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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

The Limulus amebocyte lysate endotoxin assay: current status.

Research conducted during this decade has clearly established the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test as the most sensitive assay for bacterial endotoxin. In addition, the assay is easily performed, relatively inexpensive, specific for endotoxin, and can be used to test materials that are toxic to rabbits employed in the rabbit pyrogen test. The LAL test has been used in the diagnosis of meningitis, urinary infection, mastitis, and endotoxemia. Other broad applications of the test include quality assurance of parenteral solutions and medical devices as well as the microbial quality of food and water. A review of recent developments in LAL testing is presented and experimental applications of the assay are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Funding for reproductive research: the status and the needs.

Just to maintain the admittedly inadequate level of research in reproduction and contraceptive development attained in 1974 would require an investment of $143 million this year--a level that has not been reached. To take advantage of existing knowledge, at least $361 million would be required--increasing to $498 million by 1980. To achieve a high-priority research program--10 percent of health expenditures--would require $500 million this year--rising to $766 million by 1980.

Contraception↗
PubMed1975

Biology of large bowel cancer. Present status and research frontiers.

Man and laboratory rodents exposed to chemical carcinogens both show changes in growth characteristics of colonic epithelial cells during neoplastic transformation. Progressive phases of abnormal cell development appear in colonic epithelial cells which gain an increased ability to proliferate and accumulate in the mucosa. These phases in the expression of neoplastic transformation of colonic cells are best defined in the dominant inherited disease of man as adenomatosis of the colon and rectum. Individuals with inherited adenomatosis and those in lesser risk categories can be classified by cell phenotype based on changes in the proliferation and maturation of colonic and other cells. These classifications are leading to new predictive indices which identify heightened degrees of susceptibility of individuals who are at increased risk for colon cancer, and the stage of development of their disease. The indices also are being used to study the contribution of specific elements in the enviroment that modify or accelerate the progression of disease.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1976

Current status of research in detection and diagnosis.

Following the passage of the National Cancer Act of 1972, the National Cancer Institute created a Division of Cancer Biology and Diagnosis. This marked the renewal of a commitment of the National Cancer Institute to diagnostic research. Within the scope of diagnostic research there are three separate subheadings: screening or detection, diagnosis itself, and prognosis. Asymptomatic individuals are studied by screening procedures to determine if they might have a cancer. Those that are selected by the screen are then subject to definitive diagnostic procedures to determine whether they have a cancer. Prognosis attempts to predict the outcome from knowledge gained in the past. At the present time the only screening method that has been proven in a rigorous manner to be effective in reducing mortality is a combination of a physical examination and mammography for carcinoma of the breast. The Pap test is accepted but precisely how much it has reduced the mortality from cervical carcinoma remains to be determined. The National Cancer Institute is now engaged in research designed to test various aspects of screening to develop new screening techniques and to evaluate them. In the diagnostic field it is particularly concerned with imaging by radiologic means and ultrasound. Visualization by endoscopy is becoming important. These aspects of screening, diagnosis and prognosis will be reviewed.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Neurofibrillary pathology: current status and research perspectives.

The neurofibrils seen in the light microscope are shown, by electron microscopy, to be heterogeneous structures, formed of neurotubules and neurofilaments. A variety of pathological conditions (especially, presenile and senile dementia (are characterized by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles, formed either of paired helical filaments or of single filaments. The morphology, distribution and biochemistry of these various fibrillary structures is reviewed. Particular attention is devoted to the assembly of neurotubules, to the mechanism of action of drugs which prevent assembly, and to possible implications for the experimental induction of neurofibrillary pathology. Of central importance in the arguments is the emphasis on the normal neurofibrillary structures being single forms of pleomorphic proteins. The healthy neuron assembles these proteins into the required form as is necessary for the needs of that neuron. Interference with this process in neuronal cell biology may lead to the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles. On the basis of the morphological and biochemical evidence, several approaches to the experimental study of neurofibrillary pathology are proposed.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

[Present status of research on delusions].

Regarding the definition of the concept of delusion it is stated that up to now delusions can be diagnosed only with the aid of phenomenological intuition. The decisive criterion is the high subjective certainty in the sense of an elimination of the possibility of chance coincidences without any narrowing of affect. The current hypotheses are presented, concerning the choice of theme, the acute elimination of chance without narrowing of affect, the persistence of certainty and incorrigibility. The relationship between age at the onset of the illness and the choice of the illness and the choice of theme are discussed in the light of my own findings. Reasons emerge to believe that, depending on the respective cultural setting, certain age specific themes can play a role in the formation of the content of delusions. The acute subjective certainty, as well as the incorrigibility are linked with organic or endogenous syndromes.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

The current status of research in the catecholamine theories of affective disorders.

The catecholamine theory suggests that there is a functional deficit of the catecholamine neurotransmitter, norepinephrine (NE) or dopamine (DA) at the neuronal synaptic cleft in depression and an excess in mania. Current strategies which are being utilized to investigate this theory involve: 1)studies of DA, NE, their breakdown products and synthetic and degradative enzymes in body fluids and brain tissue; 2) studies of modes of action of drug which can "activate" or decrease manic or depressive symptoms; 3) the study of pharmacological agents which affect specific aspects of NE and DA metabolism, (synthesis, release, receptor sensitivity, and degradation). The total accumlated data seems more compatible with a catecholamine hypothesis of mania than one of depression. The evidence to date does not allow one to differentiate between the importance of DA or NE either in depression of mania.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1992

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP): discovery and current status of research.

For last 2 years since PACAP was first discovered, many important findings on PACAP have been reported. cDNAs encoding the precursor proteins of PACAP in sheep, human and rat were cloned, and the precursor proteins characterized. PACAP was found in a high concentration in the central nervous system, adrenal medulla and testis. Immunohistochemical study indicated that PACAP containing neural fibers are present throughout the brain, including both internal and external zones of the median eminence. In the hypothalamus many PACAP positive cell bodies were demonstrated in the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus in various species. Four types of high affinity PACAP receptor were demonstrated. PACAP receptors in the central nervous system, pituitary, adrenal medulla and germ cells of the testis are highly specific for PACAP, and not shared with VIP. The PACAP receptor was solubilized and cross-linking of 125I-PACAP27 with the binding protein suggest that the molecular weight of the receptor is around 57,000. Various biological actions of PACAP were reported, but the physiological cellular events linked with PACAP-induced activation of adenylate cyclase remain to be investigated.

Amino Acid Sequence↗