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The possibility of using reflectance NIRS to assay 2-(benzoylphenyl)-propionic acid (Ketoprofen) in solid-state and gel preparations is investigated. The number of samples and amplitude of the percentage content distribution of the samples is examined in order to define the best possible calibration system.
Physiological aspects of rate adaptive pacing are dealt with in the context of the cardiovascular control loop with the cardiac output as the controlling quantity and mean arterial blood pressure as the controlled quantity. Different methods proposed or clinically investigated are analyzed with respect to cardiovascular control mechanisms. To qualify as physiologic, the sensor-driven pacing rate must respond to disturbance variables similarly as the sinus node. To achieve this, the feedback signals, which control the cardiac output and are summarized as the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the heart, are prime candidates as input signals for rate control in the presence of chronotropic insufficiency. Since only sympathetic tone can serve to increase contractility and thereby stroke volume and cardiac output in the absence of rate support, its meaningful measurement is the key for physiological sensor-driven rate control. PEP clinically has proved to be a measure of contractility, which represents sympathetic tone as it affects central hemodynamics. PEP-controlled pacing rate adaptation therefore enables restoration of a closed-loop pacing system utilizing those components of the physiological system that are still functioning.
The department of dietetics at a large teaching hospital has substantially reduced its food and labor costs through use of computerized systems that ensure efficient inventory management, recipe standardization, ingredient control, quantity and quality control, and identification of productive man-hours and appropriate staffing levels.
Authors examined the effect of D-penicillamin (Pw) on liver cirrhosis induced by chronic CCl4 and phenobarbital (Pb) treatment in Fischer 344 rats. Morphometric analysis of quantity of connective tissue fibres did not show decrease on the effect of Pe treatment. Quantity of hydroxiproline, which is one of the parameters of coll ahen decrease, did not change significantly on effect of drug, but only compared to CCl4 and Pb treated control. Quantity of glycosaminoglycan showed increase following Pe treatment. Lymphocyte stimulation by Con-A was different in CCl4 and Pb and Pe treated groups, respectively. According to our examinations in case of liver fibrosis cirrhosis induced by CCL4-PB treatment in rats the Pe treatment proved to be unsuccessful. It seems that Pe is effective only in forms of cirrhosis accompanied by significant copper accumulation, by decrease of toxic effects of copper.
An experience in working out and introduction of a system of failure-free performance work as one of the most important steps in creating a complex system for the production quality control at the Leningrad combine "Krasnogvardeets" is described. Issues related to elaborating, introduction and further improving the system of the failure-free work, its pecuniary stimulation and setting up standards for the enterprise are discussed. Under consideration are also problems of organizing a unitized service for the quantity control, as an organ called to secure coordination and quidance over these operations at the combine in this industry.
In this paper, we experimentally investigate the human characteristics when the operator changes over the plant-lines. Observing the human behaviour under stable experimental conditions, it was noticed that the time between the change-overs of the controllers is almost constant, that is, the operator seems to change over the controller according to a rhythm (we call it 'rhythmic operation'). Control by rhythmic operation presents two striking differences from that by conventional operation without the rhythm: one is the ability to predict the movement of the controlled quantity exactly, and the other is that there is little differences between cognition and performance. Therefore, we consider a way of calculating the rhythm for the experimental conditions, and attempt to introduce the rhythmic operation over all experimental conditions. As the result of a verification experiment with the rhythmic operation, the control error decreased considerably and the validity for the rhythmic operation was confirmed. Furthermore, we found that the operator's mental workload decreased because the number of indefinite factors involved in the decision making at the change-overs of the controller decreased.
Nine normal women, 22 to 37 years old, consumed controlled quantities of natural foods to test their responses to dietary cholesterol and saturated fat. All diets contained, as percentage of calories, 14% protein, 31% fat, and 55% carbohydrate. The main sources of polyunsaturated and saturated fats were corn oil and lard, respectively, and egg yolk was used for cholesterol supplementation. All subjects participated in four diet protocols of 15 days duration, and each diet period was separated by 3 weeks without diet control. The first diet (corn) was based on corn oil, had a polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio (P/S) of 2.14, and contained 130 mg of cholesterol. The second diet (corn+) was identical to the first but contained a total of 875 mg of cholesterol. The third diet (lard) was based on lard, had a P/S ratio of 0.64, and contained 130 mg of cholesterol. The fourth diet (lard+) was identical to the third, but contained 875 mg of cholesterol per day. Changes of the plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apoprotein parameters relative to the corn diet were as follows: the corn+ diet significantly increased total plasma cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and apoB levels; the lard diet significantly increased total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and apoB; and the lard+ diet significantly increased the total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and apoA-I and apoB levels. There were no significant variations in VLDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, or apoE levels with these diets. The diets affected both the number of lipoprotein particles as well as the composition of LDL and HDL. Compared to the corn diet, cholesterol and saturated fat each increased the number of LDL particles by 17% and 9%, respectively, and the cholesterol per particle by 9%. The combination of saturated fat and cholesterol increased particle number by 18% and particle size by 24%. Switching from lard+ to lard, corn+, or corn diets reduced LDL-cholesterol of the group by 18%, 11%, and 28%, respectively, while a large inter-individual variability was noted. In summary, dietary fat and cholesterol affect lipid and lipoprotein levels as well as the particle number and chemical composition of both LDL and HDL. There is, however, considerable inter-individual heterogeneity in response to diet.
The signal peptidase complex (SPC) mediates processing of signal peptides of secretory precursors. But, recent studies show that the eukaryotic SPC also cleaves internal transmembrane segments of some membrane proteins, and its non-catalytic subunit, Spc1/SPCS1 plays a critical role in this process. To assess the impact of Spc1 on membrane proteostasis, we carried out quantitative proteomics of yeast cells with and without Spc1. Our data show that the abundance of the membrane proteome in yeast cells lacking Spc1 is in general reduced compared to that in wild-type cells, implicating its role in controlling the cellular levels of membrane proteins.
The development of taste aversion learning to novel cues contained in mother's milk was examined in rat pups. Pups receiving distinctive mild by experimenter-delivered oral infusions followed by toxicosis formed an aversion to the dam's diet. Robust aversions were learned as early as Day 10 and were retained for at least 11 days. When the same distinctive milk was obtained directly from a foster mother through nursing, however, only weanling-age pups (over 20 days) formed an aversion. X-ray analysis of nipple location in the mouths of suckling pups suggested that pups between the ages of 10 and 21 days receive milk at a similar tongue locus. Flavored milk was then delivered at specific time intervals in controlled quantities through tongue cannulas implanted at loci corresponding to the nipple position shown by the X-rays. Cannulated preweanling pups that were attached to a nipple during milk delivery failed to associate the taste cue with illness, whereas both preweanlings off the nipple and weanlings on the nipple acquired aversions to the taste cue in the milk. The evidence obtained in these experiments suggests that pups of all ages are incapable of expressing a taste aversion in a nursing situation and that preweanling pups in particular are also dificient in acquiring aversions within a suckling context. The inability of preweanling pups to acquire taste aversions in a nursing situation appears to result from a failure to associate taste cues with illness rather than a failure to detect taste cues obtained from a nipple.
All clinically effective topical corticosteroids have the potential for suppressing the pitutary-adrenal axis if large amounts are applied under occlusion on extensive areas. Recovery of the axis function occurs rapidly. In children, however, the risk of chronic suppression of the adrenal axis function with impairment of growth after topical treatment with potent steroids is a real one. Potent steroids in children should, therefore, only be used on refractory areas with carefully controlled quantities.
Pressure controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion (PISCO) was applied in 30 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. The occlusion and release times were manually adjusted according to visual control of the intraoperatively monitored coronary sinus pressure. In six patients the coronary sinus measurements were additionally digitised with a personal computer before postoperative mathematical analysis, which comprised automatic detection of systolic peaks, diastolic troughs, and the calculation of derived quantities. The purpose of the analysis was (a) to assess quantitatively human coronary sinus pressure dynamics, (b) to determine whether visual control and interpretation of coronary sinus pressure rise could be replaced by a mathematical model, and (c) to ascertain whether the occlusion and release cycle lengths were adequate. Numerical estimates for intraindividual and interindividual spread of calculated quantities were produced, the mathematically obtained results were related to a possible physiological interpretation, and the most efficient method of statistical analysis was ascertained. These results form the numerical basis for a closed loop adjustment of pressure controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion cycling.
Tail-vein injections of streptozotocin (STZ) in various doses (20-60 mg/kg body weight) were used to induce diabetes mellitus in male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. Resulting pathosis was observed on the basis of various parameters (body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucose-tolerance tests, uroscopy, hemodiagnosis, and skin strength) Results 1. Diabetes mellitus was induced in all rats of the group in which the dosage was STZ 40 mg/kg body weight (S-40 group). Blood-glucose level in this group was about 340 mg (3 times the quantity in controls). Plasma-insulin level was about 8.9 microU/ml (about 1/3 the quantity in controls). Glucose-tolerance tests and observation of urino-glucose showed reductions in glucose tolerance and plasma-insulin response. 2. In the S-40 group, pathosis of induced diabetes mellitus had stabilized 30 days after and persisted for 90 days after STZ injection. 3. Skin strength decreased for 20 days after STZ injection. The level remained stable at half the strength of control skin from 30 to 90 days after the injection. 4. In groups in which doses were STZ 20 mg/kg body weight or STZ 30 mg/kg body weight, diabetes mellitus was induced in some of the rats. The animals tended to recover from the induced pathosis. 5. Diabetes mellitus was induced in all rats to which doses of STZ 50 mg/kg or STZ60 mg/kg body weight were induced. shortly after injection, the induced-diabetes pathosis changed for the worse; and grave complications (hypo-albuminosis, diabetic ketocacidosis, and diabetic proteinuria) were observed. A large number of the rats in these groups died. 6. The results of this study confirm the opinion that STZ 40 mg/kg body weight is the optimum dose for STZ induction of diabetes mellitus in rats for experimental studies. The suitable term for such studies is from 30 to 90 days after STZ injection.
In the conducting airways, epithelial electrolyte transport processes play an important role in controlling the quantity and the composition of the airway surface solution layer. Hydration of the airway surface appears to promote effective mucociliary clearance and to influence the rheology of mucins, and together these factors provide a major mechanism for airway defense. The cellular processes governing absorption and secretion of salt are similar, if not identical, to those that have been described in a variety of other absorptive and secretory epithelial cells where they may be studied in isolation. A better molecular understanding of the channels that control apical membrane transport of Na and Cl, the rate-determining steps in salt absorption and secretion, should enhance our basic understanding of the factors that control the quantity and composition of airway fluids. This may elucidate the mechanisms for the reciprocal control of apical Na and Cl channel activities and provide an explanation for the balance between these oppositely directed salt transport processes.
The mechanism whereby estrogen-containing contraceptives facilitate thrombosis is obscure, and published data concerning their effect on antithrombin III are conflicting. Plasma samples were examined for the quantity of antithrombin III and activated factor X (Xa) inhibitory activity among 57 women receiving oral contraceptives and 48 controls. The quantity of antithrombin III in both groups was normal. In contrast, Xa inhibitory activity was significantly reduced (P less than .001) among patients taking oral contraceptives, compared to controls. Heparin sodium added to plasma from patients taking contraceptives raised Xa inhibitory activity toward or above normal without changing the quantity of antithrombin III. The effect of estrogen is not to decrease the quantity of plasma antithrombin III, but rather to diminish plasma Xa inhibitory activity, an effect that can be abolished by heparin.
Eicosanoid production was measured in cultured biopsies of colonic mucosa from control patients, with the irritable bowel syndrome, and from patients with proctosigmoiditis and with colonic Crohn's disease. Cultured inflamed colonic mucosa from patients with proctosigmoiditis and Crohn's disease produced more prostaglandin E2 and leukotrienes C4 than control tissues. In addition, eicosanoid production by macroscopically uninflamed or 'quiescent' mucosa from the right colon was examined in patients with proctosigmoiditis and between skip lesions in Crohn's disease patients. In the proctosigmoiditis group quiescent mucosa produced eicosanoids in similar quantities to control tissue. Coculture of quiescent plus inflamed tissue however, generated a marked increase in eicosanoid output in 12 of 20 of the patients and this was similar to the quantity obtained from two pieces of inflamed tissue. In the Crohn's disease group, quiescent mucosa produced more eicosanoids than control mucosa but production was markedly stimulated by coculture with inflamed mucosa in all patients. These findings suggest that in some patients with proctosigmoiditis and in all patients with Crohn's disease quiescent mucosa appears to be sensitised. A small but significant increase in the macrophage population may be partly responsible but it is likely that these and other cells are primed to release eicosanoids, and may be induced to do so by soluble mediators produced by actively inflamed tissue.
Large quantities of pure DNA fragments (789, 203 and 95 bp in length) containing the Escherichia coli lac controlling elements (operator, promoter, CRP binding site) were prepared from appropriate recombinant plasmids. High pressure liquid chromatography on RPC-5 or preparative sucrose gradient centrifugation was used to fractionate the pVH51 vector from the inserts. The fragments had few, if any, nicks or depurinated sites, and the majority of the fragment ends were intact. Absorbance-temperature profiles on the fragments showed multiphasic transitions.
Connective tissue outgrowths of neonatal muscle onto a substratum of bone matrix differentiate into cartilage in response to a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). The BMP can be separated from bone matrix by extraction with 4 M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) or degraded in situ by endogenous proteolytic enzymes to deactivate the matrix. Rat triceps muscle was minced in a suspension of noncollagenous bone matrix proteins including BMP (BMP/NCP) in culture medium. To investigate the possible synergistic interactions in induced chondrogenesis, six biosynthesized, highly purified growth factors were similarly added to the culture alone or in combination with BMP. Human interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Forskolin were also introduced to test the effects on BMP/NCP-induced chondrogenesis. On Day 14 of cultivation, [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and [35S]sulfate incorporation into glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were measured, and the values were expressed as percentages of the control. The quantity of induced cartilage formation was estimated by a histomorphometric scoring system. Under the influence of BMP/NCP, cultures grew on deactivated matrix, incorporated 55% more [3H]thymidine into DNA, incorporated 115% more [35S]sulfate into GAG than control cultures, and differentiated into cartilage. Without BMP/NCP, growth factors, IL-1, and Forskolin did not produce a comparable incorporation of either [3H]thymidine or [35S]sulfate, and they induced differentiation of fibrous tissue only. In the presence of BMP/NCP, cartilage developed in nearly all cultures. When the media were supplemented with growth factors, measurable increases in uptake of [3H]thymidine occurred with human epidermal growth factor (h-EGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), nerve growth factor (NGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), bovine acidic fibroblast growth factor (baFGF), IL-1, bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (bbFGF), and Forskolin. Measurable increases in uptake of [35S]sulfate into GAG occurred with IL-1, baFGF, TGF-beta, h-EGF, IGF-1, bbFGF, NGF, and Forskolin. Synergistic interaction with BMP was considered when the quantity of cartilage developed (on a scale of 0-12 scores) in excess of the quantity of Score 4 induced by BMP/NCP alone. A cytokine, IL-1, had the greatest effect (Score 9). TGF-beta (Score 7), baFGF (Score 6), and NGF (Score 6) had relatively little effect. h-EGF, IGF-1, bbFGF, and Forskolin had no effect on cartilage development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The precise etiology and pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulosclerosis still remain obscure. The aim of the present study was 1. to evaluate the morphologic and functional alterations of mesangial cells in long term diabetic rats and 2. to study the effect of islet transplantation on these lesions. Diabetes was induced in inbred Lewis rats with streptozotocin (65 mg per kg). 7 month later glomeruli of diabetic rats showed hyaline nodular deposits, exsudative lesions and glomerular aneurysms. The thickening of the mesangium measured by point counting method was statistically significant compared with age matched controls. Large quantities of IgG, beta 1c and fibrinogen in a predominantly mesangial pattern could be demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. After injection of aggregated immunoglobulin the uptake of IgG by the mesangial cells was delayed in the diabetics compared with normal controls. Islet transplantation resulted in a marked reduction of the light microscopic and immunohistological glomerular lesions and restored the phagocytic capacity of the mesangial cells almost completely. From these results it is concluded, that the fundamental defect in diabetic glomerulosclerosis is a metabolically induced functional defect of the mesangial cells.