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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Accidental head trauma and retinal hemorrhage.

Retinal hemorrhage and intracranial hemorrhage in a child with little external evidence of trauma and with a poorly documented history are considered pathognomonic child abuse. The mechanism and magnitude of force required to produce the injuries are seldom witnessed or known. This study was designed to determine the incidence of retinal hemorrhage in pediatric head injuries under known accidental circumstances, in association with forces sufficient to cause skull fracture and/or intracranial hemorrhage. Of 525 consecutive hospital admissions for head injuries, 200 children filled these criteria. Thirty children were excluded because of suspected child abuse or gunshot wounds. Of the remaining 170, 140 were evaluated by an ophthalmologist for retinal hemorrhage. Two children, who were both involved in side-impact car accidents, had retinal hemorrhages in associated with severe head injury. Retinal hemorrhage occurs rarely in accidental head injury and is associated with extraordinary force.

Accidents↗
PubMed2005

Massive hemorrhagic retinal detachment during radial optic neurotomy.

BACKGROUND: We encountered obvious arterial bleeding from the incision site during radial optic neurotomy (RON) in a 55-year-old woman with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and report the findings herein. CASE REPORT: The patient initially demonstrated a retinal hemorrhage and macular edema due to a left CRVO. Her corrected visual acuity was 0.5 OS. Since her symptoms did not improve and were aggravated, even though she received an oral anticoagulant drug orally, RON was performed 2 months after the onset of symptoms. During surgery, obvious arterial bleeding started from the RON incision site and it was not arrested although the infusion bottle was fully elevated. However, a subsequent infusion of liquid perfluoro-carbon successfully stopped the bleeding by direct pressure. Hemorrhagic retinal detachment occurred in the nasal quadrant and postoperative vitreous hemorrhage was treated surgically. The hemorrhagic retinal detachment was gradually absorbed and replaced by fibrous scar tissue. Two years after the surgery, no expansion of retinal detachment has been observed and corrected visual acuity is being maintained at 0.2 OS. CONCLUSION: We conclude that RON for CRVO carries a risk of arterial bleeding and that infusion of liquid perfluoro-carbon seems to be effective to arrest arterial bleeding from the RON site.

Decompression, Surgical↗
PubMed1988

Acute multifocal hemorrhagic retinal vasculitis.

The authors present a series of seven patients with acute visual loss associated with mild anterior uveitis, multifocal retinal vasculitis, retinal capillary nonperfusion, retinal hemorrhage, disc swelling, and vitreitis. Oral prednisone was of some benefit in these patients and oral acyclovir was generally ineffective. Neovascular complications including retinal, disc, choroidal, and iris new vessels were common, requiring photocoagulation in five patients. Horseshoe tears developed in two patients in zones of uninvolved retina but retinal detachment did not occur. The etiology remains unknown, although it may represent either a localized ocular form of Behçet's disease or other systemic syndrome, infection with a herpes group virus other than zoster varicella virus, or a manifestation of an undefined infectious agent.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

[Retinal hemorrhage associated with retinal artery macroaneurysm (author's transl)].

A report on four cases of an isolated aneurysm of a major retinal artery branch accompanied by retinal hemorrhage and edema (so-called macroaneurysm of the retinal arteries (Robertson)]. In two cases an indirect argon laser coagulation was performed, which facilitated absorption of the associated macular edema and rapidly improved visual acuity.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Retinal photocoagulation in hemorrhagic retinal branch vein thrombosis. A new treatment technique].

In branch vein occlusions involving the macula, the loss of macular function cannot be due to hypoperfusion of the involved capillaries, because if this were so the uninvolved part of the macula would presumably be unimpaired. The impairment of the macula is explained as follows. Congestion of the blood caused by the thrombosis means that the capillaries are exposed to high blood pressure. In the border zone of the thrombotic area capillaries that are normally drained are exposed to capillary hypertension. For this reason, the border zone of a retinal thrombosis is also affected. The perifoveal capillary network is usually in this border zone. We treated branch vein occlusions by perimacular photocoagulations on the blood in the inner retinal layer within the zone of the thrombosis. Our explanation for the gain in visual acuity following this procedure is that we occlude the retinal capillaries that are, passing on the high pressure into the perifoveal capillaries. Our proposed photocoagulation procedure is restricted to cases in which hemorrhage has led to enough blood in the inner retinal layer to coagulate. The destruction of the nerve fiber layer by this kind of photocoagulation has to be taken into account. The possible gain of visual acuity has to be balanced against the loss of function caused by destruction of parts of the nerve fiber layer.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2000

Retinal arteriolar tortuosity with recurrent retinal hemorrhages--case report.

Retinal arteriolar tortuosity with retinal hemorrhage was first described in 1958. A 45 year-old Taiwanese man had experienced recurrent retinal hemorrhages in each eye in the previous 20 years. The hemorrhages resolved spontaneously without any subjectively obvious sequelae. He has no history of hypertension or any vascular occlusive diseases. There were also no similar cases in his family. The medical examination and laboratory tests did not reveal any significant etiologic factors. Ophthalmologically, the retinal vein was normal but all retinal arterioles were tortuous from the posterior pole to the periphery. Fluorescein angiography revealed the same findings. To our knowledge, this is the first case report in Taiwan.

Arterioles↗
PubMed1985

Progressive inherited retinal arteriolar tortuosity with spontaneous retinal hemorrhages.

Tortuosity of the retinal arterioles complicated by spontaneous retinal hemorrhages is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Even when hemorrhages involve the fovea, spontaneous clearing with recovery of normal vision is the rule. We have studied members of three families in which arteriolar tortuosity increases with age. Tortuosity increases most dramatically during adolescence and affects small arterioles in the macular area. Retinal hemorrhages in children from two pedigrees led to extensive laboratory investigation because arteriolar tortuosity, later unmistakeable, was not recognized initially. Inherited retinal arteriolar tortuosity may be overlooked easily, particularly in children. Patients with spontaneous retinal hemorrhages and their relatives should be examined for retinal arteriolar tortuosity before being subjected to cardiovascular or hematologic studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

High altitude stress and retinal hemorrhage: relation to vascular headache mechanisms.

Retinal hemorrhage occurred in 36% of 39 subjects exposed to altitudes at or above 14,200 feet. In subjects with a history of vascular headaches at sea level, there was a higher incidence of and more severe altitude headache, as well as a higher incidence of retinal hemorrhage than among those previously headache-free. In subjects without altitude headache, none had retinal hemorrhage. In subjects with altitude headache, 42% had retinal hemorrhage. A progressive rise in the incidence of retinal hemorrhage was correlated with progressively greater intensity of altitude headache. Factors that intensified the rate or degree of exposure, including rapid ascent and strenuous exertion, appeared to increase the likelihood of hemorrhage. An optimal balance between acclimatization and subsequent altitude stress appeared to prevent retinal hemorrhage. Increased retinal blood flow, retinal vessel engorgement, increased retinal vein and prevenous capillary pressure, and possibly decreased intraocular pressure may contribute to the pathogenesis of retinal hemorrhage.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1999

[Vitreous hemorrhage and pre-retinal hemorrhage "without obvious point of origin" in diabetic patients. Apropos of 5 cases].

Five diabetic patients with nonproliferative retinopathy or controlled retinopathy after photocoagulation developed intravitreous or preretinal hemorrhages of unknown origin. Intravitreous hemorrhage of unknown origin is characterized by the absence of angiographic hyperfluorescence suggestive of neovascularization. Examination of the retinal periphery with a three mirror lens reveals the absence of tears and an normally appearing arteriovenous network with no sign of bleeding. The clinical cases reported here demonstrated: 1) the significance of posterior vitreous detachment in the genesis of hemorrhage, 2) the difficulty encountered in assessing the seriousness of the hemorrhage and providing optimal treatment, 3) the importance of initiating treatment early.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The significance of white-centered retinal hemorrhages in the shaken baby syndrome.

Retinal hemorrhages in healthy children with or without a history of associated trauma are a strong indicator of child abuse. This report describes six cases of battered infants who presented with white-centered retinal hemorrhages. We discuss potential mechanisms for the presence of white-centered retinal hemorrhages in battered children.

Battered Child Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Retinal hemorrhage and pediatric brain injury: etiology and review of the literature.

Retinal hemorrhages have long been linked with child abuse and, in particular, the "shaken baby/shaking-impact" syndrome. However, the presence of retinal hemorrhages is neither necessary nor sufficient for the diagnosis of child abuse. Additionally, retinal hemorrhages are also associated with an ever-expanding list of conditions, each of which carries important implications for patients and their families. To correctly interpret a patient's retinal hemorrhages, the physician requires a broad knowledge base, including of child abuse, the "shaken baby/shaking-impact" syndrome, the differential diagnosis of retinal hemorrhages and the types of retinal hemorrhage and their diagnostic implications. We review the literature regarding types of retinal hemorrhage and their associated etiologies.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Retinal hemorrhage in the young child: a review of etiology, predisposed conditions, and clinical implications.

Retinal hemorrhage is a frequent finding in child abuse, but may also be associated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, accidental trauma, and a variety of illnesses such as blood dyscrasias and infections. Although it is imperative that child abuse be considered in all children who present with retinal hemorrhages, whether retinal hemorrhages can be attributed to cardiopulmonary resuscitation in suspected cases of abuse poses a dilemma. The etiologies of retinal hemorrhage as well as the literature presently available to support or refute the various diagnoses are discussed. Guidelines for funduscopic examination in the Emergency Department as well as a clinical classification of retinal hemorrhage are provided. In addition, guidelines are suggested for the appropriate clinical investigations in children with retinal hemorrhages.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation↗
PubMed2004

[White-centered retinal hemorrhage revealing acute lymphoblastic leukemia].

Retinal involvement during leukemia is frequent (varying from 28% to 50%), can be the result of different mechanisms, and may reveal the disease. We describe two patients, 10 and 50 years old, who consulted for a sudden drop in visual acuity. Fundus examination showed bilateral retinal hemorrhage with a white center in both eyes associated with other hemorrhages in the posterior pole. Acute leukemia was found in both patients and chemotherapy was institgated. The younger patient died of general complications, the other is in remission phase. Retinal hemorrhage with a white center is a rare manifestation of acute leukemia and is exceptionally the first sign of the disease. Through these cases, we detail the physiopathology and clinical aspects. We stress the importance of ocular findings in leukemia in both diagnosis and therapy.

Antineoplastic Agents↗