[The effect of radar on cardiac pacemakers. 1. Radar facility and experimental methods (author's transl)].
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Aerospace Medicine↗
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Results for “Radar”
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[Intensity of microwave radiation in radar units and changes in the blood picture in radar operators].
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Adult↗
[Serum vitamin A levels of radar operators and effects of supplementary vitamin A].
This paper reports serum vitamin A (VA) content of 28 radar operators, and the effects of supplementation VA were studied by means of observing change of serum VA level and objective dark adaptation time. The results indicated, with respect to serum VA content, 14.3% of radar operators had a deficient level (less than 10 micrograms%), whereas 57.2% of radar operators had a low level (less than 20 micrograms%). There were 39.3% of radar operators who had a low level on nineteenth day and 92.9% of radar operators who had a acceptable value on twenty-eighth day after oral VA supplementation VA of 3,000 IU, suggesting that supplementation VA of 3,000 IU to radar operators with VA malnutrition for about one month is necessary. A certain correlation between serum VA level and objective dark adaptation time was also observed.
Adult↗
The effect of radar on cardiac pacemakers.
The susceptibility of 16 noncompetitive cardiac pacemakers to radiation from a powerful radar system was investigated in the laboratory and in the vicinity of its prototype. From comparative in vitro tests in air, fat, water, and saline it was concluded that only tests in fat or air represent the worst case condition after implantation. In air all pacemakers showed signs of interference at pulse power densities between 0.025 mW/cm2 and 62.5 mW/CM2. Three of six implanted pacemakers were triggered or inhibited depending on their mode of operation when tested at a location 1.2 km away from the radar station by the radar beam occurring every 5.5 sec. Because interfering radiation can enter the pacemaker circuitry directly along the electrode, acting as an antenna, metal encapsulation of the pulse generator does not provide sufficient shielding against microwave radiation. However, pacemakers modified by metal encapsulation and a low-pass filter at the electrode remained undistrubed at pulse power densities of greater than 10 W/cm2 when tested under worst case condition in air.
Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
A study of the health status of radar workers.
The health status was examined of 322 radar workers with a history of occupational exposure in a microwave field from 5-10 years. The clinical findings were compared with a control group of 220 persons. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical and laboratory findings between exposed and control group. Only some subjective complaints were found more frequently in the exposed group than in the control. The authors' feeling is that subjective complaints in radar workers could not be ascribed only to the influence of microwaves because they could be due to other nonspecific harmful occupational factors. On the basis of the results of this work, the authors concluded that it is unlikely to expect marked harmful effects from microwaves in radar workers in normal working conditions.
Aerospace Medicine↗
The rapid assessment of disease activity in rheumatology (radar) questionnaire. Validity and sensitivity to change of a patient self-report measure of joint count and clinical status.
OBJECTIVE: This study documents the measurement properties of a brief, self-administered questionnaire of disease signs and symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: The Rapid Assessment of Disease Activity in Rheumatology (RADAR) questionnaire assesses joint pain/tenderness and clinical status. One hundred ninety-three pairs of RADAR forms were completed by 45 subjects and their assigned clinician evaluators. RESULTS: Subject-clinician agreement (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC]) for joint pain/tenderness and clinical status ranged from 0.52 to 0.87 (P = 0.0001), with 83% greater than or equal to 0.65. The ICC for change in joint scores over 6 months was 0.83 (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The 2-page RADAR questionnaire produces valid estimates of joint count and clinical status that are sensitive to change.
Adult↗
Are radar detector users less safe than nonusers?
One hundred and seventy-four drivers who had purchased special insurance coverage during 1988-1989 for in-vehicle equipment that included a radar detector were compared to a similarly sized and sociodemographically stratified driver population random sample. It was found that the radar detector owners had significantly more accident claims and speeding convictions during the period 1986-1989 than those representing the general driver population.
Accidents, Traffic↗
Doppler shift radar monitoring of activity of rats in a behavioural test situation.
The present study investigates the use of an activity monitoring system based upon Doppler shift radar for monitoring general activity of rats in a standard open field test situation. Significant positive correlations were found between the radar activity counts and the conventional lines crossed measure of activity. On the basis of these correlations it is suggested that this method of activity monitoring might be used in conjunction with other behavioural test situations. Further potential benefits of this activity monitoring system are discussed.
Animals↗
Exposure survey of civilian airport radar workers in Australia.
An exposure survey of civilian airport radar workers within Australia has been carried out over a two year period beginning late 1983. This paper describes the survey equipment, measurement procedures, radar characteristics and survey results. It was found that, unless working on open waveguide and/or components utilizing waveguide slots, or within transmitter cabinets when high voltage arcing was occurring, personnel were, in general, not exposed to levels of radiation exceeding the specified limits in the recently published Australian radiofrequency exposure standard. Recommended changes to work procedures as a result of the survey are also discussed.
Air Pollution↗
Radar-based studies of the migratory flight of grasshoppers in the middle Niger area of Mali.
Some grasshopper species are pests of subsistence agriculture in the Sahelian zone of West Africa. Formulation of effective control strategies against these pests requires some knowledge of their migratory ability. In this paper a study is described in which radar was used to observe aspects of the nocturnal migratory behaviour of grasshoppers in the middle Niger delta. Mass take-off at dusk, layering and common orientation were regularly observed. Layering appeared to be related to air temperature. Mean orientation was often downwind but at other times crosswind headings occurred which added to the southerly component of the insects' displacement. Probable source areas of insects overflying the radar were identified by calculations of the insects' back-trajectories.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
[Chromosome studies of personnel exposed to electromagnetic radiation at radar centers].
The possibility that chromosome alterations take place in personnel exposed to electromagnetic radiation in radar centres has been studied. The study was carried out "blind" on short-term cultures of peripheral blood, some 450 metaphases being analysed for each case. No aberrations were found in either radar operators or controls and there was no statistically significant difference between them.
Adult↗
The use of Doppler shift radar to monitor physiological and drug induced activity patterns in the rat.
Doppler shift radar was used to monitor circadian activity patterns in the rat and to study the behavioural effects of p-chloroamphetamine and d-amphetamine. Activity was classified in two ways:-(a) slow (non-locomotory) and high (locomotory) speed movements. (b) the number of starts of activity, within either the slow or high speed zones of activity during a pre-set time. p-Choloramphetamine (5 mg/kg) produced a biphasic activity response; an initial increase in continuous non-locomotory activity followed by a longer lasting increase in exploratory locomotion containing regular starts of activity. d-Amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg) produced an increase in both non-locomotory and locomotory movements but a marked reduction in starts of activity (i.e. continuous non-exploratory activity). The combination of information on the amount and pattern (starts) of activity allows a more detailed analysis of the effects of drugs on activity to be made than with existing automated methods.
Animals↗
Catecholamine correlates of radar monitoring performance.
Two experiments were concluded in which target detection performance was measured for male and female subjects engaged in a simulated radar monitoring task. In the first, 20 subjects performed for 2 h; in the second, 28 subjects for 1 h. Adrenaline excretion rate was significantly correlated with performance efficiency in both cases. Task duration and subject sex had no effect upon that correlation. The results of the two experiments were combined to show a general adrenaline/performance relationship.
Arousal↗
Microwave effects on the central nervous system--a study of radar mechanics.
Seventeen radar mechanics and engineers and 12 unexposed referents were examined, using extensive neurological, psychometric and neuropsychiatric techniques to determine whether there were any indications of central nervous system effects of microwave exposure. Pathological neurological findings were not more common in the exposed group than among the referents. In addition, the psychometric tests and the psychiatric rating scales did not reveal any statistically significant adverse effects of microwave exposure. The frequency of the occurrence of an increased protein band with an isoelectric point of 4.5 in the cerebrospinal fluid was higher among the men exposed to microwaves than among the referents. The nature and clinical significance of this or these proteins are still unclear. The time derivative of the magnetic flux density close to some of the transmitter units was surprisingly high (up to 350 T s-1).
Central Nervous System↗
[Hygienic standardization of electromagnetic radiation from two-channel meteorological radar stations].
The study was designed to analyze the impact of the combined electromagnetic fields (EMF) with the wavelength of 10 and 0.8 cm and various levels of energy current density on the central nervous system, metabolic processes, immune resistance and reproductive function. Proceeding from the obtained data maximum allowable levels of EMF produced by the prospective two-channel meteorological++ radars were established.
Animals↗
[Standardization of environmental electromagnetic fields generated by meteorological radars].
An analysis of some traditional techniques for the determination of the non-working level of electromagnetic radiation of meteorological radars is provided. New approaches with higher strictness of definition and formalism are proposed.
Air Pollutants↗
Comparison of the vigilance performance of men and women using a simulated radar task.
The present study examined the question of possible sex differences in the ability to sustain attention to a complex monitoring task requiring only a detection response to critical stimulus changes. The visual display was designed to approximate a futuristic, highly automated air traffic control radar display containing computer-generated alphanumeric symbols. There were 26 men and 26 women tested, each over a 2-h session. Sixteen targets appeared on the screen at all times, with 10 signals (a designated change in the alphanumerics) randomly presented during each 0.5 h of the test session. Detection latency to the signals increased significantly during the session, but there was no evidence of any significant differences between the sexes in the magnitude or pattern of this increase. The results are discussed in terms of a general decline in alertness that was apparently equal for both sexes.
Adolescent↗
Do self-reported arthritis symptom (RADAR) and health status (AIMS2) data provide duplicative or complementary information?
This study assessed whether self-report measures of symptoms and functional health status provide unique outcome information, or whether functional status assessments primarily serve as a proxy for self-reported arthritis symptoms. Symptom scores of 138 individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) collected with the Rapid Assessment of Disease Activity in Rheumatology (RADAR) measure were compared with same-day functional health scores collected with the recently revised Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales (AIMS2). Correlational and factor analyses revealed that self-assessed arthritis symptoms, physical function and work impact, psychological status, and social health each made independent contributions to outcome. Satisfaction with health status was shown not to be independent of symptoms, functional capacity, or psychological status. It is important to document that self-reported symptom and health status information, when collected concurrently, provides complementary rather than duplicative information.
Activities of Daily Living↗