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Results for “Refrigeration”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1989

Stability of famotidine in minibags refrigerated and/or frozen.

The stability of famotidine 200 micrograms/ml in dextrose 5% injection (D5W) and in NaCl 0.9% (NS) solution in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) minibags was studied when these solutions were stored refrigerated at 4 degrees C for 14 days, or frozen at -20 degrees C for 28 days and then refrigerated for 14 days. Famotidine concentration was determined in the refrigerated samples immediately after compounding (time 0) and also on days 2, 4, 8, and 14 by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Famotidine concentration was determined by HPLC in frozen samples at time 0 and days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. Solutions were also observed for visual changes and pH was tested at these time intervals. Results of the HPLC famotidine analysis demonstrated 94-107 percent recovery of famotidine in D5W and NS at 14 days in refrigerated samples and 98-100 percent recovery of famotidine in minibags frozen for 28 days then refrigerated for 14 days. Analysis of variance showed no time effect on the concentration of famotidine in refrigerated samples (p = 0.741). Linear regression of the frozen minibag data indicated no time effect. Famotidine 200 micrograms/ml is stable in dextrose 5% injection and NaCl 0.9% injection when stored in PVC bags at 4 degrees C for 14 days, or when frozen for 28 days and then subsequently refrigerated for 14 days.

Drug Stability↗

PubMed1979

Medications not to be refrigerated.

A survey of selected drug labelers was conducted to generate a list of drug products that should not be refrigerated. Letters asking for information on products adversely affected by refrigeration were mailed to 109 drug product labelers. A second letter was sent to nonresponders and to labelers providing incomplete information. Responses were received from 97 labelers, 43 of whom stated that none of their products would be harmed by refrigeration. Eleven labelers were unable to provide conclusive data or a list of specific drug products that refrigeration would harm. Lists of drug products not to be refrigerated were provided by 43 labelers, some including explanations of the adverse effects of refrigeration. Pharmacists may find the survey's data useful in their patient education activities.

Drug Labeling↗

PubMed1992

Low-temperature storage of bone marrow in nitrogen vapor-phase refrigerators: decreased temperature gradients with an aluminum racking system.

Large temperature gradients may exist in nitrogen vapor-phase refrigerators. Cryopreserved cells stored at higher levels may be considerably warmer than those stored closer to the liquid nitrogen reservoir. To decrease this temperature gradient, racking systems constructed of aluminum were placed in marrow storage refrigerators. The higher heat conductivity of aluminum resulted in a vapor-phase temperature gradient of only 5.9 degrees C at 22.5 inches above the liquid, as compared to the gradient of 86 degrees C seen with steel frames in a similar refrigerator. Temperature fluxes were minimal with lid opening or nitrogen filling. The thicker frame size and loss of the lowest storage level resulted in a storage capacity 63 percent of that achievable with steel frames and liquid immersion. Consumption of nitrogen was estimated to be 174 to 220 percent of the static usage in this model of refrigerator with 6 inches of nitrogen, but comparable to the consumption expected with full immersion of the racking system, regardless of frame construction. These data demonstrate the feasibility of achieving very low, stable, cryogenic temperatures in a vapor-phase refrigerator.

Aluminum↗

PubMed1991

Marrow storage techniques: a clinical comparison of refrigeration versus cryopreservation.

Fifty-three patients were evaluated for a comparison of the efficacy, safety, and cost efficiency of bone marrow (BM) transplanted after either refrigeration or cryopreservation. Thirty-eight patients had BM stored at 4 degrees C for an average of 3 days and 15 patients had cryopreserved BM stored for an average of 56 days. The average number of cells harvested was 3.8 x 10(8)/kg. The time to WBC recovery greater than 1 x 10(9)/l was 17 days refrigerated and 23 days for cryopreserved BM. The time to platelet recovery greater than 20 x 10(9)/l was 24 days for refrigeration storage and 51 days for cryopreserved BM. Four of 38 patients with refrigerated vs. 4/15 patients with cryopreserved BM experienced delayed engraftment (p less than 0.05). Refrigeration storage requires no special equipment, is cheaper than and presents a safe and viable alternative to cryopreserved BM in reconstituting hemopoiesis following high-dose chemo-radiotherapy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Stability of refrigerated and frozen solutions of doxorubicin hydrochloride.

The stability of refrigerated and frozen solutions of doxorubicin hydrochloride was studied. Vials of doxorubicin hydrochloride with lactose (Adriamycin) were reconstituted with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, to provide a drug concentration of 2 mg/ml. Samples were refrigerated (4 C) for up to one year and frozen (-20C) for 30 days then assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. One sample was assayed then refrozen each test period. Refrigerated and frozen samples showed no substantial loss of potency after six months and one month of storage, respectively. Filtration through a 0.22-micron filter did not affect potency. Degradation products were not detected, except for an unidentified small peak detected in the sample refrigerated for one year. Doxorubicin hydrochloride, when reconstituted with sterile water for injection, may be refrigerated for six months or frozen for one month without loss of potency.

Doxorubicin↗

PubMed2026

Intestinal content accelerates muscle protein degradation in red shrimp (Solenocera crassicornis) during refrigeration: Insights from metagenomics and metabolomics.

This study systematically explored the effects of intestinal components on muscle quality deterioration and protein degradation of red shrimp during refrigerated storage. The results demonstrated that refrigeration induced continuous quality degradation and muscle protein breakdown in red shrimp, whereas eliminating intestinal tissues effectively retarded muscle spoilage and protein degradation, and optimized muscle texture. The intestinal microorganisms could secrete extracellular proteases to promote muscle protein degradation were primarily Vibrio, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Photobacterium, and Shewanella. These microorganisms promote protein degradation by secreting zinc proteases, serine proteases, and aspartyl proteases. This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms of intestinal microbial metabolism influences the muscle protein degradation of red shrimp during refrigeration. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for precise regulation of intestinal-targeted microorganisms, thereby maintaining optimal quality of shrimps during refrigeration.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Bacteriological quality of raw human milk: effect of storage in a refrigerator.

Eighty-seven breast milk samples were obtained from 63 mothers of infants on the neonatal intensive care unit of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. The samples were cultured for bacteria immediately after collection (0 h) and then stored in a domestic refrigerator from where cultures were repeated at 6-hourly intervals for 24 h. At 0 h, three (3.4%) of the samples were sterile; 56 (64%) grew coagulase negative staphylococci, and one (1.1%) Streptococcus viridans. Thus, 60 (69%) of the samples were either sterile or contained only skin commensals. Twenty-nine (31%) grew potential pathogens--coagulase positive staphylococci in two (2.3%) and mixed growth of staphylococci, coliforms and klebsiella in 25 (28.3%). During the 24 h storage in the refrigerator, bacteria multiplied in 50 and their growth was inhibited in 32 of the samples. But the mean bacterial count at any time during the 24 h was not significantly different from that at the beginning of the storage in the refrigerator. It is proposed that expressed breast milk stored in a domestic refrigerator can be given safely to infants within 24 h of collection if heavy contamination is prevented at the time of collection.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1976

The endothelial function of donor corneas: effects of delayed enucleation and refrigeration.

The endothelial viability of rabbit corneas subjected to various forms of cadaveric and moist chamber storage was evaluated by means of the specular microscope and the rate of stromal deturgescence during a temperature reversal response. Delays in the postmortem enucleation and refrigeration of potential donor corneas was shown to be detrimental to the functioning of the endothelium. To best preserve the endothelial function of donor corneas, the eyes should be removed as soon after death as possible and refrigerated at 4 degrees C. Refrigerated cadaveric storage was found not to be a substitute for early enucleation and refrigeration of the corneas. The limitations in the use of the rate of stromal deturgescence during a temperature reversal response as a quantitative indicator of endothelial function are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Refrigerated food storage in hospital ward areas.

A survey of ward refrigerators was carried out in two hospitals, with reference to type and efficiency in maintaining cold storage temperatures. A total of 40 refrigerators were surveyed on two occasions. Only seven were found to maintain temperatures between 5 degrees C and 7 degrees C. Commercial larder type refrigerators are recommended for ward use. Training and updating of staff in policies and procedures is emphasized.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1990

Growth of bacteria in prefilled syringes stored in home refrigerators.

Insulin was examined for the rate of bacterial growth after being stored in prefilled syringes in home refrigerators and in a controlled laboratory refrigerator. Home refrigerators were used to simulate conditions that exist in client homes to establish the safety of storing insulin in prefilled syringes in uncontrolled environments. Insulin from each source was inoculated on three different media and incubated at three temperatures in three oxygen environments. A total of 768 cultures were examined. It was found that temperature had a significant effect on the incidence of bacteria. The difference in incident of bacteria between syringes stored in the controlled versus uncontrolled environments was not statistically significant.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1978

A study of bacteria contaminating refrigerated cooked chicken; their spoilage potential and possible origin.

Cooked chicken was allowed to spoil in a normal kitchen refrigerator (variable temperature) and at a standard 4C. After 10 days' storage, bacteria were isolated from the chicken. It was found that the numbers of organisms at variable refrigeration temperature were tenfold higher than those at a uniform 4C. In an attempt to find the sources of contamination, swabs were made of different areas of the kitchen. Many of the bacteria isolated from the spoiled chicken, were also isolated from the kitchen environment. When pure cultures of organisms isolated from spoiled chicken were inoculated into sterile cooked chicken and held at 4C, the main spoilage organisms were found to be Pseudomonas putida and Aeromonas hydrophila, which were also isolated from the refrigerator where the chickens were stored in the kitchen. Aeromonas hydrophila was found in significantly high numbers on plates, cutting knives, chopping boards and cold water taps.

Aeromonas↗

PubMed1989

[The hygiene of refrigerated and frozen foods].

Health and spoilage hazards arising from refrigerated and deep frozen foods may be due to - raw materials, e.g. pathogenic microorganisms which come from infected living animals or contaminate raw foods during handling. Psychrotrophic organisms have particular significance as pathogens or spoilage organisms as they can multiply also during refrigeration; - improper processing. Temperature abuse and incorrect time/temperature relations are main causes for microorganisms being not destroyed at the expected rate or even getting a chance of multiplying. Proper handling after refrigeration or frozen storage of foods ("hygiene of thawing") deserves also particular attention. - contamination, i.e. initial contamination of raw products which are ready for consumption without further processing (fruits, raw salads). Recontamination which follows a heat process is much more important and occurs before, during and after application of cold. In those cases, again, one has to distinguish between products which (a) are ready for consumption without a process (bakery and confectionary goods, ice cream, drinking milk) and (b) have to pass a process which reduces the bacterial load before consuming the food (ready to eat dishes or other foods ready for reheating in the home). Sites of increased hygienic hazard are a) lack of partitioning "clean" and "unclean" areas and processes, b) defects of sanitation and hygiene of personnel, c) defects of packaging, d) leakage during aseptic filling. Hazards are controlled through product and plant specific analysis of the process flow followed by continuous monitoring the "Critical Control Points". As an example, a report is given on a study on random samples taken from 180.000 prepackaged deep frozen menus which had been produced for a mass meeting. Microbiological monitoring of the process revealed time/temperature relations as critical control points of primary importance. Particular problems arose from any stoppage at the production line. Reliable means to assure food safety and protect consumer's health are HACCP concept based in plant control programs rather than sporadic microbiological monitoring of end products.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Effect of refrigeration on bactericidal activity of four preserved multiple-dose injectable drug products.

The influence of refrigeration on the bactericidal capability of preservative systems in multiple-dose injectable drug products was studied. Commercially available multiple-dose injectable drug products containing preservatives--atropine/phenol, lidocaine/methylparaben, cyanocobalamin/benzyl alcohol and diphenhydramine/benzethonium chloride--were divided into two groups, one to be maintained under refrigeration (5C) and the other to be maintained at room temperature (25C). In separate tests the multiple-dose vials (MDVs) were individually inoculated with the following organisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Serratia marcescens, and cultured to establish bacterial concentrations at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. Bacteria in the preservative systems tested remained viable significantly longer under refrigeration. (Data for diphenhydramine/benzethonium were not obtainable with the methodology used.) It is recommended that sterile medications maintained in preserved MDVs be stored at romm temperature after initial use (i.e., after exposure to possible contamination) unless drug stability considerations dictate otherwise.

Alcohols↗

PubMed1989

Stability of famotidine in minibags refrigerated and/or frozen in total parenteral nutrition solutions.

The use of histamine2-receptor antagonists could be beneficial in critically ill patients for protection against stress-induced gastrointestinal bleeding. Famotidine, similar to cimetidine and ranitidine, is stable when mixed in dextrose 5% injection and NaC1 0.9% injection at a concentration of 200 micrograms/mL and stored in polyvinyl chloride bags at 4 degrees C for 14 days or when frozen for 28 days and subsequently refrigerated for 14 days. Furthermore, famotidine, also like cimetidine and ranitidine, is stable when added to most common total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions. Famotidine in concentrations of 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L is stable in crystalline amino acid solutions (20 g/L and 42.5 g/L) when refrigerated for 24 hours, then held at room temperature for 24 hours, at room temperature for 48 hours, or refrigerated for seven days. The concentration of amino acids in the TPN solutions containing 42.5 g/L also is not affected by the addition of famotidine 40 mg/L when stored under conditions similar to those stated above for 48 hours. TPN solutions remain clear and free of turbidity.

Amino Acids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of different intravenous infusion sets on temperature of refrigerated parenteral nutrition solutions.

We measured the temperature of 10 previously refrigerated parenteral-nutrition solutions (PN solutions) at the end of a standard intravenous-infusion set (IIS) (Intrafix, 145 cm long), an IIS with a mechanical device to control the flow of the solution (Dial-a-Flow, 226 cm long), and an IIS to be used with a volumetric infusion pump (Infusomat, 259 cm long). The temperature of the PN solution just after taking it out of the refrigerator was 6.0 +/- 0.8 degrees C (mean +/- SD), and that of the room was 24.2 +/- 0.7 degrees C. We recorded the temperature again at the end of the IIS after draining it freely, i.e., until there was no air inside the set (time 0), after 5, 10, and 15 min of infusion at 100 ml/h. After 15 min, the temperature at the end of the Intrafix set did not statistically differ (P less than 0.05) from room temperature. With Dial-a-Flow, the temperature of the solution was not statistically different from room temperature at any time. Finally, with Infusomat, the temperature was statistically different from that of the room for the first 5 min. We thus conclude that refrigerated PN solution can be administered to patients without having to warm it whenever an IIS is longer than 145 cm and flow not exceeding 100 ml/h is used. Adverse reactions sometimes observed in patients at the beginning of the administration of PN solution cannot, in our opinion, be attributed to the low temperature of the solution.

Cold Temperature↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Temperature of refrigerated parenteral nutrition solutions at the end of 2 infusion systems].

It is common practice to let parenteral nutrition bags that are kept refrigerated stand at room temperature before administration. In this study the temperature of the mixtures administration. In this study the temperature of the mixtures flowing at the end of a conventional system (Intrafix 145 cm long) and at the end of a flow-control system (Dial-a-flow 226 cm long) were measured. Mixture temperatures within the parenteral nutrition bag were recorded upon removal from the refrigerator, at the end of the infusion system after purging the system with the fastest flow rate possible (time 0), and at 5, 10, and 15 minutes, after sustaining continuous flow at 100 cc/hour. The conventional system showed no statistically significant differences (P less than 0.05) between room temperature (23.7 +/- 0.5) and mixture temperature at the end of the infusion line at 15 minutes of infusion (23.0 +/- 0.9). The Dial-a-flow system showed no statistically significant differences between room temperature (24.5 +/- 0.9) and mixture temperatures at the end of the system (time 0: 23.7 +/- 2.2; 5 minutes, 24.1 +/- 0.8; 10 minutes, 24.3 +/- 0.7; 15 minutes, 24.4 +/- 0.7) (p less than 0.05). Therefore, the results indicate that refrigerated parenteral nutrition bags can be administered directly to the patient without waiting for the mixture to warm up, anytime the length of the infusion system is over 145 cm. Occasional reactions observed at the onset of parenteral nutrition therapy cannot be attributed to low mixture temperature, and as such, other reasons must be searched for.

Cold Temperature↗

PubMed1976

Glucose concentrations and glycogen levels in the aqueous humor of fresh and refrigereated bovine eyes.

Glucose concentrations in the aqueous humor and its incorporation into epithelial glycogen were measured by adding glucose uniformly labeled with radioactive carbon to the anterior chamber of both fresh and stored bovine eyes (24 hours at 5 degrees C). Concentrations of exogenous glucose in the aqueous humor were higher in refrigerated eyes but declined as rapidly as those in fresh eyes. Furthermore, the epithelium retained the ability to incorporate the exogenous glucose into glycogen after 24 hours of storage at 5 degrees C. Addition of glucose to the aqueous humor of human eyes after refrigeration may increase epithelial retention on donor corneal buttons.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Optimal leukocyte removal from refrigerated blood with the IBM 2991 blood cell processor.

One hundred forty-six units of two to five-day-old refrigerated blood were washed with the IBM Blood Cell Processor. The ABO and Rh types of the units varied according to available inventory. This study was designed to select the best protocol from the 42 possible combinations utilizing the machine's variable red blood cell override (RCO). A one liter wash program was used. The two parameters selected for study were the per cent red blood cell recovery and the per cent white blood cell removal. The protocol of choice uses a RCO of four seconds in the first and second steps of the program. This protocol yields a washed unit with a mean red blood cell recovery of 82 per cent and a mean white cell removal of 93 per cent. Our studies indicate that the IBM Blood Cell Processor can be used to wash two to five day old refrigerated blood for the preparation of leukocyte-poor blood that would meet the Standards of the AABB.

Blood Preservation↗