital, as in bronchopulmonary sequestration, or the communication may be acquired. Inflammatory disease, trauma, and, rarely, neoplasm have been implicated as possible causes of acquired communications. We describe a patient who had a systemic artery-to-pulmonary vein fistula that was secondary to a recurrent sarcoma of the chest wall. Review of the literature failed to reveal a previous report of a similar case.
Adult↗
[Sarcoma of the right superior pulmonary vein: physiopathological study of the progressive stenosis in a lobar vein (author's transl)].
A part from the interest aroused by the exceptional nature of this case of sarcoma of the right superior pulmonary vein, it enabled definition of the angiographic appearances of the affection of the vein. Physiopathological examinations, including vascular redistribution, development of a systemic collateral circulation, and the reflux of hematosed blood into the pulmonary trunk, were able to establish the diagnosis in vivo.
Collateral Circulation↗
[Demonstration of the pulmonary vein with use of a balloon-tipped catheter in total anomalous pulmonary venous connection with patent ductus arteriosus (author's transl)].
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Cardiac Catheterization↗