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Histologic examination of 35 femora from 25 New Jersey radium workers with measured preterminal 226Ra burdens between background levels (less than or equal to 0.0042) and 1.78 muCi demonstrated that 10 of the 11 whose burdens exceeded background had radium osteonecrosis, including 6 of 7 whose burdens were above background levels but below 0.1 muCi. Ten of 16 cases with radium osteonecrosis had cancer as did 5 of 9 who did not have radium osteonecrosis. The number of cases is too small to be confident of any association between bone necrosis and cancer, but the presence of changes consistent with radium osteonecrosis in 6 of 14 radium workers whose 226Ra burdens could not be measured above background levels is disturbing.
Two technicians from Kuwait working in dial painting were measured by the Egyptian A.E.E. whole-body counter in order to assess radium luminizers' activity and the corresponding dose delivered. In this case, the fraction of radon built up in the body had expired and the quoted values of radium were obtained by the measured content of 214Bi. Also, two normal persons from the same area having the same body build were measured to assess their levels of 137Cs and potassium to be taken as background for the incorporated persons. In spite of the decrease in radium-226 activity with time, there was an increase of the activity of its products which led to the increase of the assessed dose. The dose estimated have been calculated after 50 yr representing the life span of the individuals.
Toxicity studies using rodents have shown that the long-lived radium isotope radium 226 is about six times less toxic per unit of absorbed radiation dose to the skeleton than the short-lived isotope radium 224 with respect to the production of osteosarcoma. This difference in toxicity has been attributed to differences in the distribution of these isotopes. It has been suggested that 224Ra is more toxic than 226Ra because it decays on bone surfaces rather than within the volume of the bone mineral. However, in rodents many bone structures are small compared with the track length of the alpha particles and this explanation may be inadequate to explain the magnitude of the observed effect. Consequently, Monte Carlo calculations have been made to test the validity of the distribution-difference hypothesis. The results indicate that, for bone structures the size of those in mice, less than half of the observed difference in toxicity can be explained by considerations of the distribution of these radionuclides with respect to bone surfaces. Instead, it is suggested that the greater irradiation of trabecular than of cortical bone that is a characteristic of 224Ra is responsible for its enhanced toxicity.
On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the discovery of radium by M. & Mme. Curie, commemorative lecture meetings were held in Japan in 1998 as follows. 1) The 42nd Symposium on Radiochemistry was held in Sendai on September 18. Dr. M. Sakanoue, Professor Emeritus Kanazawa University, presented a commemorative lecture entitled "Collaborative Research done by Irene Curie and Nobuo Yamada." He explained an outline of the studies on the measurement of long-range particles emitted by various radioactive substances such as polonium, radium and thorium. In addition to his lecture, I made a comment on the curriculum vitae of Dr. N. Yamada. 2) On October 24, another commemorative lecture meeting was held in Tokyo. At this meeting, Helene Langevin-Joliot, daughter of Irene Joliot-Curie presented a lecture on whole life of M. & Mme. Curie as a guest speaker. After meeting ended, I had the opportunity to talk with her personally. I have been investigating references describing the cause of death of Dr. Nobuo Yamada and found the following. The inadequacy of an apparatus for protection from radioactivity in the 1920s and reference to the death of Dr. Nobuo Yamada specifically were described in an article written by Dr. S. Iimori and in a nonograph written by Dr. M. Furukawa. The tragedy of scientists who suffered severe radiation syndrome during experiments at the Radium Institute was described in a biography of Marie Curie written by Susan Quinn.
Concentrations of the naturally occurring alpha-emitting radioelements, radium-226, radium-228, and lead-210, and of stable lead and fluorine were determined in bone specimens from 32 individuals having a verified osteogenic sarcoma. Comparison of these results with those for the average person showed no significant differences in either the absorbed dose (rad) from the accumulated radioisotopes or in the concentrations of the elements studied.
From 1958 to 1967, a prospective randomized trial was conducted in 189 women with stage I, group I endometrial adenocarcinoma, comparing treatment by hysterectomy alone, preoperative uterine radium followed by hysterectomy, and hysterectomy and postoperative vaginal radium. All women have been followed for a minimum of 10 years. The actual survival rate at 5 years for all patients was 94.5% and at 10 years, 92.6%, with no statistical significance among the 3 treatment groups. Ther was also no statistical significance in survival rate in relation to size of uterine or myometrial invasion. There was a statistically significant difference in survival between grade I and grade III lesions (P less than 0.01) and between grade II and grade III lesions (P less than 0.05).
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