SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Quail”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1992

Monoclonal antibodies specific to quail embryo tissues: their epitopes in the developing quail embryo and their application to identification of quail cells in quail-chick chimeras.

Quail-chick chimeras have been used extensively in the field of developmental biology. To detect quail cells more easily and to detect cellular processes of quail cells in quail-chick chimeras, we generated four monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific to some quail tissues. MAb QCR1 recognizes blood vessels, blood cells, and cartilage cells, MAb QB1 recognizes quail blood vessels and blood cells, and MAb QB2 recognizes quail blood vessels, blood cells, and mesenchymal tissues. These antibodies bound to those tissues in 3-9-day quail embryos and did not bind to any tissues of 3-9-day chick embryos. MAb QSC1 is specific to the ventral half of spinal cord and thymus in 9-day quail embryo. No tissue in 9-day chick embryo reacted with this MAb. This antibody binds transiently to a small number of brain vesicle cells in developing chick embryo as well as in quail embryo. A preliminary application of two of these MAb, QCR1 and QSC1, on quail-chick chimeras of neural tube and somites is reported here.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Responses of isolator-derived Japanese quail and quail cell cultures to selected animal viruses.

Thirteen oncogenic and necrotizing animal viruses were assayed in LIFE Sciences, Inc. (LSI)-specific pathogen-free Japanese quail and LSI-specific pathogen-free chicken embryo cell cultures. Nine viruses produced similar titers in the quail and chicken cell systems, whereas four viruses showed significantly higher titers in chickens. Young Japanese quail and chickens were inoculated with five selected avain viruses and maintained in stainless-steel isolators. Comparable responses were noted in quail and chickens injected with Newcastle disease virus and avain leukosis virus, but quail were significantly more resistant than chickens to fowl pox virus, laryngotracheitis virus, and Marek's disease herpesvirus. Although no overt symptoms of disease were observed in Japanese quail inoculated with most avain viruses, neutralizing antibody or virus was detected, indicating presence of an inapparent infection. In one experiment, neutralizing antibody was detected in a comparable number of quail and chickens after inoculation with avian leukosis virus. Avian leukosis virus viremia was observed at 12 and 70 days postinoculation, with the COFAL (complement fixation for avian leukosis) titers similar for quail and chickens. Most quail infected with Marek's disease herpesvirus produced neutralizing antibody within 70 days but showed no classical symptoms of Marek's disease even when held for 5 months. In contrast, all chickens inoculated with Marek's disease herpesvirus died within 20 days. The utility of quail embryo cell cultured in the preparation of vaccines and biological reagents is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

In vitro regulation of the innervation pattern of quail muscle fibers by quail and mouse neurons.

Myoblasts from rudiments of slow and fast muscle, anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) respectively, of 9-day-old quail embryos were cultured in vitro for a period of up to 60 days in order to give rise to well-differentiated muscle fibres. These fibres were innervated by neurons from either quail or mouse embryo spinal cord and their innervation pattern was examined by the visualization of acetylcholine receptors (ACh-R) and of acetylcholinesterase (ACh-E) activity at the neuromuscular contacts. In the culture system used, quail neurons always innervated muscle fibres at several sites and only when a fast-type activity was imposed on these neurons did a reduction in the number of the previously established neuromuscular contacts take place. In contrast, in the muscle fibres innervated by mouse neurons, a spontaneous reduction in the number of the previously established neuromuscular contacts occurred but this spontaneous reduction depended upon the level of differentiation reached by the muscle fibres in vitro. In the cultures of muscle fibres previously innervated by mouse neurons, the addition of quail neurons did not provoke any modification in the initial innervation pattern, and no quail ACh-R cluster was observed. In contrast, in the muscle fibres previously innervated by quail neurons, the mouse neurons contacted these fibres, resulting in a decrease in the number of quail ACh-R clusters. These results emphasize the part played by neurons in the establishment of the innervation pattern when muscle fibres have reached a high level of differentiation. In vitro, the slow and fast characteristics of the muscle fibres do not influence this pattern.

Acetylcholinesterase↗

PubMed1992

Influence of chick or quail embryonic testes on the reproductive system of the quail embryo.

The reproductive system of female quail embryo undergoes masculinization under the influence of chick and quail embryonic testis grafted into an extraembryonic coelom. Müllerian ducts undergo regression. The left gonad transforms into an ovotestis and the right gonad either does not develop or transforms into a small testis. Testicular chick or quail graft does not affect the development of the cortical ovarian-like region in the left testis of male hosts. In some quail testicular grafts developing in female quail hosts cortical region is retained longer than normally.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Lysis of RSV-transformed Japanese quail cells by a factor from normal quail serum.

Normal sera of Japanese quails caused lysis of tumor cells from a Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-induced quail tumor (QT cells). Other tumor cell lines, including RSV-transformed quail embryo cells and methylcholanthrene-induced quail tumors, were not lysed. This naturally occurring cytolytic factor (NCLF) was sensitive to heating at 56 degrees C, zymosan, and inulin, and it required magnesium but not calcium for the expression of its activity. These results suggested that NCLF activity was mediated by complement activated through an alternative pathway. This possible complement activation occurred in the absence of specific antibodies to the target cells.

Agammaglobulinemia↗

PubMed1975

Gene activation of alcohol dehydrogenase in Japanese quail and chicken-quail hybrid embryos.

No preferential activation of the maternally derived alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) allele was found in any of the chicken male x Japanese quail female hybrids examined. ADH activity in the liver was, in fact, found to exist in two different cathodal zonal regions on starch gel electropherograms; the zone II bands appeared at day 5 of incubation in the quail embryo (day 6 in the hybrid embryo) and the zone I bands appeared in 9-day quail embryos (10-day hybrid embryos). By day 13 of incubation, only the faster-migrating zone I bands could be detected in both quail and hybrid embryos.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed1975

Initial expression of the genes for fructose 1,6-diphosphatase, malic enzyme, and aspartate aminotransferase in Japanese quail and chicken--quail hybrid embryos.

The initial appearance of a number of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis was investigated in the early embryogenesis of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), and chicken-quail hybrids. Starch gel electrophoresis and enzyme-specific stains revealed genetic differences between muscle and liver fructose 1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase) as well as malic enzyme (ME) and mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) isozymes of the two species. ME and AAT were present in unfertilized unincubated eggs, indicating maternal storage of these enzymes. The initial expression of the paternally inherited genes in the hybrid occurred before oviposition in the case of ME, and between 12 and 18 hr incubation in the case of AAT. Initial expression of both parental sets of genes for FDPase occurred synchronously between 16 and 24 hr in the hybrid, corresponding to the time of initial appearance of this enzyme in the quail and chicken. Glucose 6-phosphate administration at 0 hr was found to cause no prevention or delay of initial enzyme activation. These results are interpreted in terms of early patterns of enzyme activation regulation and nutrition in the avian embryo.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

The chronic toxicity of methiocarb to grackles, doves, and quail and reproductive effect in quail.

Methiocarb (4-methylthio-3, 5-xylyl N-methyl carbamate, Mesurol, Bay (3744), a bird repellent, was fed in concentrations of 100 to 1,000 ppm to common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), and breeding pairs of coturnix quail (Coturnix coturnix) to investigate the possibility of cumulative intoxication. Although aversion to treated diets was readily apparent in most of the tests, the 28- to 30-day median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined to be greater than 100 ppm for grackles, 630 ppm (95% confidence limits, 480-830 ppm) for doves, and greater than 1,000 ppm for coturnix quail. Methiocarb appeared to be noncumulative when measured by an index of chronicity: birds consumed several LD50 doses during a day's feeding, and when deaths occurred, they appeared to be due to acute intoxication. Egg production and live chick production were not affected in coturnix fed 100 ppm but were reduced at 316 and 1,000 ppm.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[Ciliogenesis in the mucous cells of the quail oviduct. I. Ultrastructural study in the laying quail].

The luminal epithelium of the oviduct (magnum) of laying quails is composed of ciliated cells and mucous cells. Ciliogenesis was observed in some of the mucous cells. Both centrioles of the diplosome migrate to the top of the cell, and one of them induces the formation of a rudimentary cilium. In some of the other cells, that are filled with mucous granules, the formation of basal bodies by an acentriolar pathway was observed. In these cells, numerous, dense fibrous masses are associated with the forming face of the Golgi apparatus. In the Golgi zone, generative complexes composed of a deuterosome and some forming procentrioles were found. Cilia develop from completed basal bodies. During ciliogenesis, the Golgi apparatus is disorganized, and generally the production of mucous granules is arrested. The nucleus is also modified: it becomes larger and the chromatin is dispersed. It is assumed that mucous cells are able to be transformed into ciliated cells in the oviduct of laying quails.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Origin of cells in contact with the growth cones of embryonal peripheral nerves and histochemical detection of nonspecific cholinesterase activity in quail-chick and chick-quail chimeras.

The types of cells contacted by growth cones were examined in chick-quail and vice versa chimeras. Simultaneously, the presence of nonspecific cholinesterase (nChE) was monitored in developing peripheral nerves of these embryos. In all the chimeras studied, the growth cones were in contact with both Schwann cell progenitors and mesenchymal cells of the limb bud. This observation implies that the growth cones may obtained guidance cues directly from the mesenchymal cells of the limb bud. Schwann cell progenitors as well as mesenchymal cells in contact with growth cones were capable to produce nChE molecules. The reaction product indicating nChE activity was localized on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of both types of cells in contact with growth cones. However, mesenchymal cells forming the "primitive perineurium" were devoid of the reaction product on their plasma membrane. We conclude that with exception of classic adhesive molecules the process of axonal guidance can be mediated by nChE molecules.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Effect of feeding palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids to Japanese quail hens (Coturnix coturnix japonica). 2. Maternal diets and stage of incubation on the lipid metabolism of quail embryos.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets containing 3% of either palmitic acid (Diet PA), oleic acid (Diet OA), or linoleic acid (Diet LA) and three stages of development (Days 11, 13, and 15 of incubation) on 1) weights of yolk plus yolk sac membrane (TY), yolk sac membrane (YSM), yolk, liver, and extrahepatic tissue (ET); and 2) the fatty acid composition of phospholipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol ester fractions of YSM and ET of quail embryos. Embryos from birds fed Diet LA had the highest (P less than .05) weights of TY and yolk followed by those from birds fed Diet OA and Diet PA. The weight of ET was highest (P less than .05) in embryos from birds fed Diet PA followed by those from birds fed Diet LA and Diet OA. The weights of YSM and liver were not affected by the maternal diet (P greater than .05). The weight of TY decreased whereas the weights of liver and ET increased as incubation progressed (P less than .05). The weight of YSM was maximum at Day 13 of incubation. In the phospholipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol ester fractions of both YSM and ET of embryos, the fatty acid present at the highest level, except palmitic acid, was the one added to the maternal diet. In phospholipids of both YSM and ET the oleic acid content decreased and linoleic acid increased as incubation progressed. In triglycerides and cholesterol esters of both YSM and ET, the levels of palmitic acid increased, but oleic and linoleic acids decreased, with advancing embryonic development. The results of the present study indicate that embryos from birds fed Diet PA mobilize more yolk material and produce heavier ET than embryos from birds fed Diet OA and Diet LA. The fatty acid profiles of phospholipid, triglyceride, and cholesterol esters of embryonic tissues are consistently influenced by dietary fatty acid and the stage of development.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Changes in metabolite concentration in the plasma, liver and muscle of feed restricted Japanese quail exposed to cold.

Quail fed ad libitum and 50% ad libitum were cold exposed for several weeks, during time control quail remained at 21 degrees C. The concentration of plasma glucose, FFA, and uric acid, tissue glycogen and carcass fat content was measured at the end of the cold exposure period. Quail fed ad libitum showed no significant change in the levels of plasma and tissue metabolites, or the carcass fat content, following cold exposure. The feed consumption by the cold exposed quail increased, and the mean body weight showed little variation from that of the controls. Feed restricted quail which were cold exposed lost significantly more weight, and had a lower ranked fat content than their controls. Whereas feed restriction caused a lowering of the liver glycogen concentration in both treatment groups, muscle glycogen levels were higher than in quail fed ad libitum. However, cold exposure was not accompanied by a change in muscle and liver glycogen levels in feed restricted quail. Feed restricted quail at 21 degrees C were hypoglycaemic and hyperlipaemic compared to quail fed ad libitum, but cold exposed feed restricted quail had a much higher plasma glucose concentration than the controls. The ranked carcass fat content was inversely related to plasma FFA level in both control and cold exposed feed restricted quail. It is suggested that both a glycolytic and lipid mobilizing response to cold is obtained in quail whose body reserves are not spared from catabolism by adequate dietary nutrient absorption, and the possibility of gluconeogenesis from precursors produced by proteolysis is indicated.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1975

Marek's disease in Japanese quail -- a pathological, virological and serological study.

Experimental studies were performed to see whether Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) are susceptible to JM strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV). In three identical trials, a total of 120, one-day-old quail were inoculated intra-abdominally with 0.2 ml. of chicken blood infected with MDV (JM strain) and raised in FAPP isolators. Uninfected controls were inoculated with normal saline only and raised separately. During the 18-week post infection observation period, 65-80% of the infected quail died within six weeks, while the highest mortality in control groups was only 0-5%. In each trial, ocular lesions with or without unilateral or bilateral blindness and signs of torticollis were evident in a few quail after 10-14 weeks. Gross and microscopic lesions suggestive of MD were observed 14 days on. The most pronounced lesions were observed in lungs. Neural tissues were least affected. In general, females were more susceptible than males. MD-specific fluorescent and precipitating antigens were detected in different visceral tissues, buffy coat and cultured macrophages of infected quail. Fluorescent antigen appeared at 6-7 days after infection, whereas precipitating antigen appeared after 12-15 days. Viral (MDV) infectivity tests in cell cultures and bioassay in one-day-old chicks and quail demonstrated that infected quail become viremic around the seventh day post infection. A cytopathic agent similar to MDV was also isolated from quail. Neither Newcastle disease virus nor a bacterial agent was isolated from the quail. MD-specific fluorescent precipitating antibodies were present in the egg yolk and plasma of both infected sick and infected symptomless quail. The earliest detectable plasma MD antibody appeared in 14-21 days. Such findings were not observed in quail from parent stock and controls. Our studies demonstrated that Japanese quail are susceptible to JM strain of MDV.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Successful xenogeneic transplantation in embryos: induction of tolerance by extrathymic chick tissue grafted into quail.

In previous experiments, we have demonstrated that limb buds engrafted during embryonic life at E4, between MHC-mismatched chick embryos, are not only tolerated after birth, but induce in the recipient a state of split tolerance toward cells expressing the donor MHC haplotype: donor's skin grafts are permanently tolerated while a proliferative response of host's T cells is generated in MLR by donor-type blood cells. If the same experiment is performed, using quail embryo as a donor and chick as a recipient, acute rejection of the quail limb starts during the first two weeks after birth, thus suggesting that the peripheral type of tolerance induced in these experiments can be obtained only in allogeneic but not in xenogeneic combinations. We report here the unexpected result that when a chick limb bud is grafted into a quail at E4, it is tolerated and, like allogeneic grafts in chickens, induces adult skin-graft tolerance without modifying the MLR response. Similar results were obtained with grafts from another closely related species of bird, the guinea fowl from the Phasianidae family. In contrast, xenogeneic combinations involving more distant species (chick and quail as recipients and duck, an Anatidae, as donor) resulted in strong and early rejection from both recipients. As a whole, quails exhibit a greater ability than the chick to become tolerant to antigens presented peripherally from early developmental stages. In adult quails, however, skin grafts performed in either direction (i.e., quail to chick or the reverse) are rejected according to a similar temporal pattern. Moreover, lymphocytes of both species are able to respond equally well to quail or chick IL-2. Several hypotheses are envisaged to account for these observations. It seems likely that this type of tolerance is directly related to antigenic load because the load in chick to quail wing chimeras is larger than that in quail to chick chimeras. This view is supported by the protracted delay in graft rejection observed when two quail wing buds instead of one are grafted into chickens.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Studies on avian spinal cord chimeras. II. Immune response of the chicken host to the graft of quail tissue.

A previous study described clinical and pathological manifestations observed in 49 chimeras produced by replacing a small fragment of the neural tube of a chicken embryo by a similar fragment from a Japanese quail embryo. Predominant antibodies in sera of these birds were directed against xenogeneic antigens which are devoid of organ specificity and which are present in quail tissues but absent from chicken tissues. Mixed agglutination test with quail cell monolayers detected such antibodies in sera of all chimeras tested. In most instances, positive reactions were observed already in the 4th week after hatching; they persisted in all birds throughout the observation period of up to 8 months. Some of the detected antibodies were directed against saline-nonextractable surface antigens of quail cells. Enzyme immunoassay with quail organ extracts, agglutination of quail tissue particles, and indirect immunofluorescence test with quail organ sections were positive with sera of many, but not all, chimeras. CNS-specific antibodies, apparently autoantibodies, were detected in serum samples of only one chimera, using enzyme immunoassay with extract of chicken brain and indirect immunofluorescence test with sections of chicken spinal cord. Eluates from lesional spinal cord contained antibodies to non-organ-specific quail antigens but not to CNS-specific antigens. Cerebrospinal fluids of many chimeras had antibodies to quail antigens, but no evidence for antibody formation within the CNS was obtained. Cell-mediated immunity could be demonstrated in all chimeras tested by means of lymphocyte proliferation test after stimulation by quail organ extract. It was concluded that pathological events in the studied chimeras have been most likely mediated primarily by humoral immune responses to non-organ-specific quail antigens.

Animals↗

PubMed2025

Patterns of Genetic Diversity Within Three California Quail Species Are Best Explained by Climate and Landscape Changes.

Many North American game animals experienced severe population declines during the 19th century due to market hunting. However, estimates of the timing and magnitude of these declines often rely on anecdotal evidence, which makes it difficult to understand the lasting impacts of hunting pressures versus climate or landscape changes on the genetic diversity of contemporary populations. Historical reports suggest the California quail (Callipepla californica) suffered more significant hunting pressure in the late 19th century relative to either Gambel's (Callipepla gambelii) or mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus). Genomic data can help illuminate the extent to which historical exploitation moulded the genetic health of modern quail populations. We compared whole genome sequences from these three quail species to evaluate whether reported differences in hunting pressure affected contemporary patterns of genetic diversity. Contrary to our expectations, California quail did not exhibit any evidence for population declines until the late 20th century, long after the era of market hunting ended. California quail also exhibited the highest levels of genetic diversity across most analyses with evidence for population expansion over the past 500,000 years. In contrast, the mountain quail exhibited a long-term population decline beginning in the middle of the last ice age 30-40 thousand years ago. The Gambel's quail appears to have suffered a more recent bottleneck in association with a major drought that impacted the desert southwest during the mid-20th century. Gambel's quail also exhibited increased realised genetic load for mild and moderately deleterious genetic variants. Together, our results demonstrate that market hunting had little lasting impact on the genetic diversity of these quail species, whereas landscape and climate changes have led to fluctuations in effective population size (Ne) and the buildup of genetic load.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Metabolism of narasin in chickens and Japanese quail.

Thirty mature chicken hens and 60 mature Japanese quail hens were used to compare pathways of narasin excretion. Carbon-14-labeled narasin was injected into chickens (.7 microCi) and quail (.113 microCi) via cardiac puncture. Blood, sampled at varying times thereafter, and eggs and excreta collected daily for 28 days, were analyzed for 14C. Groups of six chickens and 12 quail were killed prior to [14C]narasin injection and on Days 1, 7, 14, and 28 postinjection to obtain tissue samples for 14C analysis. Blood rapidly cleared the label in both species. Less than 1% of the dose of [14C]narasin remained in blood plasma after 3 h postinjection in both chickens and quail. Label excretion peaked on Day 1 in both species, and most of the 14C was cleared via the excreta (76.7 and 93.6% of the dose for quail and chickens, respectively). Label appeared in the excreta more rapidly and cleared more quickly in quail than in chickens. After 24 h, 68 and 49% of the dose of [14C]narasin appeared in the excreta of quail and chickens, respectively. More label was recovered in the eggs of quail (4.18% of the dose) than in the eggs of chickens (1.32% of the dose). Liver, heart, fat, and ovarian tissues contained traces of radioactivity 1 day postinjection in both species. Muscle and kidney did not contain detectable amounts of label. By Day 7, all tissue had cleared 14C beyond detectable limits. The results indicate that chickens and quail metabolize [14C]narasin via similar pathways and that excretion in quail may be more rapid than in chickens.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of the toxicity of the mycotoxins aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and T-2 toxin in game birds. III. Bobwhite and Japanese quail.

Bobwhite and Japanese quail were fed diets containing 1.25, 2.50, or 5.00 ppm aflatoxin; 1, 2, or 4 ppm ochratoxin A (OA); or 4, 8, or 16 ppm T-2 toxin. Aflatoxin induced mortality in bobwhites during the second and third week with 1.25 ppm (10%), 2.50 ppm (30%), and 5.00 ppm (40%), and during the same period with T-2 toxin at 8 ppm (20%) and 16 ppm (22.5%). Body weights of bobwhite quail were significantly decreased by the two higher levels of aflatoxin by 2 weeks of age, and by the two higher levels of T-2 toxin by 1 week of age. In Japanese quail, only the highest level of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin reduced body weight (by 3 weeks and by 1 week of age, respectively), and even then to a much lesser extent than in bobwhites (less than 10%). Aflatoxin did not affect feed-conversion ratio (FCR) in bobwhite quail, but the two higher levels of T-2 toxin increased FCR. None of the toxins induced mortality or increased the FCR in Japanese quail. Aflatoxin increased liver weight in both bobwhite and Japanese quail. OA increased kidney weight in 3-week-old Japanese quail but had no effect on the kidney weight of bobwhite quail. Mouth lesions were progressively more severe in bobwhite quail fed increasing levels of T-2 toxin, but lesions were far less severe in Japanese quail.

Aflatoxins↗