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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Treatment of patients bitten by rabid or suspected rabid wolves with inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine and rabies gammaglobulin.

During 1972-1976 46 persons in 9 foci were bitten by wolves. 39 of them were immunized with antirabies gammaglobulin and tissue culture rabies vaccine; 7 received culture vaccine only. Rabies in wolves was confirmed clinically or in the laboratory in 8 foci. Bites of dangerous localization: face, head or fingers of the hands, predominantly multiple, were noted in 25 humans; 5 of them were young, 7 to 16 years old. Antirabies gammaglobulin was given to 9 people, predominantly in the dose of 0,5 ml per kg of weight, once on the 1st day after exposure (381-538 IU per kg of weight) to 14 people, once on the 2nd day (706-773 IU) to 3 people, twice on the 2nd and 3rd to 3 people, once on the 3rd and 5th day to 10 people, twice on the 2nd and 3rd day or on the 5th day after exposure. Vaccination course was started 24 hours after administration of gammaglobulin and predominantly in the dose of 5 ml; it lasted for 25 days and was followed by 3 booster injections on the 10th, 20th and 30th day. Titres of virus neutralizing antibody were tested in dynamics in 39 people immunized with gammaglobulin and tissue culture vaccine. Antirabies gammaglobulin induced some inhibitory effect, but 2-3 booster injections of the tissue culture rabies vaccine completely compensated this effect. During the observation period of 10 months to 5 years all the exposed people remained healthy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Comparison of duck embryo vaccine and Hempt's vaccine for rabies vaccination (author's transl)].

For many years, Hempt's vaccine has been used in Germany for vaccination against rabies. In recent years the duck embryo vaccine has been gradually introduced in its place. From 1970 to 1975, 658 consultations were undertaken at the Hospital of the Tropical Institute at Hamburg because of the risk of rabies. 267 persons had to undergo vaccination, 159 of them being treated with Hempt's vaccine and 108 with duck embryo vaccine. Side effects of a more severe type were not seen in either group. Disadvantages of the duck embryo vaccine are that more individual inoculations are necessary, significantly more frequent and more persistent local and general vaccination reactions occur and that there is a delayed, possibly weaker formation of antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Experience with new vaccines in rabies vaccination treatment (author's transl)].

As a result of our experience in 266 persons vaccinated with HDC vaccine we consider this type of vaccine to be a great advance. In spite of our very positive judgement we are of the opinion that vaccination should not be done without adequate indication. This type of vaccine contains certain imponderables which argue against widespread vaccination. At any rate, complications occurred in one of our patients vaccinated with HDC vaccine Mérieux. Nevertheless we consider vaccination before exposure of persons who are genuinely at risk, such as veterinarians, laboratory staff in rabies laboratories and possibly also hunters and agriculturalists in infected areas to be acceptable.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Responses to human diploid cell rabies vaccine: neutralizing antibody responses of vaccinees receiving booster doses of human diploid cell rabies vaccine.

Rabies neutralizing antibody levels were determined before and after administration of a booster-dose of Wyeth rabies vaccine (WRV) in persons immunized earlier with either duck embryo vaccine (DEV) or with WRV. Virtually all those receiving an initial 3-dose regimen of WRV (0, 7 and 21--28 days) still had neutralizing antibody one year later, but there was a decline in titer from 10--50 IU per ml at 35 days to about 1--3 IU. Only one-half of those receiving DEV as the primary vaccine had even detectable antibody one year later. All volunteers responded anamnestically to a single WRV booster given 8--12 months after either primary vaccine. Those given WRV initially had much higher antibody levels than those given DEV, but after the WRV booster antibody levels in all vaccinees remained high, even one year later.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1978

Antibody levels following WI38 rabies vaccine.

WI38 rabies vaccine lots with varying mouse potency ratios were compared in their ability to induce neutralizing antibody in human volunteers. Three vaccination schedules were used: 0, 7 and 14 days; o,7 and 21 days; and 0,28 and 56 days. Regardless of the mouse potency ratio, antibody was barely or not detectable on the 7th day after the first dose of vaccine. After the second dose, however, there was a very good correlation between mouse potency and antibody level attained. Vaccines with potency ratios above 2 gave comparable results, whether the 0, 7, 14 or 0, 28, 56 schedules were used. The lowest potency vaccine, however, have a much better response when given at 0, 7 and 14 days than at 0, 28, and 56 days. Although the vaccine with the greatest potency ratio produced the highest levels of antibody, very adequate responses were obtained in 100% of recipients after three doses of vaccines having a ratio greater than 2, given at 0, 7, 14 or 0, 7, 21 days.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1978

Standardization of methods used for testing the safety of tissue culture rabies vaccines.

Tissue culture rabies vaccines are essentially new preparations intended for prophylaxis and treatment of rabies. However, the methods used for their testing are mostly the same as those used for rabies vaccines prepared from brain tissue. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop and standardize methods for testing tissue culture rabies vaccines. The main criteria for the evaluation of Vnukovo-32 production strain have been formulated. The strain has been characterized in pathomorphological studies; the degree and nature of lesions produced in animal brain tissue by various doses of antigen and different routes of inoculation have been determined. In order to ensure the specific innocuity of rabies vaccines inactivated preparations are produced. However, with the current methods of inactivation (treatment with beta-propiolactone or phenol, ultraviolet irradiation and others) some viral particles may occasionally remain active. Besides, reparative processes may possibly occur in utraviolet-irradiated viruses. The penetration of even sublethal doses of live virus into the body is highly undesirable, since under certain conditions the long-term harbouring of the live viral particle may result in the development of various pathological conditions. In order to reveal minimum amounts of live virus in the preparation a method of additional passages in a susceptible cell system using the fluorescent antibody technique has been developed. By this method it has been possible to detect the presence of live virus in 10 out of 51 lots of vaccine under test.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Comparative study on antibody determination by different methods in sera of persons vaccinated with HDCS rabies vaccine.

The comparative studies undertaken by 7 laboratories in 6 countries show that the calculation of I.U.'s did not, as anticipated, minimize but actually enhanced the variability of results of rabies antibody estimations in the sera of HDCS vaccinees. The high biological variance in the method(s) may not have been considered by individual laboratories and any neglect of fundamental biostatistical laws unfortunately diminishes the theoretical advantage of using the "International Standard (I.S.)" as a "tertium comparationis". Perhaps the intrinsic variability of the I.S. should be re-evaluated and it is conceivable that a pure IgG fraction of rabies antiserum would show less variability. Intralaboratory variation might be reduced by agreeing that only a geometric mean of the I.S., and not a single value obtained in an individual test, should be used for calculation of I.U.'s. Application of the principles of biochemical and pharmacological methods, such as test-to-test control of the I.S. and its analytical variances might well enhance the reproducibility of the results. MNT, RFFIT, PRT and CFT were unable to detect antibodies in HDCS vaccinees until 7 days after the first vaccination. The establishment of methods for detecting early antibody requires further investigation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1978

[Results of preventive rabies vaccination with a concentrated vaccine of the PM/WI38-1503-3M rabies strain cultured on human diploid cells. Preparation of mixed antirabies-antitetanus hyperimmune immunoglobulin by plasmapheresis of blood taken from vaccinated veterinary students].

Many thousands of people in France and abroad have already benefited from preventive rabies vaccination by means of a vaccine obtained from culture on human diploid cells, perfected ten years ago by R. Lang, the Institut Mérieux and the Wistar Institute. In addition to being well tolerated, the serological efficacy of this vaccine is such that 100% of the vaccines observed had a seroconversion after only two injections at an interval of one month. However, a booster dose should be given 6 to 12 months after the first injection, and a further booster 3 to 5 years later or on request in case of known contamination. These boosters, combined with an anti-tetanus booster, induce such high antibody titers--between 10-100 and even 1000 I.U./ml--that it is easy to obtain substantial batches of combined anti-rabies and anti-tetanus immunoglobulin from a small number of volunteers. The complete efficacy of this new vaccine reduces the number of systematic post-vaccinal serologic controls and its innocuity is such that an extended preventive vaccination programme may be carried out, for instance in the case of children living in areas known to be dangerous.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Purified duck embryo rabies vaccine. An accelerated schedule for preexposure immunization against rabies.

Seroconversion and adverse reaction rates were studied in 92 persons given four or five doses in a two-week period of duck embryo rabies vaccine (DEV) or duck embryo rabies vaccine purified by ultracentrifugation (P-DEV). Mouse-neutralizing antibodies developed in 78 of 92 (84.8%) persons in these accelerated schedules. There were no significant differences in the frequency of antibody conversion or in geometric mean titers of antibody between persons given either vaccine. However, local and systemic adverse reactions were substantially less common with P-DEV. These data suggest that four of five doses of DEV or P-DEV given in a two-week course can be used for preexposure prophylaxis in situations where the more drawn-out regimens would result in continuation of a high-risk of rabies exposure. The antibody response of persons given this more accelerated regimen must be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Immunogenicity and acceptability of a human diploid-cell culture rabies vaccine in volunteers.

A rabies vaccine, prepared in human diploid-cell culture, was given intradermally (i.d.) or intramuscularly (i.m.) to 35 volumteers who had not previously received prophylactic immunisation. Rabies neutralising antibody titres rose sharply after the first dose, and 4 weeks after the second dose all titres were above 1/80 (1-7 i.u. per ml.). Immunisation via the i.d. and i.m. routes was equally successful in terms of likely immune status, but the i.d. rate was associated with many more local sideeffects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Rabies vaccine HDC: toxicological studies in laboratory animals.

A purified rabies vaccine prepared in human diploid cell cultures (Wistar 38 adapted Pitman-Moore strain) was tested in several animal species with single and repeated administration. Acute toxicity studies were performed in mice, rats, and guinea pigs with s.c. or i.m. injections of at least 1 human dose/animal. The results gave no evidence of toxic effects. Studies on local compatibility were carried out in white rabbits (i.c. and s.c.) and albino guinea pigs (i.m.). During the observation period of 1 or 2 weeks after inoculation no adverse reactions were seen. Pyrogen tests in rabbits with 6 lots of vaccines showed that rabies vaccine is pyrogenfree. Long-term studies with 4 injections into rats and dogs and observation over a 4-month period gave no alterations of hematological parameters and of the urinalysis. The behaviour of the animals was not altered. Short- and long-term experiments in animals showed the innocuity of this type of rabies vaccine.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Studies on candidate reference preparations of rabies vaccine.

Two candidate reference rabies vaccines were tested in a collaborative study involving seven laboratories. Using four different testing procedures it was determined that both vaccine preparations were highly potent and demonstrated satisfactory stability in the thermal degradation test.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

A potency test which simulates natural exposure for measuring post-exposure activity of rabies vaccines. A proposal for preparing a relevant international reference preparation.

There is a basic difference between the mechanism of immunity at the pre- and post-exposure level. Due to the fact that vaccination precedes challenge in the available potency tests (Habel and NIH) they do not measure post-exposure activity of rabies vaccines. For these reasons a potency test in mice has been developed which measures post-exposure activity of rabies vaccines. In this test natural conditions have been simulated by using intramuscular inoculation of a street virus (fox salivary gland origin), killing approximately 50% of the control mice, whereas intraperitoneal inoculation with 0.5 ml of undiluted inactivated rabies vaccine within 24 hours after street virus infection, should protect all mice. A human rabies vaccine prepared in HDC and already licensed for post-exposure vaccination showed only some post-exposure activity in this newly developed potency test, whereas an experimental inactivated rabies vaccine protected all mice. The International rabies Reference Vaccine did not protect after exposure but, on the contrary, enhanced the rabies street virus infection (shorter incubation period and more mice died of rabies than in the controls); it is therefore unsuitable for measuring post-exposure potency. Authorities concerned with rabies vaccine control are invited to use this newly developed post-exposure potency test in their laboratories and if agreed upon its value, to prepare an adequate batch of inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine which meets this test-requirement. Such a batch could be a candidate for the establishment of an international reference preparation measuring post-exposure potency of rabies tissue culture vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Pre-exposure rabies vaccination].

Prophylactic vaccinations against rabies were given to 150 occupationally exposed persons. A new killed vaccine, grown on human diploid cells, was used. The first immunization resulted in a rapid development of neutralizing antibodies. Antibodies declined very quickly so that 50% of the probands failed to show adequate titres after 12 months. All probands reacted with a distinct rise in antibodies on re-vaccination. The vaccine was well tolerated and local or general reactions were observed only rarely.

Drug Administration Schedule↗
PubMed1978

[Preventive rabies vaccination using vaccine prepared from human diploid cells].

228 persons have been previously vaccinated with inactivated human rabies vaccine Mérieux (HDC). They received three injections of 1 ml by the deep subcutaneous route with a one month interval. The vaccination is completed with a booster of 1 ml one year later. Serum samples for antibody titration are taken just at the time of each injection and also 21 days after the third injection and after the booster. Antibody titration is performed using two different methods: seroneutralization by intracerebral inoculation in mice and focus fluorescent inhibition test. Both methods give similar results. The antibody levels with this vaccine are very high and the average titers are about 1/511 at the day 28 (14,27 I.U./ml), 1/1.558 at the day 56 (59,15 I.U./ml), 1/2.783 at the day 77 (75,09 I.U./ml). In comparison with suckling mouse brain vaccine we obtain titres five times higher with the vaccine HDC (titer 21 days after complete vaccination). The titres are 1/1.109 for HDC vaccine and 1/225 for suckling mouse vaccine. The incidence of second reactions after the different injections is about 27%. They resulted essentially in light pain (21%), redness (17%) and light induration (10%) at the site of the injection during 24 to 48 hours. Fever was observed in less of 1% of cases and no one other general reaction was described.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1979

[Potency testing of inactivated rabies vaccines. Problems posed by the use of the Habel test].

Rabies vaccines containing inactivated virus are often tested for potency by the Habel test. Even though many people use the Habel test, a humpbacked curve of mortality is always observed for the vaccinated mice, with a linear regression for the control animals. This unexpected survival of vaccinated mice given the greatest doses of virus is an artefact since the phenomenon is not observed after a non intracerebral challenge. Since the intracerebral challenge is not a good model for natural infection, the index of protection for the tested vaccines must be evaluated after discarding aberrant values by a graphic method. The use of the Reed and Muench method or Kärber method leads to an overestimated index of protection. The N.I.H. test gives the best estimation of the effectiveness of rabies vaccines, but does not reproduce the natural conditions of vaccination and infection.

Animals↗