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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Migration and the life course.

The importance of migration as a biographic event within the life course is asserted, using data for the former Federal Republic of Germany. "The migration process can be described by...various factors like the frequency of moves, the age when changing residence, the distance, the direction, [and] the motives.... Each change of residence has both a retrospective and prospective aspect. Additionally, changes in other biographic processes like marriage or births of children in the familial career or changes in the occupational career directly influence migration decisions. But there are also effects in the opposite direction: the migration process can influence the further development of other biographic processes. Thus, there exist a very complex structure of strong interdependent relationships between the several biographic careers." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Behavior↗
PubMed1994

Herpes simplex virus type 1 replication and IL-1 beta gene expression in mouse peritoneal macrophages activated in vivo by an attenuated Salmonella typhimurium vaccine or Corynebacterium parvum.

Activated macrophages (M phi) from mice given Salmonella typhimurium or Corynebacterium parvum were compared with resident peritoneal macrophages at the molecular level for permissiveness for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication and for expression of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). Peritoneal macrophages were harvested from mice injected 7 days previously with live, avirulent S. typhimurium (Sal-PM phi) or heat-killed C. parvum (CP-PM phi) and infected with HSV-1 in vitro. Both Sal-PM phi and CP-PM phi were activated as evidenced by characteristic changes in an ectoenzyme, by increased permissiveness for infectious virus production and viral cytopathic effect, and by induction of IL-1 beta mRNA. Analysis at the molecular level revealed that both types of activated M phi demonstrated increased patterns of HSV-1 immediate-early gene expression and viral DNA replication as compared with resident cells. A novel finding was that viral infection reduced IL-1 beta mRNA in both types of activated M beta. This observation has implications for the efficacy of Salmonella vaccines given in proximity to HSV-1 infection and for potential deleterious effects of HSV-1 infection in immunosuppressed patients receiving immunotherapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Ca2+-calmodulin binds to the carboxyl-terminal domain of dystrophin.

The unique COOH-terminal domain of dystrophin (mouse dystrophin protein sequences 3266-3678) was expressed as a chimeric fusion protein (with the maltose-binding protein), and its binding to calmodulin was assessed. This fusion protein, called DysS9, bound to calmodulin-Sepharose, bound biotinylated calmodulin, caused characteristic changes in the fluorescence emission spectrum of dansyl-calmodulin, and had an apparent affinity for dansyl-calmodulin of 54 nM. Binding in each case was Ca2+-dependent. The maltose-binding protein does not bind calmodulin, and thus binding resides in the dystrophin-derived sequences. Deletion mutation experiments further localize the high affinity calmodulin binding to mouse dystrophin protein sequences 3293-3349, and this domain contains regions with chemical characteristics found in the calmodulin-binding sequences in other proteins. The COOH-terminal domain provides sites of attachment of dystrophin to membrane proteins, and calmodulin binding may modulate these interactions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

[Pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis].

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most frequent serious neurologic diseases. Etiologically, MS involves genetic, viral and other factors. The key pathogenic mechanisms reside in the autoimmune reaction of activated CD4+ T lymphocytes crossing the haematoencephalic barrier and attacking different epitopes of the basic protein and proteolipid of myelin sheaths. The damaging reaction involving activated macrophages, destructive inflammatory cytokines and toxic radicals leads to the development of disseminated plaques. The passage of autoimmune T lymphocytes to the brain tissue is facilitated by overexpression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells, neural cells and immunocytes. The diagnosis of MS is based on characteristic changes in the blood and liquor, and on the results of modern methods, especially (gadolinium enhanced) MRI. The "classical" treatment is based on glucorticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and other chemicals which are not fully satisfactory and are accompanied by serious side-effects. Therefore, attention will be paid to three prospective biological methods of treatment: 1) peroral application of bovine myelin, its fractions, and synthetic copolymer-1, aimed at the restoration of immune tolerance; 2) injections of natural and recombinant interferon-beta, interfering with the pathogenic IFN-gamma and other cytokines; 3) systemic enzyme therapy (residing in peroral application of combinations of animal and herbal hydrolytic enzymes), which modulates adhesion molecules and suppresses the activation of autoimmune T lymphocytes. The chief results of clinical studies with respect to the effectiveness and safety of these therapeutic methods, will be summarized. (Ref. 34.)

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Immunological dysregulation of lymph nodes in AIDS patients.

Changes in immune competent tissues of the HIV-1-infected person reflect to a certain extent the kind and intensity of immunological dysregulations. The diagnostic approach, however, must include immunophenotyping of cells, immunovirological studies of virus distribution in diseased tissues, and functional tests in addition to classical morphology. The latter technique alone just serves as a crude screening method since structural lesions in lymphoid tissues do not permit discrimination from other HIV-independent immune deficiency and autoimmune disorders. Although the overall appearance of lymph nodes in HIV infection and in chronic autoimmune disorders, such as collagen vascular diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus), is similar, immunophenotyping shows a progressive loss of CD4 cells in HIV infection yet a quantitative increase in this cell population in autoimmune disorders (Krueger 1985a). In addition, there are other persistent active infections by lymphotropic viruses (e.g., EBV or HHV-6) which can cause structural and cellular changes in lymphoid tissues closely resembling HIV-induced lesions (Krueger et al. 1988b; Krueger 1985b). The pathological diagnosis therefore nedds to be supplemented by serological studies and--in selected cases--by in situ hybridization for the demonstration of viral genome. Southern blotting for viral DNA can only detect high numbers of viral genome copies in tissue extracts, not in which cell population the virus resides (e.g., malignant cells vs associated "normal" cells), while the polymerase chain amplification reaction, the most sensitive of all (Buchbinder et al. 1988), cannot yet differentiate between latent and (disease-related) active infection. Taking into consideration the above-described precautions in the evaluation of lymphatic lesions, there are a number of characteristic changes which reflect well the sequelae of HIV infection itself and of the ensuing immune dysregulation. Progressive loss of CD4 cells in the paracortex of lymph nodes and in the peripheral blood leads to inversion of the CD4/CD8 ratio. Loss of demonstrable CD4 cells is probably the consequence not only of cell lysis by HIV-1 infection (note: discrepancy between HIV-1 genome positive cell numbers and depletion of CD4 cells) but also of decreased CD4 marker synthesis in infected cells (Stevenson et al. 1987). In this context it is interesting that Fouchard et al. (1986) were able to show HIV expression in CD8 cells and theorized that these developed from infected CD4 cells which subsequently lost the CD4 epitope and expressed CD8.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

Basic mechanisms of asthma.

Results of studies of the epidemiology, physiology, histopathology, and cell biology of asthma have revised our conception of the disease. Epidemiologic studies have shown asthma to be an important cause of death, suffering, and economic hardship. Physiologic studies have shown that asthma is a chronic illness characterized by persistent bronchial hyperreactivity. Histopathologic studies have shown characteristic changes: epithelial damage, deposition of collagen beneath the basement membrane, eosinophilic and lymphocytic infiltration, and hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells, submucosal glands, and airway smooth muscle. Studies of the functions of cells in the airway mucosa suggest that asthma may be fundamentally mediated by a difference in the type of lymphocyte predominating in the airway mucosa but may also involve complex interactions among resident and migratory cells. Asthma may thus result from sensitization of a subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes, the Th2 subtype, in the airways. These lymphocytes produce a family of cytokines that favor IgE production and the growth and activation of mast cells and eosinophils, arming the airways with the mechanisms of response to subsequent reexposure to the allergen. This conceptual model has stimulated research along lines that will almost certainly lead to powerful new treatments, and it has already put current therapies in a new light, clarifying the role of antinflammatory agents, especially of inhaled corticosteroids. This conceptual model has some limitations: it ignores new evidence on the role of the mast cell in producing cytokines and depends on results of studies of the effects of inhalation of allergen, although most asthma exacerbations are provoked by viral respiratory infection. Preliminary studies suggest that viral infection and allergen inhalation may involve the activation of different pathways, with viral infection activating production of cytokines by airway epithelial cells. Similar study of the mechanisms activated by inhalation of air toxics may provide important clues as to how they might induce or exacerbate asthma.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1992

Children's family circumstances: recent trends in Great Britain.

"In the last two decades there have been marked changes in the structure and dynamics of families in Britain. The primary aim of this paper is to present some data on recent changes in family life from the perspective of children. Our main concern will be the family circumstances, or living arrangements, of children and their experience of living in a lone-parent family.... Such information has important policy implications for issues concerning child care and support, from the need for financial provision generally to the legal decisions concerning the custodianship of children after divorce." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Elderly support and intergenerational transfer in Zimbabwe: an analysis by gender, marital status, and place of residence.

This paper describes elderly support and intergenerational transfer by gender, marital status, and place of residence for 150 elderly persons in Zimbabwe. The survey was conducted in September 1988, and includes information on background characteristics, income, and cash support from all sources, noncash support, and the support of elders to others. Conclusions and implications are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Tubular system membranes of teleost chloride cells: osmotic response and transport sites.

Chloride cells represent the sites of branchial osmoregulatory activity of teleosts. The cells undergo characteristic changes with osmotic challenge and the response is mediated by hormones. Either increased salinity or cortisol treatment will elicit well-known changes in chloride cells; these changes are clearly interrelated and may be collectively referred to as the "hyperosmotic response" of chloride cells. Fundamental features of the "hyperosmotic response" include proliferation and hypertrophy of chloride cells, an amplification of the cell's extensive tubular network or tubular system (TS), an increase in the specific activity of the transport-associated enzyme, Na-K-ATPase, and a concomitant increase in electrolyte transport. The TS displays frequent examples of continuity with the basolateral plasmalemma and the Na-K-ATPase enzyme complex resides in the membranes of the TS. The enzyme complex maintains its conventional polarity with regard to internal substrate and sodium binding sites and external or TS luminal surface, potassium, and ouabain binding sites. The luminal surface of the TS is anionic at pH 1.8 and above. The TS membranes display in situ, in isolation, and by freeze fracture, a characteristic asymmetric structure consisting of repeating particles; larger particles are associated with the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane and smaller particles with the external or luminal surface of tubules. The dimensions of the particles, and their disposition with respect to the cytoplasmic and external surfaces of the TS membrane, support the hypothesis that they are the visual manifestation of the transport-associated Na-K-ATPase complex. The TS and its associated transport activity represent essential components of a recently proposed paracellular transport model for chloride cells. The TS of the pseudobranch cell is also discussed in this review.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[[Demographic foundations of elderly living arrangements: a simulation study of intergenerational coresidence]].

"In this paper we employ family status life tables to assess the effects of demographic processes on family composition and to reveal trends in elderly living arrangements [in Taiwan]. We found that further declining fertility and changing nuptiality are responsible for the prevalence of nuclear family composition. [The] increasing proportion of nuclear families indicates a decreasing probability [of] elderly parents living with their married children. In addition, according to the current nuptiality trends, the increasing proportion of women of all ages who remain [unmarried] will strengthen its effects on family composition in the near future." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Adult↗