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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1986

A study of the human immune response to Lolium perenne (rye) pollen and its components, Lol p I and Lol p II (rye I and rye II). I. Prevalence of reactivity to the allergens and correlations among skin test, IgE antibody, and IgG antibody data.

In a stratified random sample of 320 white adults, the prevalence of puncture skin test positivity (ST +) to Lolium perenne (rye grass)-pollen extract (LPE) was 16%. Fifteen percent of all subjects (or 84% of subjects classified LPE IgE antibody positive [Ab +]) was classified IgE Ab + to highly purified Lol p I (Rye I), and 4% of all subjects (or 26% of subjects classified LPE IgE Ab +) was classified IgE Ab + to highly purified Lol p II (Rye II). These data and similar results obtained in an allergy-enriched group of 361 subjects are consistent with previous studies that Lol I is a major allergen and Lol II is a minor allergen of LPE. Whether we studied LPE, Lol I, or Lol II, responder subjects were younger than nonresponder subjects and more male than female subjects were responders. We then investigated the quantitative interrelationships among ST, IgE, and IgG Ab responsiveness to LPE, Lol I, and Lol II in the allergy-enriched group. For each allergen, log-log correlations were strong and significant for ST versus IgE Ab and for IgE Ab versus IgG Ab. All subjects IgE Ab + to Lol I or Lol II were IgG Ab + to that allergen, supporting other evidence for a commonality in the genetic control influencing the production of IgE and IgG Abs to a given allergen. Log-log correlations among ST end points, IgE Ab levels, or IgG Ab levels were strong for LPE versus either Lol I or Lol II but weak between Lol I and Lol II, consistent with the reported lack of cross-reactivity between Lol I and Lol II. Despite these findings, almost all Lol II + subjects were Lol I + by ST (98%), IgE Ab (91%), and IgG Ab (83%), suggesting that the Ia-restricted immune recognition of both these molecules is at least in part under a common genetic control.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

A study of the human immune response to Lolium perenne (rye) pollen and its components, Lol p I and Lol p II (Rye I and Rye II). II. Longitudinal variation of antibody levels in relation to symptomatology and pollen exposure and correction of seasonally elevated antibody levels to basal values.

This study used a standardized, dialyzed, Lolium perenne (ryegrass) pollen extract and two of its well-characterized components, Lol p I (Rye I) and Lol p II (Rye II), to characterize the longitudinal variation of both IgE and IgG antibody (Ab) levels, as well as total serum IgE levels, in 20 grass-allergic subjects followed for 13 months. Ab levels declined toward a basal level just before, and increased just after, the grass-pollination season, returning to the same basal level just before the next grass-pollination season. The least complex allergen, Lol II, demonstrated the most uniform pattern of variation in both IgE and IgG Ab levels. Total serum IgE levels demonstrated the least regular pattern of variation. Grass-pollen counts were strongly correlated with symptom-medication scores for these subjects (rs = 0.87). Initial values were correlated with the rise in total IgE and IgE Ab to Lol II across the grass-pollen season. Skin test results were correlated with initial IgE Ab levels for L. perenne pollen extract and Lol II. Finally, a procedure for correcting IgE Ab levels to basal values was proposed and tested. The correction procedure, for each IgE Ab, was based on the average rise during the grass-pollination season (or average decline after the grass-pollination season) observed for all subjects with that IgE Ab.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Construction of rye-wheat amphidiploids with the cytoplasm of rye-secalotriticum (RRAABB, 2n = 42): meiosis characteristics in rye-triticale F1 hybrids (RRABR, 5x = 35)].

Results of cytogenetic analysis of microsporogenesis in rye-triticale F1 hybrids (RRABR, 5x = 35) are presented. Meiosis of pentaploids is described as the key stage in the synthesis of secalotriticum, lines with intergenomic substitutions of chromosomes, or alloplasmic rye and wheat lines. Properties of meiotic processes and cytological mechanisms in formation of functional gametes and plants of various genomic and chromosomal composition are discussed.

Chimera↗

PubMed2003

Structural differences between rye and wheat breads but not total fiber content may explain the lower postprandial insulin response to rye bread.

BACKGROUND: Rye bread has a beneficial effect on the postprandial insulin response in healthy subjects. The role of rye fiber in insulin and glucose metabolism is not known. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the content of rye fiber in rye breads on postprandial insulin and glucose responses. DESIGN: Nineteen healthy postmenopausal women aged 61 +/- 1 y, with a body mass index (in kg/m(2)) of 26.0 +/- 0.6, and with normal glucose tolerance participated in the study. The test products were refined wheat bread (control), endosperm rye bread, traditional rye bread, and high-fiber rye bread; each bread provided 50 g available carbohydrate and was served with breakfast. Plasma glucose, insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, and serum C-peptide were measured in fasting and 8 postprandial blood samples. In vitro starch hydrolysis and the microscopic structure of the breads were also determined. RESULTS: Postprandial insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, and C-peptide responses to the rye breads were significantly lower than the response to the control; no significant differences in insulin and C-peptide responses to the rye breads were found. Glucose and glucagon-like peptide 1 responses to the rye breads were not significantly different from those to the control, except at 150 and 180 min. In vitro starch hydrolysis was slower in all rye breads than in the control, and the structure of continuous matrix and starch granules differed between the rye and control breads. CONCLUSION: Total fiber content does not explain the lower postprandial insulin response to rye bread than to wheat bread, but structural differences between rye and wheat breads might.

Blood Glucose↗

PubMed2004

Stable expression of 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes in transgenic rye drastically increases the polymeric glutelin fraction in rye flour.

We generated and characterized transgenic rye synthesizing substantial amounts of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) from wheat. The unique bread-making characteristic of wheat flour is closely related to the elasticity and extensibility of the gluten proteins stored in the starchy endosperm, particularly the HMW-GS. Rye flour has poor bread-making quality, despite the extensive sequence and structure similarities of wheat and rye HMW-GS. The HMW-GS 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 genes from wheat, known to be associated with good bread-making quality were introduced into a homozygous rye inbred line by the biolistic gene transfer. The transgenic plants, regenerated from immature embryo derived callus cultures were normal, fertile, and transmitted the transgenes stably to the sexual progeny, as shown by Southern blot and SDS-PAGE analysis. Flour proteins were extracted by means of a modified Osborne fractionation from wildtype (L22) as well as transgenic rye expressing 1Dy10 (L26) or 1Dx5 and 1Dy10 (L8) and were quantified by RP-HPLC and GP-HPLC. The amount of transgenic HMW-GS in homozygous rye seeds represented 5.1% (L26) or 16.3% (L8) of the total extracted protein and 17% (L26) or 29% (L8) of the extracted glutelin fraction. The amount of polymerized glutelins was significantly increased in transgenic rye (L26) and more than tripled in transgenic rye (L8) compared to wildtype (L22). Gel permeation HPLC of the un-polymerized fractions revealed that the transgenic rye flours contained a significantly lower proportion of alcohol-soluble oligomeric proteins compared with the non-transgenic flour. The quantitative data indicate that the expression of wheat HMW-GS in rye leads to a high degree of polymerization of transgenic and native storage proteins, probably by formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds. Even gamma-40k secalins, which occur in non-transgenic rye as monomers, are incorporated into these polymeric structures. The combination 1Dx5 + 1Dy10 showed stronger effects than 1Dy10 alone. Our results are the first example of genetic engineering to significantly alter the polymerization and composition of storage proteins in rye. This may be an important step towards improving bread-making properties of rye whilst conserving its superior stress resistance.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2001

Studies on rye (Secale cereale L.) lines exhibiting a range of extract viscosities. 2. Rheological and baking characteristics of rye and rye/wheat blends and feeding value for chicks of wholemeals and breads.

Five rye lines exhibiting a wide range of extract viscosities were evaluated for the rheological and baking properties of their flours, individually and in blends with hard red spring wheat flour. Commercial cultivars of rye and triticale were included in the study as controls. Extract viscosities of rye flours were higher than those of corresponding wholemeals, indicating shifting of water-extractable arabinoxylan into flour during roller milling. Falling numbers of the rye flours correlated positively with their extract viscosities in the presence (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) or absence (r = 0.65, p < 0.05) of an enzyme inhibitor. Farinograms revealed the weakness of rye and triticale flours compared to wheat flour. Extract viscosities of rye flours were negatively correlated (r = -0.65, p < 0.05) with mixing tolerance index and positively correlated (r = 0.64, p < 0.05) with dough stability, suggesting a positive impact of extract viscosity on dough strength. Extract viscosity was negatively correlated (r = -0.74, p < 0.05) with loaf volume and specific volume (r = -0.73, p < 0.05) and positively correlated (r = 0.73, p < 0.05) with loaf weight of rye/wheat bread. Overall, the results indicated that 30% of flour from high or low extract viscosity rye could be incorporated into rye/wheat breads without seriously compromising bread quality. Inclusion of rye, particularly high extract viscosity rye, in chick diets seriously impeded growth performance and feed efficiency. Part of the arabinoxylan survived bread-making and exerted an effect on chicks, although substantially lower digesta viscosities were observed in chicks fed rye bread diets than in those fed rye wholemeals.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1988

Effect of various treatments on the nutritional value of rye or rye fractions.

1. Rye grain was subjected to several treatments in an attempt to alter its nutritive value for young chickens. 2. Soaking rye in water or dilute hydrochloric acid improved its nutritional quality. This was manifested by increased food intake, food utilisation, weight gain and increased apparent absorption of fat for chicks fed on a diet containing treated rye. 3. Autoclaving rye before water soaking eliminated the effect of soaking, an effect attributed to denaturation of endogenous enzymes which were responsible for the deactivation of the deleterious compound(s). 4. Autoclaving, sprouting and soaking rye in dilute sodium hydroxide decreased its nutritive value. 5. Studies with rye fractions demonstrated that the apparent absorption of fat was lower in birds fed on diets containing rye flour compared with those fed on diets containing rye bran, that greater improvement in apparent fat absorption occurred after water soaking of rye flour than similarly treating rye bran and that the effects were greater soon after initiation of the feeding of the rye diets as compared with the later part of the feeding trial.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1984

Rationale for specific immunotherapy of grass pollen allergy with extracts of rye pollen. Skin test reactivity and immunochemical relationship between pollen allergens from rye and other common grasses.

In immunotherapy of grass pollen allergy, an extract of rye (Secale cereale) is often included. The aim of this study was to investigate by skin prick test (SPT) and immunochemical methods whether rye pollen contains specific allergens justifying the use of this extract separately. Twenty grass pollen allergic patients were skin prick tested with a dialysed freeze-dried raw extract of rye pollen (Sc), timothy extract (Soluprick SQ, 1 HEP) and two other rye extracts (Soluprick). Sera from the patients were RAST-tested using Sc and timothy (Pp). CRIE was performed using Sc and rabbit-anti grass (aNG) antibodies. The antigenic relations between rye and common grasses were investigated by CLIE using Sc and aNG as references, and by RAST inhibition. The ability of aNG to absorb the allergen activity of Sc was also tested. Significant correlations were found between timothy and rye when compared by means of SPT and RAST. The immunochemical analyses did not reveal any rye antigens containing rye epitopes only. However, the possibility of rye antigens with several epitopes, of which at least one is specific for rye, could not be excluded. Clinical symptoms supposedly elicited by rye alone can be explained quantitatively by the strongly time-limited and concentrated natural exposition. Diagnosis and treatment can, however, be performed with extracts of common grasses.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Generation of rye (Secale cereale L.) plants with low transgene copy number after biolistic gene transfer and production of instantly marker-free transgenic rye.

Rye is extremely recalcitrant to tissue culture and genetic transformation. We describe the efficient and reproducible production of stably expressing transgenic rye plants after biolistic gene transfer to callus tissue derived from immature embryos. Key factors in the production of transgenic rye plants include the identification of biolistic gene transfer parameters and a selection protocol, which does not affect its regeneration ability. The bar gene was used as a selectable marker and selection was performed by spraying the regenerated shoots with 0.05% Basta solution without any previous selection of tissue cultures. Based on Southern blot analysis, a total of 21 transgenic rye plants with independent transgene integration patterns were produced. A low transgene copy number was observed in most transgenic plants and 40% of the plants had a single transgene copy insert. The high frequency of single transgene copy inserts might be a consequence of the selection system, which is based on the identification of stably expressing transgenic plantlets rather than stably expressing tissue cultures. All transgenic rye lines with single transgene inserts showed stable transgene expression in sexual progenies, but indications of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing were observed in few transgenic lines with multiple transgene inserts. Tissue culture-based selection was not necessary for the generation of transgenic rye. The identification of 17 transgenic rye plants without using any selectable marker gene by PCR amplification of transgene sequences is also demonstrated. Instant generation of selectable marker-free transgenic rye avoids a negative impact of selective agents on the transgenic tissue cultures, responds to public concerns on the safety of selectable markers and will support multiple transformation cycles for transgene pyramiding.

Aminobutyrates↗

PubMed1995

The developmental stage of inactivation of rye origin rRNA genes in the embryo and endosperm of wheat x rye F1 hybrids.

To identify the developmental stage during which the preferential inactivation of rRNA genes from the rye parent occurs in wheat x rye hybrids, nucleolar activity was evaluated in the embryo and endosperm of developing seeds of the hybrids. The hybrids were obtained from crosses of euploid and aneuploid lines of hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring, with rye, Secale cereale cv. Centeio do Alto. The number of nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) and nucleoli present in the embryo and endosperm cells of wheat, and wheat x rye F1 hybrids, at different times after fertilization was scored by silver staining. The inactivation of rDNA of rye origin in F1 hybrids occurs simultaneously in the embryo and in the endosperm between 4 and 5 days after fertilization, when these have been through six and 10 cell cycles respectively. We conclude that the genomic interactions leading to the inactivation of the rye origin rDNA is a time-dependent process, related to the developmental stage and independent of the number of cell cycles (DNA replication rounds) they have been through.

Cell Count↗

PubMed2002

Production of a new wheat line possessing the 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation derived from Korean rye cultivar Paldanghomil.

The 1BL.1RS translocations between wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) and rye ( Secale cereale L.) are widely used in bread wheat breeding programs, but all modern wheat cultivars with the 1BL.1RS have shown genetic vulnerability due to one rye source - a German cultivar, Petkus. We have developed, a new 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation line from the backcross of the F(1) hybrid of wheat cv. Olmil and rye cv. Paldanghomil, both cultivars from Korea. The GISH technique was applied to identify the presence of rye chromatin in 467 BC(1)F(6) lines selected from 77 BC(1)F(5) lines. Only one line, Yw62-11, showed wheat-rye translocated chromosomes, with a somatic chromosome number of 2n=42. C-banding patterns revealed that the translocated chromosome was 1BL.1RS, showing prominent bands in the terminal and sub-terminal regions of the short arm as well as in the centromeric region and terminal region of the long arm. This new 1BL.1RS translocation line formed 21 bivalents like common wheat at meiotic metaphase I, thereby showing complete homology.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Rye chromosome variability in wheat-rye addition and substitution lines.

In a study of polymorphism and stability in rye chromosomes, three rye varieties and the sets of wheat-rye addition and substitution lines were compared using two non-homologous highly repetitive DNA families, pSc200 and pSc250. The rye varieties, Petkus, Imperial and Onohoiskaya, showed polymorphism for the presence and the size of the pSc200 in-situ hybridization signals on chromosome pairs, 2R, 4R and 7R, and the pSc250 signals on chromosomes, 5R, 6R and 7R. Chromosome 1R was heteromorphic within the Onohoiskaya variety. Differences in the distribution of chromosome polymorphisms imply that intervarietal changes to these highly repetitive DNA families occurred independently, despite their juxtaposition or even overlapping locations in subtelomeric heterochromatic regions. In the set of Saratovskaya 29 wheat/Onohoiskaya substitution lines, only chromosome 2R was altered relative to its counterpart in the parental rye variety due to amplification of the pSc250 signal on the long arm, although this did not exceed intervarietal polymorphism. In the set of Chinese Spring wheat/Imperial addition lines, only two Imperial chromosomes, 4R and 6R, were unchanged. We detected the loss of one or both rye homologous chromosomes, the loss of one arm, and the deletion of subtelomeric heterochromatin accompanied by the loss of the pSc200 signal. The results show that Saratovskaya 29/Onohoiskaya chromosome substitution lines possess increased chromosome stability compared with Chinese Spring/Imperial addition lines.

Chimera↗

PubMed1997

Interphase arrangement of rye B chromosomes in rye and wheat.

Probes for B chromosome-specific sequences in the distal region of the long arm of the rye B have been used to investigate the interphase arrangement of the Bs in rye and in hexaploid wheat. The Lindström strain of wheat carries the rye Bs as additions. The number of in situ signals in nuclei with two, three and four Bs is often less than the maximum B number, and it seems that the Bs may be grouped together in various ways rather than being randomly dispersed throughout the nucleus. The degree of physical association is greater in rye than in the allen wheat background. The results are discussed in relation to the pairing and recombination preferences of the Bs in rye and in Lindström wheat.

Chromosomes↗

PubMed1990

New Secale cereale (rye) DNA derivatives for the detection of rye chromosome segments in wheat.

Subcloning of a clone of the 120-bp family of rye, pSc119, has produced two extremely useful probes. pSc119.1 assays rye-specific dispersed repetitive sequence families. It is present on all seven rye chromosomes and hybridizes to the entire length of each chromosome, with the exception of some telomeres and the nucleolar organiser region. pSc119.2, in contrast, hybridizes predominantly to the telomeric regions of rye chromosomes, with some interstitial sites. Unlike pSc119.1, it assays similar repetitive sequence families in both wheat and rye chromosomes.

Chromosomes↗

PubMed2003

[Comparative effects of rye chromosomes 1R and 5R on androgenesis in cultured anthers of wheat-rye substitution lines dependending on the line origin].

The effects of rye chromosomes 1R and 5R on androgenesis in cultured anthers of wheat--rye substitution lines was studied as dependent on the cultivar origin of the rye chromosomes and on the wheat genome (A or D) subjected to substitution. Chromosome 1R stimulated embryogenesis in anther cultures, while chromosome 5R suppressed it regardless of whether the corresponding wheat chromosomes were substituted in the A or D genome. The effect of chromosome 1R on embryogenesis proved to depend on its cultivar origin. Along with rye chromosome 1R, wheat chromosome 1A was shown to substantially affect total seedling regeneration. Regeneration of green seedlings was dramatically affected both by rye chromosome 1R and by wheat chromosome 1D. The results supported the published data that individual androgenesis parameters (embryogenesis, total plant regeneration, green plant regeneration) are controlled by different genetic mechanisms.

Chimera↗

PubMed2003

[The effect of rye chromosomes on callus induction and regeneration in callus cultures of immature embryos of wheat-rye substitution lines, Triticum aestivum L. cultivar Saratovskaia 29/Secale cereale L. cultivar Onokhoiskaia].

The effect of individual rye chromosomes on the induction of callus and the character of its regenerating capacity was studied with cultured immature embryos of wheat-rye (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Saratovskaya 29-Secale cereale L. cv. Onokhoiskaya) substitution lines. The genotypic diversity of the substitution lines proved to significantly affect variation of parameters characterizing the major types of callus cultures, that is, frequencies of embryogenic calli, which are capable of shoot regeneration, and of morphogenic calli, which produce root structures. Functioning in the genotypic background of common wheat cultivar Saratovskaya, chromosomes 2R and 3R of rye cultivar Onokhoiskaya stimulated significantly the induction of embryogenic callus highly capable of shoot regeneration. Rye chromosome 2R present in place of chromosome 2D in the common wheat genome suppressed the induction of callus producing root structures. Rye chromosomes 1R and 6R suppressed the induction of embryogenic callus capable of shoot regeneration.

Chromosomes, Plant↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Polymorphism of heterochromatin C-blocks of rye genome chromosomes in rye-wheat amphidiploids and their chromosome substitution lines].

Polymorphism of heterochromatin C-blocks in chromosomes of rye genome has been studied in the F1BC1 hybrids and the D/A substitution lines of rye-wheat amphidiploids (Verasen x L374, Novosibirskaya x x L246)--secalotriticum for revealing cytogenetic markers of rye chromosomes. An increase in polymorphism for the presence and value of heterochromatin blocks in chromosomes of rye genome was shown in the F1BC1 hybrids ((Verasen x L374) x L145 x L145) and unstable genotypes of the F6BC1 chromosome substitution lines (line 118 (Novosibirskaya x L246) x Reso x Reso), line 104 ((Verasen x x L374) x Garmoniya x Garmoniya) that was related to activation of mobile genetic elements present in cereals. Heterochromatin markers of all seven chromosomes in rye genome were revealed. The polymorphism system of heterochromatin blocks may serve as a marker for specificity of the linear chromosome structure during reconstruction of synthetic cereal genomes, and as a test for cytological and morphogenetic stability of hybrid polygenomes in a series of generations.

Chromosomes, Plant↗

PubMed2002

Identification and mapping of molecular markers linked to rust resistance genes located on chromosome 1RS of rye using wheat-rye translocation lines.

The short arm of rye ( Secale cereale) chromosome 1 has been widely used in breeding programs to incorporate new disease resistance genes into wheat. Using wheat-rye translocation and recombinant lines, molecular markers were isolated and mapped within chromosomal regions of 1RS carrying rust resistance genes Lr26, Sr31, Yr9 from 'Petkus' and SrR from 'Imperial' rye. RFLP markers previously mapped to chromosome 1HS of barley - flanking the complex Mla powdery mildew resistance gene locus - and chromosome 1DS of Aegilops tauschii - flanking the Sr33 stem rust resistance gene - were shown to map on either side of rust resistance genes on 1RS. Three non cross-hybridising Resistance Gene Analog markers, one of them being derived from the Mla gene family, were mapped within same region of 1RS. PCR-based markers were developed which were tightly linked to the rust resistance genes in 'Imperial' and 'Petkus' rye and which have potential for use in marker-assisted breeding.

Journal Article↗