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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. The Eurowinter Group.

BACKGROUND: Differences in baseline mortality, age structure, and influenza epidemics confound comparisons of cold-related increases in mortality between regions with different climates. The Eurowinter study aimed to assess whether increases in mortality per 1 degree C fall in temperature differ in various European regions and to relate any differences to usual winter climate and measures to protect against cold. METHODS: Percentage increases in deaths per day per 1 degree C fall in temperature below 18 degrees C (indices of cold-related mortality) were estimated by generalised linear modelling. We assessed protective factors by surveys and adjusted by regression to 7 degrees C outdoor temperature. Cause-specific data gathered from 1988 to 1992 were analysed by multiple regression for men and women aged 50-59 and 65-74 in north Finland, south Finland, Baden-Württemburg, the Netherlands, London, and north Italy (24 groups). We used a similar method to analyse 1992 data in Athens and Palermo. FINDINGS: The percentage increases in all-cause mortality per 1 degree C fall in temperature below 18 degrees C were greater in warmer regions than in colder regions (eg, Athens 2.15% [95% CI 1.20-3.10] vs south Finland 0.27% [0.15-0.40]). At an outdoor temperature of 7 degrees C, the mean living-room temperature was 19.2 degrees C in Athens and 21.7 degrees C in south Finland; 13% and 72% of people in these regions, respectively, wore hats when outdoors at 7 degrees C. Multiple regression analyses (with allowance for sex and age, in the six regions with full data) showed that high indices of cold-related mortality were associated with high mean winter temperatures, low living-room temperatures, limited bedroom heating, low proportions of people wearing hats, gloves, and anoraks, and inactivity and shivering when outdoors at 7 degrees C (p < 0.01 for all-cause mortality and respiratory mortality; p > 0.05 for mortality from ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease). INTERPRETATION: Mortality increased to a greater extent with given fall of temperature in regions with warm winters, in populations with cooler homes, and among people who wore fewer clothes and were less active outdoors.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[Recent progress in the diagnosis of respiratory disease: respiratory infection].

In Japan, molecular diagnostic techniques and some other diagnostic tools for respiratory infections have been clinically introduced and their use has spread in recent years. In particular, PCR is now commonly used even at the clinical microbiology laboratory level, because PCR based direct detection of infectious disease from various clinical specimens has some advantages over other diagnostic methods. Since PCR is a highly sensitive, specific, rapid method and suitable for slow-growing or culture-difficult pathogens, we must take care in regard to the risk of contamination, the possibility of false-negative results by various PCR inhibitors in the clinical sample, or unstable sensitivity easily influenced by the quality of samples and DNA extraction step.

Antigens, Bacterial↗
PubMed1987

Variations in mortality of the coloured, white and Asian population groups in the RSA, 1978-1982. Part IV. Respiratory diseases.

Respiratory diseases are major causes of death in South Africa. The reported mortality rates (MRs) for: (i) pneumonia and influenza; (ii) chronic obstructive lung disease and allied conditions; (iii) pulmonary tuberculosis; and (iv) carcinoma of the lung and bronchus over a 5-year period are examined in relation to age, sex, ethnic group and year. Such data have not previously been reported in South Africa. MRs for all respiratory diseases (except lung carcinoma) were substantially higher in coloureds than in whites or Asians. In each ethnic group and for each disease category, MRs for males were higher than for females, especially in those over the age of 24 years. For all, except lung carcinoma, MRs were highest at the extremes of life. Changes in respiratory disease MRs over the 5-year period were examined by calculating the age standardised MRs for each condition in each of the 5 years. There was a clear decline in the MR for pneumonia over this period in all groups. The MR for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rose in all groups, except Asian females. Similarly, the MR for carcinoma increased in all groups, except white females. The MR for tuberculosis was highest in coloured males (10 times greater than in Asian males and 100 times greater than in white females). The pattern of respiratory disease MRs in white South Africans is very similar to that in the USA, whereas in coloureds MRs for infectious diseases remain high and are added to by the burden of cigarette smoking-related deaths.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Neutrophil-platelet interactions and their relevance to bovine respiratory disease.

Respiratory disease is a serious and significant health problem for the bovine industry. Classically, the clinical and research focus has been on the putative causative agents and conditions, and their interactions with host inflammatory cells, particularly alveolar macrophages and blood neutrophils. There is, currently, growing acceptance of the concept that blood platelets play a primary role in the inflammatory process. This review explores the implications of such pro-inflammatory activity, especially in the context of neutrophil-platelet interactions, and the species specificity of cellular responses. The relevance of these issues for the treatment and prevention of bovine respiratory disease is also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Effects of cefoperazone on respiratory infections of patients of advanced age and/or with underlying respiratory diseases].

Respiratory infections of 19 subjects of advanced age and/or with underlying respiratory disease were treated with cefoperazone (CPZ) and its clinical effects were studied. Sixteen subjects suffered from respiratory tract infection and 3 subjects had pneumonia. The age of the subjects ranged from 39 to 77 years with the mean of 63.8, 7 of them being more than 70 years of age. The underlying respiratory diseases included chronic pulmonary emphysema in 6 subjects, diffuse panbronchiolitis in 3, bronchiectasis in 3, silicosis in 2 and one each of chronic bronchitis, pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer and old pulmonary tuberculosis. One case, 75 years of age, had renal insufficiency. The daily dose of CPZ was 4 grams in 18 of the 19 subjects and the duration of administration ranged 5 to 22 days. The remaining 1 subject received 2 g of CPZ daily for 6 days. Clinical effects were judged from the changes in fever, cough, amount of sputum, dyspnea, rales, cyanosis, chest X-ray, white blood cell counts, CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rates and results of sputum culture. Clinical effects were good in 16 subjects, fair in 1, and poor in 2. Bacteriological follow-up was carried out in 13 subjects. Infecting bacteria were eliminated from 5 subjects, reduced in 2 and, in 4 subjects, they were replaced by other bacteria. In 1 subject, P. aeruginosa was isolated from sputum even after the treatment with CPZ, and in another subject H. influenzae relapsed immediately after the cessation of the CPZ treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory diseases].

Respiratory manifestations of gastrooesophageal reflux are not very well known and therefore frequently not recognized. The multifactorial character of these relations is confirmed by the fact that only 10% of the patients with gastrooesophageal reflux suffer from respiratory diseases. As these relationships are causal, successful treatment depends on their objectivization. Respiratory manifestations of gastrooesophageal reflux may be a serious and frequently the only symptom of reflux disease. When these causal relationships are not recognized, respiratory symptoms are not adequately treated and they develop gradually into chronic or frequently relapsing disease. It is therefore desirable that all patients with an obscure cause of chronic or relapsing respiratory disease are subjected to examination for gastrooesophageal reflux. Conservative or surgical anti-reflux treatment mitigates in the majority manifestations of respiratory complications or eliminates respiratory disease which has persisted for several years.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of cefmetazole in respiratory tract infections of patients with underlying respiratory diseases].

Respiratory infections of 10 subjects with underlying respiratory diseases were treated with cefmetazole (CMZ) and its clinical effects were studied. Five subjects of them were respiratory tract infection, 3 subjects were pneumonia and 2 subjects were pneumonia followed by empyema. The underlying diseases were chronic pulmonary emphysema in 4 subjects, diffuse panbronchiolitis in 3, chronic bronchitis in 2 and bronchial asthma in 1. The doses of CMZ were 4 to 8 grams per day and the durations of administration ranged 3 to 39 days. The clinical effects were judged from the changes of fever, cough, amount of sputum, dyspnea, rale, chest X-ray, white blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, sputum culture and PaO2. The clinical effects of 6 subjects were evaluated as good, those of 3 were fair and that of 1 was poor. In 3 subjects H. influenzae in the sputum was eliminated and in 1 subject both H. aphrophilus and alpha-Streptococcus found in the pleural effusion were eliminated. In 1 subject Klebsiella in the sputum was eliminated and replaced by Enterobacter. No side effects were observed. We conclude that CMZ is considerably useful in the treatment of respiratory infections of the patients with underlying respiratory diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Chronic respiratory disease and respiratory function in a group of fire fighters.

A sample of 193 subjects drawn from the New South Wales Fire Brigade was studied to examine the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease and impairment of respiratory function. The prevalence of respiratory disease was less than that reported in other groups of firemen and reflects the lower level of occupational exposure, and possibly a survivor effect, within the New South Wales Fire Brigade. Among recent recruits, the effects of cigarette smoking far outweighed any contribution from occupational exposure. Among firemen with 20 years or more service a twofold increase in the prevalence of chronic bronchitis is considered to result from the additive effects of cigarette smoking and the high occupational smoke exposures consequent to the availability of respiratory protection and earlier attitudes to its use. The increasingly toxic nature of combustion products at fires was not accompanied by a discernible increase in the prevalence of chronic respiratory disease or impairment of respiratory function. The major combustion products responsible for respiratory damage were self-administered, arising from burning tobacco rather than from burning buildings.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Feline respiratory diseases.

Respiratory diseases in kittens can quickly result in life-threatening emergencies if not identified and managed early. Congenital anomalies of young cats are extremely uncommon. Viral respiratory infections in the cat are primarily caused by feline herpesvirus type 1 and feline calicivirus. Primary bacterial respiratory infections occur sporadically in cats. Bordetella bronchiseptica may cause severe respiratory signs in young kittens.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Outdoor air pollution in urban areas and allergic respiratory diseases.

Respiratory allergic diseases (rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, bronchial asthma and its equivalents) appear to be increasing in most countries, and subjects living in urban and industrialized areas are more likely to experience respiratory allergic symptoms than those living in rural areas. This increase has been linked, among various factors, to air pollution, which is now an important public health hazard. Laboratory studies confirm the epidemiological evidence that inhalation of some pollutants, either individually or in combination, adversely affect lung function in asthmatics. The most abundant air pollutants in urban areas with high levels of vehicle traffic are respirable particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone. While nitrogen dioxide does not exert consistent effects on lung function, ozone, respirable particulate matter and allergens impair lung function and lead to increased airway responsiveness and bronchial obstruction in predisposed subjects. However, besides acting as irritants, airborne pollutants can modulate the allergenicity of antigens carried by airborne particles. By attaching to the surface of pollen grains and of plant-derived paucimicronic particles, pollutants can modify the morphology of these antigen-carrying agents and after their allergenic potential. In addition, by inducing airway inflammation, which increases airway epithelial permeability, pollutants overcome the mucosal barrier and so facilitate the allergen-induced inflammatory responses. Moreover, air pollutants such as diesel exhaust emissions are thought to modulate the immune response by increasing immunoglobulin E synthesis, thus facilitating allergic sensitization in atopic subjects and the subsequent development of clinical respiratory symptoms.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed2002

Environmental urban factors (air pollution and allergens) and the rising trends in allergic respiratory diseases.

Respiratory allergic diseases such as rhinitis and bronchial asthma appear to be increasing worldwide, affecting in particular subjects living in urban areas, and the reasons for this increase are still largely unknown. Although the role played by air pollution has yet to be clarified, a body of evidence suggests that urbanization, with its high levels of vehicle emissions and a westernised lifestyle are linked to the rising frequency of these diseases observed in most industrialized countries. Laboratory studies confirm the epidemiological evidence that inhalation of some pollutants, either individually or in combination, adversely affect lung function in asthmatics. Air pollutants may not only increase the frequency and intensity of symptoms in already allergic patients but may promote airway sensitization to airborne allergens in predisposed subjects. By attaching to the surface of pollen grains and of plant-derived paucimicronic particles, pollutants can modify the morphology of these antigen-carrying agents and alter their allergenic potential. In addition, by inducing airway inflammation, pollutants may overcome the mucosal barrier and so "prime" allergen-induced responses. In other words airway mucosal damage and impaired mucociliary clearance induced by air pollution may facilitate the access of inhaled allergens to the cells of the immune system.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1987

[Characteristics and evolutive data of chronic respiratory diseases after respiratory intensive care. Evaluation of the Pneumology Department of the Pavillon Saint-François in Strasbourg between 1980 and 1985].

Between 1980 and 1985, 66 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (respiratory deficit of the restrictive type) were admitted to our department after an episode of acute respiratory failure treated with assisted ventilation in an intensive care unit. These patients were in a particularly poor clinical condition, due to their previous long stay in the intensive care unit (mean 43 days), the high percentage of tracheotomies (mean 44%), the loss of autonomy of movement in 30% of the cases and the presence of an associated pathology in 45% of the patients. These data explain the high mortality observed in this group: 40% of the patients died within one year of the acute respiratory failure episode. Other prognostic factors, notably the patients' nutritional status, must also be taken into account.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Mitral valve prolapse and respiratory diseases].

Respiratory function was studied in 9 patients with mitral prolapse because of myxomatous degeneration of valvular cusps. Respiratory disorders were diagnosed in 7 of them. Respiratory organ abnormalities in cusp prolapses result from hereditary deficiency of the connective tissue with visceral manifestations. Valvular cusp prolapse and their myxomatous degeneration may serve as markers of impairment of the respiratory organs and other viscera related to "weakness" of the connective tissue.

Aged↗
PubMed1988

An analysis of the seasonal variation of coronary heart disease and respiratory disease mortality in New Zealand.

The seasonal variation of coronary heart disease mortality rates in New Zealand is analysed by age, sex and race using monthly national mortality data for the period 1970-83. A 35% variation from the winter peak to summer low is found in the crude mortality rate, but the size of the seasonal variation is age-dependent, being more pronounced in the elderly, and more so in males than in females. The hypothesis that respiratory infections are linked to coronary heart disease, and that their seasonal occurrence explains the seasonal variation in coronary rates, is examined by an analysis of the association between coronary disease and respiratory disease mortality rates. By partial correlation analysis and by examining the residual correlation after filtering the seasonal variation from both series, it is suggested that the season acts as a confounding factor to cause an apparent association between the two rates. After controlling for season there is a tenuous relationship, but it is apparent only in the elderly.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Drugs in pregnancy. Respiratory disease.

Respiratory illnesses are the commonest cause of patient visits to physicians. Although the common cold, sinusitis and bronchitis may be lacking in drama, they account for a substantial amount of morbidity among women of reproductive age and are frequently encountered by physicians caring for pregnant women. Present knowledge about the management of these common conditions and the safety of the medications often used to treat them are reviewed in this chapter. Asthma and community-acquired pneumonia are more serious respiratory illnesses that are also often encountered in pregnancy. Present evidence suggests that community-acquired pneumonia is best treated empirically, with additional investigation usually necessary only if there is a failure of initial treatment. The recognition of asthma as an inflammatory condition has led to a very specific approach to its management that can readily and safely be applied to the pregnant woman. Treatment of HIV and tuberculosis should not be withheld during pregnancy because of the life-threatening nature of these infections and the importance of preventing vertical transmission.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

Antiviral chemotherapy and prophylaxis of viral respiratory disease.

Respiratory viruses continue to be major causes of morbidity and mortality. Currently available chemotherapy is limited to oral amantadine for uncomplicated influenza A and aerosolized ribavirin for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. Amantadine is also efficacious for chemoprophylaxis of influenza A virus infections. Rimantadine has similar clinical efficacy and is better tolerated than amantadine. Aerosolized ribavirin may be useful in the treatment of serious respiratory illness caused by viruses other than RSV. Intranasal application of interferon is effective in interrupting the spread of rhinovirus colds in families, but chronic use is limited by nasal toxicity. Several newer agents and approaches for chemoprophylaxis and therapy are at different stages of clinical investigation. Combinations of antiviral agents may offer the best therapeutic advantage but have not been adequately tested in man. As additional drugs become available and uses expand for the currently available agents, rapid viral diagnosis will assume an increasingly important role in their optimal use.

Amantadine↗
PubMed1991

Audit in respiratory disease.

Respiratory medical audit is discussed in terms of Structure, Process and Outcome with a description of the audit Feedback Loop of monitoring, assessment, improvement followed by further monitoring and assessment. Methods of monitoring include sentinel case, criterion-based, small group comparison, surveys and peer review. There are professional, social and pragmatic reasons for audit which is the responsibility of the provider professionals and requires adequate resources.

Humans↗