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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Absorption and urinary excretion of quercetin, rutin, and alphaG-rutin, a water soluble flavonoid, in rats.

Quercetin, rutin, alphaG-rutin (a water soluble flavonoid), and a mixture of rutin and alphaG-rutin were administered to rats by a single gastric intubation, and their absorption and urinary excretion were examined. The plasma and 24 h urinary levels of aglycons (quercetin and tamarixetin/isorhamnetin) were measured by HPLC after deconjugation with beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase treatment. alphaG-rutin was absorbed more rapidly than quercetin or rutin, and the plasma concentrations of quercetin and tamarixetin/isorhamnetin reached the highest peak level 30 min after dosing. Quercetin, rutin, and the mixture of rutin and alphaG-rutin showed the first peak level 8 h, 8 h, and 30 min after dosing, respectively. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for quercetin in rats administered alphaG-rutin was approximately 4.5- and 2-fold higher than those in rats administered quercetin and rutin, respectively, and was almost the same as that in rats administered a mixture of rutin and alphaG-rutin. The highest 24 h urinary excretion was observed in alphaG-rutin-administered rats. These results suggest that alphaG-rutin is absorbed more efficiently than either quercetin or rutin and that a high plasma concentration can be maintained by supplying rutin and alphaG-rutin in combination.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1984

Rutin-induced beta-glucosidase activity in Streptococcus faecium VGH-1 and Streptococcus sp. strain FRP-17 isolated from human feces: formation of the mutagen, quercetin, from rutin.

A fecal isolate, Streptococcus sp. strain FRP-17, and strain VGH-1 of Streptococcus faecium were shown to contain beta-glucosidases which converted rutin (quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucose-alpha-L-rhamnose) to quercetin and were active against o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucose. The activity against rutin could be measured by increased mutagenicity in the Ames assay or visualized on thin-layer chromatography plates. In both organisms, the beta-glucosidase activities were inducible by the addition of rutin to the growth media. Several closely related strains of Streptococcus spp. lacked any beta-glucosidase activity. In cell preparations of the active organisms, activities with rutin and o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucose were optimal at pH 6.8 and could be enhanced by increasing the ionic strength of the assay system. At low ionic strengths, both quercetin and a new product (intermediate between the polarities of rutin and quercetin) were formed by the incubation of rutin with cell preparations of either active organism. This product disappeared with increased ionic strength, suggesting that it may be a reaction intermediate, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucose. These results suggest that the beta-glucosidase active against rutin and that active against o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucose are the same.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1994

Antiinflammatory effect of flavonoids in the natural juice from Aronia melanocarpa, rutin and rutin-magnesium complex on an experimental model of inflammation induced by histamine and serotonin.

The antiinflammatory effects of the anthocyane flavonoids in the natural juice from Aronia melanocarpa and of rutin-magnesium complex, the water-soluble derivative of rutin were studied in comparison with rutin. Two experimental models of inflammation were used. Inflammation of rat hind paw was induced either by 0.5% solution of histamine or by 0.01% solution of serotonin. The swelling of the rat paw was measured oncometrically by a pletismometer. The results showed that the anthocyane flavonoids from the natural juice of Aronia melanocarpa exerted more pronounced effects as compared to rutin in both models of inflammation. The rutin-magnesium complex did not exhibit any antiinflammatory activity against histamine-induced inflammation. Its effects against serotonin-induced inflammation were comparable to those of rutin.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Studies on drug metabolism by use of isotopes XXVII: urinary metabolites of rutin in rats and the role of intestinal microflora in the metabolism of rutin.

Analysis of urinary metabolites of orally administered rutin (I) labeled with deuterium [( 2',5',6'-2H]rutin, rutin-d) was carried out by GLC-MS. In rat urine, 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (III), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (IV), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (V), 3,4-dihydroxytoluene (VI), and 3-(m-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (VIII) were identified as rutin metabolites and were differentiated from the corresponding endogeneous compounds. Unchanged I and quercetin (II) were not present in the urine. Rutin-d was injected intraperitoneally in rats, administered orally to neomycin-treated rats, and incubated in vitro with the intestinal contents of rats. The experiments suggested the involvement of intestinal microflora in the metabolism of orally administered I.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of an aqueous propolis extract, of rutin and of a rutin-quercetin mixture on experimental influenza virus infection in mice.

Investigations were performed on the effect of an aqueous propolis extract, of rutin and of a rutin-quercetin mixture on experimental infection with influenza virus A/PR8/34 (H0N1) in mice. Propolis extract administered intranasally 3 hours before virus inoculation led to a reduction of the HA titers recorded in the lung suspensions from infected mice, but to no reduction in mortality or increase in mean survival length. When the extract was administered 3 hours after virus inoculation, the reduction in HA titer was accompanied by a slight decrease in mortality and increase in mean survival length, Rutin and the rutin-quercetin mixture caused an increase in both HA titer and mortality.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Intestinal absorption and metabolism of a soluble flavonoid, alphaG-rutin, in portal cannulated rats.

A highly soluble quercetin glycoside, alphaG-rutin, is a glucose adduct of insoluble rutin, and intestinal absorption and metabolism of alphaG-rutin has not been known. We investigated the intestinal absorption and metabolism of alphaG-rutin by using portal and duodenal cannulated rats and the isolated rat intestinal mucosa. After a duodenal instillation of alphaG-rutin (150 mumol), intact alphaG-rutin, rutin and quercetin were appeared in the portal blood and these concentrations were similarly increased at 15 min. Portal quercetin reached a peak value at 60 min, and the value was higher than those of alphaG-rutin and rutin at that time. Quercetin-conjugates were also increased 30 min after the instillation. The remaining of alphaG-rutin metabolites, mainly rutin, in the intestine were 58% of instilled alphaG-rutin after 150 min. In the experiment by using the isolated mucosa of the jejunum, ileum and cecum, alphaG-rutin and rutin, but not quercetin, appeared in the serosal sides of all segments, and they were increased linearly from 10 to 100 mmol/l of mucosal alphaG-rutin. We also showed portal injected alphaG-rutin was very rapidly cleared from the blood, and appeared a large amount of conjugates. In conclusion, a soluble flavonoid-glycoside, alphaG-rutin, was absorbed as glycosides into the portal blood. A part of alphaG-rutin was hydrolyzed to rutin, but not to aglycone, through the intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Improvement of solubility and oral bioavailability of rutin by complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin.

The object of this study was to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate, and oral bioavailability of rutin by complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CyD). The interaction of rutin with cyclodextrins (CyDs) was evaluated by the solubility, and ultraviolet (UV) and circular dichroism (CD) spectrophotometries. The chemical and enzymatic stability of rutin was examined in an alkaline buffer solution and in rat small intestinal homogenates, respectively. Dissolution rates of rutin and its CyD complexes were measured by the dispersed amount method. In vivo absorption studies of rutin after oral administration via conventional tablet containing rutin alone or its beta-CyD complexes was performed on beagle dogs. The stability constants calculated from the phase solubility method increased in the order of HP-gamma-CyD < G2-beta-CyD < beta-CyD < HP-beta-CyD. Spectroscopic studies also revealed that HP-beta-CyD and beta-CyD formed a relatively more stable inclusion complex with rutin. The dissolution rates of rutin increased by the complexation with CyDs in the order of rutin alone < HP-beta-CyD < or = beta-CyD. HP-beta-CyD inhibited the hydrolysis of rutin in the alkaline buffer solution and the small intestinal homogenates of rats, suggesting that HP-beta-CyD may stabilize rutin in a gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. When the tablet containing rutin or its beta-CyD complexes was administered to beagle dogs, the plasma levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) (a major stable metabolite of rutin) after oral administration of HP-beta-CyD complex were much higher than in either that of rutin alone or in its beta-CyD complex. The in vivo absorption study suggests that HP-beta-CyD increased the oral bioavailability of rutin from the gastrointestinal tracts of beagle dogs because of the increase in solubility, faster dissolution rate, and gastrointestinal stability. HP-beta-CyD has a significant advantage with respect to providing high aqueous solubility while maintaining a lack of toxicity in oral pharmaceutical preparations of rutin.

2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin↗
PubMed2005

Effects of rutin on vegetative growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata) seedlings and its interaction with indoleacetic acid.

Rutin is one of the natural flavonoids in plants. Effects of rutin and indoleacetic acid (IAA) on vegetative growth of mung bean seedlings were studied and the contents of rutin and IAA in the hypocotyls of the seedlings were measured. Mung bean seedlings absorbed rutin through roots, grew more vigorously under light at lower rutin concentrations (20-60 microg/mL) with longer shoot axis (epicotyl+hypocotyl) and primary root and more lateral roots. The seedlings exhibited inhibition of elongation of the hypocotyls and radicles when grown in the dark at rutin concentrations of 20-100 microg/mL or under light at rutin concentrations of 80-100 microg/mL. Seedlings under light absorbed more rutin than those in the dark at rutin concentrations of 60-80 microg/mL and absorbed less rutin at concentrations lower than 40 microg/mL or near 100 microg/mL. IAA (>0.1 microg/mL) treatment promoted rutin accumulation and inhibited elongation of shoot axis and primary roots. The rutin content in hypocotyls reached the highest level when IAA (0.5 microg/mL) and rutin (40 microg/mL) were added to the medium. Rutin repressed endogenous IAA accumulation in hypocotyls of the etiolated seedlings and inhibited absorption of exogenous IAA from media to seedlings.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed2001

Intestinal absorption of rutin in free and conjugated forms.

Quercetin is one of the most common flavonoids in nature, occurring mainly in glycosidic forms such as rutin. Rutin has been reported to exert numerous biochemical and pharmacological activities, though information about its absorption and metabolism is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate intestinal handling of luminally administered rutin in an isolated preparation of luminally and vascularly perfused rat small intestine. A synthetic perfusate free from blood components was used as vascular medium, with a perfluorocarbon as oxygen carrier. Luminal media consisted of a bicarbonate-buffered sodium chloride solution spiked with rutin (40.5 +/- 1.8 micromol/L). Viability was maintained during the entire perfusion; no differences between rutin and control perfusions for perfusion pressure, lactate-pyruvate ratio, oxygen uptake, and acid-base homeostasis were observed. About 10% of the administered rutin appeared at the vascular side, chiefly as free rutin (5.6%), but some rutin sulfate (2.5%) and glucuronide (2.0%) were also detected. The conjugates were preferentially absorbed to the vascular side, while only traces of the glucuronide (0.2%) were found in the luminal perfusate. Minute amounts of the rutin administered were located in the intestinal tissue (1.1%) in the form of unchanged rutin and its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. The model used serves as a valuable tool for understanding intestinal handling of the bioactive flavonol glycoside rutin, and the obtained results confirm uptake of rutin in the rat small intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Enzymatic synthesis of butyryl-rutin ester in organic solvents and its cytogenetic effects in mammalian cells in culture.

Enzymic acylation of a flavonoid, rutin, with trichloroethylbutyrate (TCEB) has been performed by subtilisin protease in anhydrous pyridine solution. The addition of a hydrophobic compound on rutin is expected to change the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the molecule, giving new properties to this compound. This work aimed at investigating the various cytological properties of the rutin-ester and compared them with those of the native molecule. No difference in the levels of sister chromosomes exchange (SCE) between rutin and rutin-ester treated cells at doses varying from 25 to 200 micrograms/mL was found. On the contrary impressive difference in the induced frequency of micronuclei (MN) between rutin and rutin ester treated cells was observed, for example, at a dose of 100 micrograms/mL of rutin were 3.5% MN counted, whereas for a similar dose treatment with rutin-ester a frequency of 8% of MN was found. The fact that rutin-ester is causing significantly higher levels of MN than the rutin alone can be considered as a manifestation of a higher action of the agent on the chromosome owing to its easier penetration in to the cell after its esterification.

Acylation↗
PubMed2004

A soluble flavonoid-glycoside, alphaG-rutin, is absorbed as glycosides in the isolated gastric and intestinal mucosa.

We investigated the absorption and metabolism of the highly soluble quercetin glycoside alphaG-rutin, a glucose adduct of insoluble rutin, using the isolated mucosa of the rat stomach and intestines equipped with the Ussing chamber. alphaG-rutin and rutin appeared in the serosal sides of the gastric body and all the intestinal mucosa after the addition of alphaG-rutin (1 mM) to the mucosal fluid. The degree of alphaG-rutin appearance was much lower in the gastric fundus than in the other parts. Quercetin was not found in the mucosal fluid of any mucosal specimen. The concentrations (microM) of alphaG-rutin and rutin in the serosal fluid as a result of transport from the mucosal side increased time-dependently and linearly with mucosal alphaG-rutin concentration (1, 10 or 100 mM). The highest transport was shown in the ileal mucosa. These results indicate that alphaG-rutin is partly hydrolyzed to rutin through the intestine and absorbed as such.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Quercetin is a flavonoid with a wide range of biological activities. It mainly occurs in plants as glycosides, such as rutin (quercetin rutinoside) in tea. Quercetin and rutin are used in many countries as vasoprotectants and are ingredients of numerous multivitamin preparations and herbal remedies. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective was to characterise and compare the absorption and the pharmacokinetics of quercetin from quercetin aglycone and rutin. A secondary objective was to investigate which forms of quercetin are present in plasma. METHODS: In this double blind, diet-controlled, two-period cross-over study, 16 healthy volunteers received three different doses of quercetin and rutin orally. The doses corresponded to 8 mg, 20 mg and 50 mg quercetin aglycone. Blood samples were obtained between 0 h and 32 h post-dose. RESULTS: The overall kinetic behaviour of quercetin differed remarkably after ingestion of quercetin aglycone or rutin. The mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 h to 32 h [AUC(0-32)] and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) values of the two treatments were similar. However, time to reach Cmax (tmax) was significantly shorter after the quercetin aglycone treatment than after the rutin treatment (1.9, 2.7 and 4.8 versus 6.5, 7.4 and 7.5 h, for doses 1, 2 and 3, respectively). Also, the absorption of quercetin from quercetin aglycone was predictable and inter-individual variation was small. In contrast, after ingestion of rutin, inter-individual variations in AUC(0-32) and Cmax values were considerable and seemed to be associated with gender and use of oral contraceptives. Quercetin and rutin were found in plasma as glucuronides and/or sulfates of quercetin and as unconjugated quercetin aglycone, but no rutin was detected. CONCLUSIONS: In clinical trials, studying the effects of quercetin from rutin, bioavailability must be taken into consideration and plasma quercetin concentrations monitored. Whether our results apply to other glycosidic drugs as well, especially other rutosides, should be investigated.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2005

Metabolic and pharmacological properties of rutin, a dietary quercetin glycoside, for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.

PURPOSE: Orally administered rutin reportedly ameliorates 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis of rats. We investigated the metabolic and pharmacological properties of rutin underlying the rutin-mediated amelioration of the rat colitis. METHODS: Apparent partition coefficients of rutin and its aglycone quercetin were compared. The biochemical/chemical stability of rutin was examined in the contents of various segments of gastrointestinal tracts of rats. Inflammatory indices were determined in the colitis rats after oral administration of rutin or rectal administration of quercetin. In human colon epithelial cells, the effect of quercetin on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) activation was examined. RESULTS: The sugar residue in rutin greatly lowered the apparent partition coefficient and was rapidly deglycosylated to liberate quercetin in the cecal contents, whereas it was stable in the contents of the upper intestine. Not only oral administration of rutin but also rectal administration of quercetin remarkably ameliorated TNBS-induced colitis rats, indicating that quercetin liberated from rutin is therapeutically active. Furthermore, quercetin dose-dependently inhibited an inflammatory signal TNF-alpha-dependent NFkappaB activation. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that rutin acted as a quercetin deliverer to the large intestine and its anti-inflammatory action in TNBS-induced colitis rats may be through quercetin-mediated inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced NFkappaB activation.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Protective effects of rutin against hemoglobin oxidation.

A prooxidant drug, primaquine (PQ) was used to produce oxidative stress in human red blood cells (RBC) in vitro. Rutin, a plant flavonoid, did not prevent PQ-induced cell lysis but protected against hemoglobin (Hb) oxidation inside RBC. After PQ removal, rutin failed to reduce preformed met-Hb indicating that the rutin protective effect manifests only in the presence of PQ. Since H2O2 was proved to mediate PQ-induced Hb oxidation, authentic Hb was studied for its reaction with H2O2 and rutin in solution. Rutin partially protected oxy-Hb against H2O2-induced oxidation and heme loss. Rutin was also shown to delay H2O2-induced met-Hb oxidation to ferryl-Hb. Rutin directly reduced ferryl-Hb to met-Hb in stoichiometric (1:1) reaction characterized by a rate constant of 100 to 130/M/sec. It is assumed that by reducing ferryl-Hb, rutin prevents oxy-Hb from reacting with ferryl-Hb (comproportionation reaction), thus preventing half of the oxy-Hb molecules from being converted to met-Hb. This mechanism is consistent with 50% inhibition by rutin (at the maximum of its activity) of PQ-induced oxy-Hb oxidation in RBC. The present results demonstrate new antioxidant properties of rutin that may be useful in diminishing oxidative damage to pathological red blood cells.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2004

Dietary rutin, but not its aglycone quercetin, ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced experimental colitis in mice: attenuation of pro-inflammatory gene expression.

Oxidative stress has been shown to play a pivotal role in the onset of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and carcinogenesis. We evaluated the effects of two dietary anti-oxidants, rutin and its aglycone quercetin, on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis in mice. Female ICR mice were fed a diet containing 0.1% rutin or 0.1% quercetin for 2 weeks, and given 5% DSS in drinking water during the second week to induce colitis. We also examined the dose-dependency of rutin and quercetin (0.01% and 0.001% each) as well as their therapeutic efficacy, which was evaluated following DSS administration, on DSS-induced colitis. The protein level of interleukin (IL)-1 beta in both colonic mucosa and peritoneal macrophages was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further, mRNA expression levels of IL-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in colonic mucosa were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A diet containing 0.1% rutin, but not quercetin, attenuated DSS-induced body weight loss and shortening of the colorectum (P<0.01 and <0.05, respectively), and dramatically improved colitis histological scores. Further, DSS-induced increases in colonic mucosal IL-1 beta levels were blunted significantly in rutin-, but not quercetin-, fed mice (P<0.01), while dietary rutin attenuated the expressions of IL-1 beta and IL-6 mRNA in colonic mucosa (each, P<0.01). As for dose dependency, 0.01%, but not 0.001%, dietary rutin significantly reduced mucosal IL-1 beta levels (P<0.01). Notably, a 0.1% rutin diet given 3 days after DSS treatment significantly suppressed both colorectal shortening and IL-1 beta production (P<0.05 and <0.01, respectively). Dietary rutin ameliorates DSS-induced colitis, presumably by suppressing the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results suggest that rutin may be useful for the prevention and treatment of IBD and colorectal carcinogenesis via attenuation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production.

Animals↗