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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

Monoclonal antibodies specific to quail embryo tissues: their epitopes in the developing quail embryo and their application to identification of quail cells in quail-chick chimeras.

Quail-chick chimeras have been used extensively in the field of developmental biology. To detect quail cells more easily and to detect cellular processes of quail cells in quail-chick chimeras, we generated four monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific to some quail tissues. MAb QCR1 recognizes blood vessels, blood cells, and cartilage cells, MAb QB1 recognizes quail blood vessels and blood cells, and MAb QB2 recognizes quail blood vessels, blood cells, and mesenchymal tissues. These antibodies bound to those tissues in 3-9-day quail embryos and did not bind to any tissues of 3-9-day chick embryos. MAb QSC1 is specific to the ventral half of spinal cord and thymus in 9-day quail embryo. No tissue in 9-day chick embryo reacted with this MAb. This antibody binds transiently to a small number of brain vesicle cells in developing chick embryo as well as in quail embryo. A preliminary application of two of these MAb, QCR1 and QSC1, on quail-chick chimeras of neural tube and somites is reported here.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Cell death of lumbosacral motoneurons in chick, quail, and chick-quail chimera embryos: a test of the quantitative matching hypothesis of neuronal cell death.

The quantitative matching hypothesis of neuronal cell death was tested for the chick hindlimb by determining the relationship between myotube number at the onset of motoneuron cell death and the number of motoneurons that survive in chicks, quail, and chick-quail chimeras. Hindlimb buds, which differ in size between the 2 species, were exchanged at stages 16 1/2-19, myosin ATPase-stained myotubes in selected thigh muscles were counted during the cell death period (stages 30-34), and lumbosacral motoneurons were counted following the cell death period (stage 38). No quail motoneurons were rescued when quail cords innervated chick limbs. When chick cords innervated quail limbs, the number of surviving motoneurons was significantly decreased but not to quail values. We consider that this occurred because chicks develop more slowly than quail, and we found that transplanted chick limbs were developmentally younger than the contralateral quail limb at the onset of motoneuron cell death and contained fewer myotubes. Similarly, transplanted quail limbs contained more myotubes at the onset of cell death than normal stage 30 quail limbs. An excellent correlation was obtained during normal development of both species between the number of myotube clusters at the onset of cell death and the number of surviving motoneurons. This correlation was also observed for chick-quail chimeras, and when the data points were plotted for control chick, control quail, chick host-quail limb, and quail host-chick limb, the correlation coefficient was 0.996. This strongly suggests that some parameter closely related to myotube number limits the number of motoneurons that will survive. A proposal consistent with our observations is that motoneuron survival is dependent on the uptake of a myotube-derived trophic factor that can only be taken up at synaptic sites and that the number of such sites is limited and directly related to myotube number. In conclusion, our observations strongly support a quantitative-matching component in the process of neuronal cell death. However, since we were unable to rescue any neurons, we cannot exclude the possibility that some proportion of neurons normally dies for reasons other than peripheral competition.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

A comparative karyological study of the blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis, Phasianidae) and California quail (Callipepla californica, Odontophoridae).

We conducted comparative chromosome painting and chromosome mapping with chicken DNA probes against the blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis, CCH) and California quail (Callipepla californica, CCA), which are classified into the Old World quail and the New World quail, respectively. Each chicken probe of chromosomes 1-9 and Z painted a pair of chromosomes in the blue-breasted quail. In California quail, chicken chromosome 2 probe painted chromosomes 3 and 6, and chicken chromosome 4 probe painted chromosomes 4 and a pair of microchromosomes. Comparison of the cytogenetic maps of the two quail species with those of chicken and Japanese quail revealed that there are several intrachromosomal rearrangements, pericentric and/or paracentric inversions, in chromosomes 1, 2 and 4 between chicken and the Old World quail. In addition, a pericentric inversion was found in chromosome 8 between chicken and the three quail species. Ordering of the Z-linked DNA clones revealed the presence of multiple rearrangements in the Z chromosomes of the three quail species. Comparing these results with the molecular phylogeny of Galliformes species, it was also cytogenetically supported that the New World quail is classified into a different clade from the lineage containing chicken and the Old World quail.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Circulating corticosterone response of wild-type Japanese quail to albino quail intrusion.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the ability of albino Japanese quail intruders to elicit serum corticosterone responses in established populations of wild-type (W-T) quail. In Experiment 1, W-T quail were mixed with albino strangers and blood sampled prior to (T0) and 2 hr after (T2) mixing. A second W-T group, serving as a control, was bled at these same times but was not subjected to albino intrusion. In Experiment 2, a similar protocol was followed, except albino treated and control quail were not bled at T0. Blood samples were assayed for their serum corticosterone content by radioimmunoassay. The incidence of headbanging behavior by W-T quail from T0 to T2 was also determined. Both control and albino treated W-T quail exhibited significantly elevated mean serum corticosterone levels at T2 when compared to their T0 hormone levels. However, when the quail were not bled at T0, a significantly higher mean plasma corticosterone level was found at T2 in albino treated wild types in comparison to control treated quail at this time. Although percent of individuals headbanging was similar in both control and albino treated W-T quail handled at T0, albino quail intrusion produced a significant doubling in the incidence of headbanging by W-T quail not previously handled. Serum corticosterone and headbanging behavior were not correlated. Collectively, these data would appear to indicate that albino quail intruders serve as effective nonspecific systemic stressors to W-T quail, provided the latter are not handled beforehand.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Responses of isolator-derived Japanese quail and quail cell cultures to selected animal viruses.

Thirteen oncogenic and necrotizing animal viruses were assayed in LIFE Sciences, Inc. (LSI)-specific pathogen-free Japanese quail and LSI-specific pathogen-free chicken embryo cell cultures. Nine viruses produced similar titers in the quail and chicken cell systems, whereas four viruses showed significantly higher titers in chickens. Young Japanese quail and chickens were inoculated with five selected avain viruses and maintained in stainless-steel isolators. Comparable responses were noted in quail and chickens injected with Newcastle disease virus and avain leukosis virus, but quail were significantly more resistant than chickens to fowl pox virus, laryngotracheitis virus, and Marek's disease herpesvirus. Although no overt symptoms of disease were observed in Japanese quail inoculated with most avain viruses, neutralizing antibody or virus was detected, indicating presence of an inapparent infection. In one experiment, neutralizing antibody was detected in a comparable number of quail and chickens after inoculation with avian leukosis virus. Avian leukosis virus viremia was observed at 12 and 70 days postinoculation, with the COFAL (complement fixation for avian leukosis) titers similar for quail and chickens. Most quail infected with Marek's disease herpesvirus produced neutralizing antibody within 70 days but showed no classical symptoms of Marek's disease even when held for 5 months. In contrast, all chickens inoculated with Marek's disease herpesvirus died within 20 days. The utility of quail embryo cell cultured in the preparation of vaccines and biological reagents is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

A new marker for identifying quail cells in embryonic avian chimeras: a quail-specific antiserum.

The characterization of cell behavior in quail chick chimeras has greatly increased our knowledge of the ontogeny of embryonic cell populations and the role of cell-cell interactions in development. We sought to extend the value of avian chimeras by producing a marker that would recognize cell surface components and that could be used instead of the traditional nuclear marker to identify quail cells within chimeras. We describe here a quail-specific antiserum produced by injecting chickens with a membrane fraction of 6-10-day quail embryos. By use of peroxidase coupling of a second antibody, serum reactivity was tested in tissue sections of normal quail and chick embryos and of somitic mesoderm and neural tube chimeras. The primary time period examined was 6-10 days of development. At these stages, the antiserum recognizes only quail cells and stains both plasma membrane-associated and cytoplasmic cell components. The latter characteristics allow the identification of quail axons in chimeras and facilitate visualization of quail cells at low magnification. We show that antiserum staining can also be used to identify quail cells in culture and can be combined with orthograde HRP labeling of neurons.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Molecular characterization of fetal antigens on red blood cells of chickens, Japanese quail, and quail-chicken hybrids.

The molecular nature of chicken fetal antigen (CFA) and quail fetal antigen (QFA) was studied on embryonic red blood cells (RBCs) of the chicken, the Japanese quail, and the quail-chicken hybrid. Specific immunoprecipitation of radiolabeled membrane proteins followed by electrophoretic separation and autoradiography were used to identify the protein molecules carrying these fetal antigens. CFA was found on molecules of 24, 50, 88, 99, 130, 170, and 220 kd (kilodaltons) in the chicken and hybrid and on molecules of 24, 50, 99, and 170 kd in the Japanese quail. Similarly, quail fetal antigen was associated with 24-, 50-, 99-, and 170-kd molecules in the quail and hybrid and was not detected in the chicken. Partial proteolytic digestion of the 50- and 170-kd molecules isolated from RBCs of all sources showed remarkably similar peptide patterns. Likewise, two-dimensional separation of the CFA-positive and QFA-positive 50-kd molecules from quail RBCs revealed a similar pattern of at least nine isomorphic variants. Sequential depletions of quail embryonic RBC extracts with either anti-CFA or anti-QFA followed by immune precipitation with the reciprocal antiserum suggested that most of the cell surface proteins carrying QFA also have CFA on the same molecules. It is suggested that specific glycosylations of a variety of distinct molecular weight proteins determines the antigenic phenotype characterized as "fetal antigens."

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Action of quail and chicken interferons on a quail cell line, QT35.

Production of interferon (IFN) in quail cells (QT35) and the activity of quail IFN and heterologous avian IFN (chicken) on QT35 cells were examined. Quail cells produced IFN after induction by bluetongue virus serotype 10; chicken and quail IFN conferred antiviral resistance on the quail cells. Both chicken and quail IFN induced increased levels of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2',5'-OAS) in QT35 cells and reduced levels of intracellular Salmonella typhimurium postchallenge. These results indicate that the quail cells produce IFN and respond to homologous and heterologous avian IFN as evidenced by enhanced (1) resistance to viral infection, (2) production of 2',5'-OAS, and (3) resistance to invasion by bacteria. QT35 quail cell monolayer cultures offer an alternative to primary chicken embryo fibroblasts cultures used for avian IFN studies.

2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase↗

PubMed1995

Critical re-examination of the distribution of aromatase-immunoreactive cells in the quail forebrain using antibodies raised against human placental aromatase and against the recombinant quail, mouse or human enzyme.

Mouse and quail aromatase cDNAs were isolated from libraries of mouse ovary and quail brain by using a human aromatase cDNA fragment (hA-24) as a probe. These three cDNAs were inserted into plasmid vectors and expressed in Escherichia coli. Antisera against these purified recombinant proteins were raised in rabbit and purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and affinity chromatography. The three antibodies directed against recombinant human, mouse and quail proteins were used to visualize aromatase-immunoreactive cells in the quail brain. They were compared with the antibody raised against human placental aromatase used in previous experiments and with another antibody recently developed by similar methods. The signal obtained with all antibodies was completely abolished by preadsorption with the homologous recombinant antigens and the signal produced by the two antibodies raised against placental aromatase was similarly abolished by a preadsorption with recombinant quail aromatase. The antibodies raised against recombinant proteins identified the major groups of aromatase cells previously described in the quail brain. The antibodies directed against the mouse and quail antigen identified more positive cells and stained them more densely than the antibodies raised against human recombinant antigen or purified placental aromatase. The new cell groups identified by the antibody raised against quail recombinant aromatase were located in an area ventral to the fasciculus prosencephali lateralis, the nucleus accumbens, the paleostriatum ventrale, the nucleus taeniae, the area around the nucleus ovoidalis, the caudal tuber and the mesencephalic central gray. A critical re-examination of the distribution and nomenclature of the aromatase-positive cells is proposed based on these new findings.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Molecular cloning of acid alpha-glucosidase cDNA of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and the lack of its mRNA in acid maltase deficient quails.

Acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) hydrolyzes alpha-1, 4 and alpha-1, 6 glucosidic linkages of oligosaccharides and degrades glycogen in the lysosomes. The full-length GAA I cDNA, pQAM8, was isolated from a cDNA library derived from Japanese quail liver. The cDNA is 3569 base pairs long and has an open reading frame capable of coding 932 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence shares 52% identity with human GAA. Transfection of expression vector pETAM8 into COS-7 cells or acid maltase deficient (AMD) quail embryonic fibroblasts increased the level of GAA 20-50-fold. Compared to normal quail, the levels of GAA I mRNA were significantly reduced in the muscle, liver, heart, and brain of AMD quails, suggesting the GAA deficiency in AMD quail is due to a lack of GAA I mRNA. A second GAA II cDNA was identified after probing the cDNA library from the ovarian large follicles of quails with a PCR product derived from cultured quail skin fibroblasts. This clone having 3.1 kb insert, has GAA activity as well (3 to 10 fold increase). This cDNA, designated GAA II, predicted an 873 amino acid polypeptide showing 63% identity to human GAA and 51% identity to the GAA I. The RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that GAA II mRNAs were barely detectable in normal tissues, while they were enhanced to higher levels in AMD tissues. These results suggest that GAA II expression is up-regulated at the transcription levels, and quail GAA gene redundancy performs the same function of satisfying GAA demand at the two different phases represented by normal and AMD.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Antibodies to quail erythrocytes in quail-chicken spinal cord chimeras.

Quail-chicken spinal cord chimeras are a model for temporary acceptance followed by rejection of xenografts and also for demyelinating lesions of the central nervous system. The antiglobulin test with quail erythrocytes was employed to detect antibodies in sera of quail-chicken spinal cord chimeras. Sera of all 46 chimeras tested gave positive results. In virtually all instances, antibodies were detected within 10 weeks after hatching and they persisted for all the observation time up to 8 months. The antibodies detected in these tests were directed against species antigens of the quail. They were apparently identical with xenoantibodies described in a previous study, which were detected by indirect immunofluorescence with quail tissue sections; on the other hand, mixed agglutination tests with quail embryonal cell monolayers employed previously had detected a broader spectrum of antibodies that did the antiglobulin tests with quail erythrocytes. The antiglobulin test with quail erythrocytes seems the most cost-efficient and convenient test to monitor xenoantibody formation in this animal model.

Agglutination Tests↗

PubMed1992

In vitro regulation of the innervation pattern of quail muscle fibers by quail and mouse neurons.

Myoblasts from rudiments of slow and fast muscle, anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) respectively, of 9-day-old quail embryos were cultured in vitro for a period of up to 60 days in order to give rise to well-differentiated muscle fibres. These fibres were innervated by neurons from either quail or mouse embryo spinal cord and their innervation pattern was examined by the visualization of acetylcholine receptors (ACh-R) and of acetylcholinesterase (ACh-E) activity at the neuromuscular contacts. In the culture system used, quail neurons always innervated muscle fibres at several sites and only when a fast-type activity was imposed on these neurons did a reduction in the number of the previously established neuromuscular contacts take place. In contrast, in the muscle fibres innervated by mouse neurons, a spontaneous reduction in the number of the previously established neuromuscular contacts occurred but this spontaneous reduction depended upon the level of differentiation reached by the muscle fibres in vitro. In the cultures of muscle fibres previously innervated by mouse neurons, the addition of quail neurons did not provoke any modification in the initial innervation pattern, and no quail ACh-R cluster was observed. In contrast, in the muscle fibres previously innervated by quail neurons, the mouse neurons contacted these fibres, resulting in a decrease in the number of quail ACh-R clusters. These results emphasize the part played by neurons in the establishment of the innervation pattern when muscle fibres have reached a high level of differentiation. In vitro, the slow and fast characteristics of the muscle fibres do not influence this pattern.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed1998

Recombinant human acid alpha-glucosidase corrects acid alpha-glucosidase-deficient human fibroblasts, quail fibroblasts, and quail myoblasts.

Acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency causes Pompe disease, a lethal lysosomal glycogen storage disease for which no effective treatment currently exists. We investigated the endocytic process in deficient cells of human recombinant GAA produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and the potential of GAA-deficient Japanese acid maltase-deficient quail as a model for evaluating the enzyme replacement therapy for Pompe disease. After 24-h incubation with a single dose of recombinant enzyme, intracellular GAA and glycogen levels in deficient human fibroblasts were normalized, and this correction lasted for 7 d. The 110-kD precursor recombinant enzyme was processed to the 76-kD mature form within 24 h after uptake. Intracellular GAA levels in deficient quail fibroblasts and myoblasts were similarly corrected to their average normal levels within 24 h. Differences existed in the efficiency of endocytosis among subfractions of the enzyme, and among different cell types. Fractions with a larger proportion of precursor GAA were endocytosed more efficiently. Quail fibroblasts required a higher dose, 4200 nmol.h-1.mL-1 to normalize intracellular GAA levels than human fibroblasts, 1290 nmol.h-1.mL-1, whereas primary quail myoblasts required 2800 nmol.h-1.mL-1. In all three cell lines, the endocytosed enzyme localized to the lysosomes on immunofluorescence staining, and the endocytosis was inhibited by mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) added to the culture medium. Despite structural differences in Man-6-P receptors between birds and mammals, these studies illustrate that Man-6-P receptor mediated endocytosis is present in quail muscle cells, and demonstrate the potential of acid maltase-deficient quail to test receptor mediated enzyme replacement therapy for Pompe disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Development of the trochlear nucleus in quail and comparative study of the trochlear nucleus, nerve, and innervation of the superior oblique muscle in quail, chick, and duck.

The present study was undertaken to examine the development of the trochlear nucleus in quail and to compare the mature trochlear nucleus, nerve, and their sole target of innervation, the superior oblique muscle, in quail, chick, and duck. Study of the trochlear nucleus in quail from embryonic day 5 through hatching shows a maximum of 1,248 neurons on embryonic day 10 followed by spontaneous degeneration of 40% of the neurons between days 10 and 16. Previous studies have shown that although the initial and final number of neurons is different in chick and duck, the magnitude of trochlear cell loss in both species is about 40%. This study shows the average number of neurons in the nucleus of quail, chick, and duck, 2 weeks post-hatching, to be 658, 743 and 1,459, respectively. Fiber counts in the trochlear nerve from electron micrograph montages at the same period indicated a ratio of about 1:1 between neurons and axons. While a majority of the fibers in these nerves are myelinated, an average of 3-6% of the fibers are unmyelinated. The nucleus in the quail not only contains the smallest number of neurons but it also innervates the smallest muscle in terms of total number of muscle cells and endplates. However, the opposite relationship does not hold true. The nucleus in duck contains the largest number of neurons, yet the largest number of muscle cells and endplates were found in the chick. The ratios between the neurons and muscle cells as well as between neurons and endplates are about the same in quail and duck. These ratios are much higher in the chick, reflecting the relatively small neuron pool destined for a relatively large target. In spite of variations in the number of neurons, muscle fibers, and endplates the average number of endplates per muscle fiber is relatively constant among the three species.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) depends on the motivational state of the observer quail at the time of observation.

The 2-action method was used to examine whether imitative learning in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) depends on the motivational state of the observer quail at the time of observation of the demonstrated behavior. Two groups of observers were fed before observation (satiated groups), whereas 2 other groups of observers were deprived of food before observation (hungry groups). Quail were tested either immediately following observation or after a 30-min delay. Results indicated that quail in the hungry groups imitated, whereas those in the satiated groups did not, regardless of whether their test was immediate or delayed. The results suggest that observer quail may not learn (through observation) behavior that leads to a reinforcer for which they are unmotivated at the time of test. In addition, the results show that quail are able to delay the performance of a response acquired through observation (i.e., they show deferred imitation).

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in the central nervous system of Japanese quails. Comparative studies of normal and neurofilament-deficient quails.

Acrylamide (AC) neurotoxicity in the central nervous system (CNS) in normal and neurofilament (NF)-deficient mutant (Quv) Japanese quails was investigated. Acrylamide (100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally every other day. After the birds manifested neurological signs, they were necropsied (after 10-30 AC injections) and examined morphologically. All of the AC-intoxicated normal quails showed distal, retrograde nerve fiber degeneration associated with neurofilamentous axonal swellings in the spinal nerve tracts. There were axonal swellings without degenerative changes in other parts of the CNS. In Quv quails, distal nerve fiber degeneration was not observed in the spinal nerve tracts, although AC-induced membranous organelle accumulations were found in preterminal and terminal nerve fibers. Cytological remodeling similar to the axon reaction was seen mainly in dorsal root ganglia of AC-intoxicated normal and Quv quails. In addition, perikaryal response indicating impaired metabolic activity was observed in Quv quails. The present study showed that Quv quails are sensitive to neurotoxic effects of AC. It is suggested that AC-induced neurotoxicity is not initiated exclusively through its action on NF.

Acrylamide↗

PubMed1995

The response of serum and hepatic lipids and the aortic wall to different levels of dietary cholesterol: a comparative study between hyperlipidemia-and- atherosclerosis-prone quail and commercially available quail.

A hyperlipidemia-and-atherosclerosis-prone (LAP) quail model was developed by dietary cholesterol feeding through genetic selection of commercially available (CA) Japanese quail. The response of serum lipids and the aortic wall to dietary cholesterol feeding was compared in CA and LAP quails. Ten groups were fed a combination diet with different levels of cholesterol and corn oil for 12 weeks. In CA quail, dietary feeding of cholesterol only failed to induce significant hypercholesterolemia or atherosclerotic lesion. The respective optimal dietary levels of cholesterol and corn oil to induce hyperlipidemia and atherosclerotic lesion, were 2% and 15%, respectively. Ad-libitum feeding of only 0.5% cholesterol without corn oil induced significant hypercholesterolemia and aortic atherosclerosis in LAP quail. The main proliferating cellular component of the aortic atherosclerotic lesion was phenotypically transformed fibroblasts from medial fibroblasts. These results suggest that the LAP quail is a useful animal model for the study of atherosclerosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Poxvirus in scaled quail and prevalences of poxvirus-like lesions in northern bobwhites and scaled quail from Texas.

Prevalences of poxvirus-like lesions were determined for 177 northern bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) and 24 scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) trapped in southern Texas from 1976 to 1979 and for 190 northern bobwhites and 105 scaled quail shot at five locations in southern Texas from 1980 to 1981. None of the northern bobwhites trapped in 1976-1977 was infected, but 54% of the trapped scaled quail were infected; 17% of the northern bobwhites and 34% of the scaled quail shot in 1980-1981 had pox lesions, primarily on the wings. Prevalence was unrelated to sex or age of birds. For both species, prevalence was greatest during late spring and early summer. Histologic and electron microscopic examination confirmed poxvirus in two scaled quail, which constituted the first report of poxvirus in this species.

Age Factors↗