[Application of radioisotope on the dynamics of halogen elements in the soil-plant system--radioisotope tracer-- (author's transl)].
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Bromine↗
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The particular usefulness of radioisotope methods in some benign bone diseases.
The authors have performed radioisotope examinations in 271 patients with various non-neoplastic bone diseases. According to their opinion, early diagnosis and follow-up of therapeutic results are the main characteristics which allow radioisotopes to play an important and irreplaceable role. They particularly emphasize the usefulness of radioisotope methods in femoral aseptic necrosis and Paget's disease.
Adolescent↗
A preliminary study of the dynamics of resolution of experimental haematomas: radioisotope studies in animals.
A preliminary investigation was carried out in order to establish a method for the study of experimental haematomas. For this purpose haematomas were produced in rabbits by subcutaneous injection of rabbits' own blood after labelling the various blood components with appropriate radioisotopes. In addition, radioisotope labelled human serum albumin and fibrinogen were studied. The results show that there is considerable variation in the rate and pattern of dissipation of the various components of the experimentally produced haematoma. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Animals↗
Cobalamin analogues are present in human plasma and can mask cobalamin deficiency because current radioisotope dilution assays are not specific for true cobalamin.
Since R protein binds cobalamin (vitamin B12) and cobalamin analogues, whereas intrinsic factor is highly specific for true cobalamin, we compared the serum cobalamin values obtained with these proteins in radioisotope dilution assays. With R protein, eight of 21 patients with cobalamin deficiency had serum cobalamin levels (mean, 204, range, 85 to 355 pg per milliliter) that overlapped with values for 74 normal subjects (mean, 576, range, 220 to 1230). With intrinsic factor, no patient values (mean, 36, range, less than 10 to 78 pg per milliliter) overlapped with the normal values (mean, 322, range, 130 to 785). Paper chromatography showed that these differences were due to the presence of cobalamin analogues. R protein constituted 51 to 85 per cent of the cobalamin-binding protein in 10 commercial serum cobalamin assay kits, which were said to contain "intrinsic factor". Human plasma contains cobalamin analogues that can mask cobalamin deficiency with current radioisotope dilution assays.
Adult↗
[Imaging of the bronchial blood flow usingg RI-angiography--study on its procedure and application of dual radioisotope technique (author's transl)].
RI-angiography with 99mTcO4- was carried out using a scintillation camera with a digital minicomputer for the purpose of imaging of bronchial blood flow in various lung diseases, and as application of dual radioisotope techniques, other imagings such as tumor imaging with 197HgCl2 or 67Ga-citrate and/or perfusion imaging with 99mTc-MAA, were performed simultaneously in patients remaining the same position, too. The image as a iso-count map extracted out of the image of 197HgCl2, 67Ga-citrate or 99mTc-MAA, was superimposed to the brightness image of RI-anigogram (aortic phase). By these procedures, the image of bronchial blood flow were obtained in some patients with lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung abscess, and chronic bronchitis. The dual radioisotope techniques using RI-angiography and the other imaging were useful to make isotope diagnosis of lung diseases more reliable, and the image superimposition methods using RI-angiogram and the image of tumor or perfusion, were useful to improve anatomic orientation of the former.
Bronchial Arteries↗
Measurement of cell-mediated inflammation in experimental murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis by radioisotopic labeling.
A radioisotopic index test was used to detect that time of onset and intensity of cell-mediated immune inflammation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. Mice were tested at various time intervals after an encephalitogenic immunization with mouse spinal cord to homogenate for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to myelin basic protein (MBP) by intradermal challenge with antigen in the ear pinna. After 25 hr, the intensity of DTH was measured by 125I-radiometry which depends upon the migration of 125I-UdR radiolabeled mononuclear cells into the antigen depot. Cells reactive to MBP were detected by the ear assay as early as 7 days after the initial encephalitogenic sensitization. The degree of cell-mediated immune inflammation in the brain and spinal cord during the evolution of EAE was also measured by a radioisotopic technique; increased 125I-UdR uptake could be detected in the brain 3 to 4 days before the onset of signs of EAE at days 11 to 12, whereas 125I-UdR in the spinal cord was detected only 1 day before, or concomitant with, the onset of signs of EAE. Both, or concomitant with, the onset of signs of EAE. Both the "ear" and "organ" radiometric index tests are useful in measuring the degree of cell-mediated inflammation in EAE, and supplement routine histopathological and observational assessments.
Animals↗
Radioisotope therapy in bone and joint disease.
The short range tissue destruction of beta-emitting radioisotopes can be utilized in painful metastatic disease of the skeleton by employing a radionuclide that is specifically metabolized in or adjacent to these lesions. Sodium phosphate P 32 has been used for this purpose for the past 25 yr. It uptake in skeletal tumor and in osteoblastic new bone adjacent to tumor can be markedly increased by pharmacologic stimulation using androgenic steroids, or during rebound deposition after a course of parathyroid hormone. Although efficacy in terms of subjective pain relief is high, more objective signs of success are often lacking, and survival, while more confortable, is not prolonged. Marrow depression is the most significant side effect. A beta-emitting, bone-seeking isotope, 89Sr, may have a better therapeutic/toxic ratio, and should receive further trial. Radiation-induced necrosis has also been applied, though more hesitantly, to the proliferative, destructive, but nonmalignant synovium in rheumatoid disease. Here, a number of colloidal preparations, most commonly 198Au, have been employed. Again, relief of symptoms, particularly recurrent joint effusions, is quite high, although the basic disease process is not reversed. The major hazard here appears to be leakage of material to regional lymph nodes, resulting in irradiation of circulating lymphocytes. Although chromosomal damage can be detected when such cells are then cultured, the actual consequences of this, if any, are not presently known. Both shorter-lived (165Dy) and longer-lived (32P) larger-size colloids are being evaluated, which may prove safer in this regard than 198Au.
Bone Marrow↗
Microdosimetric measurements of ionization by some radioisotopes.
Microdosimetry has been a fast growing field in dosimetry during the last years. We have measured and calculated microdosimetric quantities which are important in correlation between the energy deposited in microscopic volumes and the biological effect. We have measured the energy distribution spectra in volumes with diameters of 1 and 2 mum and calculated the dose mean of specific energy and the mean event number per unit absorbed dose for the radioisotopes: 60Co, 137Cs, 99Tcm, 125J and the beta emitter 90Sr.
Cesium Radioisotopes↗
Discussion paper: specific paralysis of the antitumor cellular immune response produced by growing tumors studied with a radioisotope footpad assay.
The kinetics of the antitumor cellular immune response of mice with progressively growing syngeneic tumors were determined in vivo using a quantitative radioisotopic footpad assay. A close correlation was found between the size of the tumor and the degree of the cellular immune response. An initial phase of cellular immune stimulation was followed by specific suppression and subsequent immunologic paralysis as the tumor grew larger. This immune paralysis was attributed to increased tumor load since a homogenate of an SV40 transformed fibrosarcoma injected intraperitoneally into tumor-immune mice specifically depressed their cellular immune response. The fraction of the tumor homogenate that brought about this depression was present in the high speed supernatant and pellet of a 3M KCl extract of the tumor. The specificity of the depression was determined in vivo by the radioisotopic footpad assay and in vitro by a 51Cr cytolysis assay. Unwashed spleen cells harvested from mice bearing large tumors were unreactive in a local adoptive footpad assay. However, reactivity could be restored by repeatedly washing the spleen cells.
Animals↗
Hydrocephalus after subarachnoid bleeding. A correlation of clinical findings, the results of radioisotope Cisternography and computer-assisted tomography.
Out of a group of patients suffering from a spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage 27 patients were checked by computer-assisted tomography (CAT), 23 patients by radioisotope cisternography, and 21 patients by both diagnostic procedures. The results were correlated with the clinical observations. The flow of the CSF was normal in 7 patients (30.43%), and pathological in 16 patients (69.56%). Of the 27 patients checked by CAT, 23 (85.18%) showed a ventricular dilatation, which in 17 patients (62.96%) was not connected with a corresponding increase of the cisterns of the convexity. The clinical symptoms of hydrocephalus, the degree of impairment of the circulation of the CSF determined by radioisotope cisternography and the ventricular diameter as determined by CAT correlated well.
Adolescent↗
Quantitative analysis of radioisotopic angiography in trophoblastic neoplasia.
The diagnostic significance of radioisotopic angiography in the clinical management of trophoblastic neoplasia was studied by analyzing the patterns of radioisotope (RI)-dynamic curve obtained by processing sequential image with a computer, and an attempt was made to express numerically the size of tumors present in vivo. It was demonstrated that the total activities of RI in the abnormal phase of RI-dynamic curves in trophoblastic neoplasia were closely correlated with the sizes of the intrauterine tumors actually resected.
Angiography↗
The radioisotope spleen scan in the assessment of patients with suspected spleen trauma.
The radioisotope spleen scan was reviewed in 29 patients with suspected trauma of the spleen who had been admitted for observation to a surgical ward. At the time of the study, all patients had stable pulse rates and blood pressures. The scans of six patients showed space defects and, of these, splenic injury was subsequently proven operatively in five patients. As a detector of splenic trauma, the radionuclide scan proved to be reliable. Although the findings of radioisotope scanning are not specific for trauma, the interpretation of the scan in conjunction with other observations increases the accuracy of diagnosis.
Adolescent↗
[X-ray contrast and radioisotope angiography in tumors of the neck].
Comparative results of angiography and radioisotope scintigraphy with technetium (Tc 99 m) in 38 patients having different jugular tumors are reported. Both methods were found to correlate well with respect to the estimation of tutor blood supply. Radioisotope scintigraphy is a more simple, physiological and practically safe method of investigation, and the former should be recommended for estimating the degree of tumors vascularization, the state of brain circulation and also in cases when angiography proves to be unfeasible.
Adenoma↗
Radioisotopic diagnosis and quantitation of left to right shunts in childhood and adolescence.
In 187 patients (141 adults and 46 children) left to right shunts were assessed using quantitative radionuclide angiography. After injection of 99mTc into the femoral vein time activity curves were registered over both lungs and the heart (Ohio Nuclear Camera, ON SIGMA 400, 110, HP 5407 computer). Using a modified gamma function area ratio technique the shunt sizes were calculated. The radioisotopic method allows a precise quantitation of left to right shunts ranging from 15--80%. There was a good agreement between the shunt sizes calculated by the radioisotopic method and oximetry or dye-dilution at cardiac catheterization (adults r = 0,87, children r = 0,85). The shunts sizes assessed with this nontraumatic method appear sufficiently reliable to be a real alternative to conventional techniques in screening for shunts.
Adolescent↗
Triple radioisotope technique in etiologic evaluation of space-occupying lesions of the liver.
The findings from 43 patients with histologically proven focal liver disease examined by triple isotope tracer study are presented. The method consisted in a three step technique, the first step being an isotope scan after injection of 99mTc-sulfur colloid and 131I rose bengal. As a second step dynamic hepatic scintiangiography was carried out with 99mTc human serum albumin in order to assess the vascularity of a lesion detected on the initial scan. Thirdly, the patient was administered 67Ga to evaluate further the pathologic process. According to our results this triple radioisotope technique provides the clinician with valuable information on the possible etiology of focal liver disease.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Radioisotope synoviorthesis in rheumatoid arthritis.
Synoviorthesis with radioisotopes is indicated when joint inflammation is not totally controlled by drug prescription. Synoviorthesis should prevent osteoarticular destruction, especially in those cases where the patient does not feel any pain while taking analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Several publications have shown the value of 90Y for treatment of the knee in rheumatoid arthritis. A dose of 4 mCi seems to be sufficient. For digital joints 169Er, a much weaker isotope, is used. Excellent and good results are obtained in 54.6% of cases. A recent double-blind study demonstrated a highly significant difference with saline (+ prednisolone acetate). Other joints, such as the wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle or hip, can be treated with 198Au or, better, with 186Rh, which is an almost pure beta-emitter. Excellent and good results are seen in 50--60% of cases, depending on the joint. Treatment is well tolerated but patients younger than 40 years should not receive isotopes and the total dose administered should be less than 15 mCi.
Aged↗
[Effectiveness of radioisotope therapy of inoperable brain tumors according to the results of follow-up studies].
Intra-tissue and intracavitary beta- and gamma-therapy with Au198, P32 and Y90 was used in the system of combined treatment of 139 patients with inoperable tumors of the brain, among whom 40% were children. The results of follow-up periods of 5 to 17 years led to the conclusion that radioisotope treatment is effective in craniopharyngioma, tumors of the cerebral ventricles and inoperable meningioma of the base of the brain.
Adolescent↗
[Leptospira distribution in the soil of a natural focus of the infection (an attempt at the radioisotopic labelling of infected voles)].
The mass radioisotope (32P) labelling of all tundra voles excreting Zeptospira, infected urine was carried out over the area of 1 ha, and the results of the experiment analyzed by the method of planar coherent graphs, showed the irregular (spotted) distribution of "infected spots", i. e. soil patches contaminated by Zeptospira. The borders of individual small foci of infection did not coincide with the outlines of soil and vegetational divisions of the area. The spatial structure of the "extraorganismic" part of the Zeptospira population was originally formed by the carriers and thus determined by their mobility, their manner of using the territory. Later this structure was changed by selective elimination under the influence of living conditions for Zeptospira in the soil. The "infected spots", subjected to such selection, seem to be capable of constantly sustaining Zeptospira; the presence of these organisms is also due to the fact that they are regularly added into the soil with urine excreted by the carriers visiting the same spots of their territory.
Animals↗