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Comparison of controlled respiration by the manual technique and with a respirator during general anaesthesia for abdominal operations.

These studies investigating the difference between controlled respiration performed by manual technique and controlled respiration applied by means of a respirator during general anaesthesia, and assessing the influence of these methods on the immediate post-operative condition of the patient were carried out on 75 patients during abdominal operations. Gasometric tests in arterial blood were performed before premedication, at intervals of 30 min from the beginning of operation, and 10 min. after the removal of the endotracheal tube. Controlled respiration with a respirator is a more favourable method of pulmonary ventilation during general anaesthesia given for a long-lasting surgical operation. The manual technique of controlled respiration leads to respiratory alkalosis. The best results were obtained using a respirator with inspiratory volume of 10 ml/kg and respiratory frequency 10/min., which ensured normocapnia. It was observed that oxygenation of arterial blood was reduced postoperatively in all patients but the value of PaO2 was the lowest in patients on manual controlled respiration. Disturbances in acid-base balance and oxygenation had an unfavourable effect and delayed the regaining of consciousness.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1977

The inhibitory effect of papaverine on respiration-dependent contracture of guinea pig taenia coli in high-K medium. I. The relationship between contracture and respiration.

Papaverine (Pap) inhibited a tonic tension development in guinea pig taenia coli induced by an elevation of the potassium concentration of the medium to 40 mM (40-K). The ID50 of Pap was 4.5 x 10(-6) M. Inhibition of the 40-K induced tonic tension by Pap was dependent on the calculated concentration of non-ionized form, but not the ionized form. Inhibition of the tonic tension by Pap and various metabolic inhibitors was not antagonized by raising the Ca++ concentration in the medium. Results obtained from simultaneous measurement of the 40-K induced O2 consumption and tension illustrated that the inhibition of O2 consumption rapidly induced the inhibition of the tension. Furthermore, glucose removal, amytal or Pap resulted in a progressive relationship between the inhibition of O2 consumption and the inhibition of tension. The inhibition of Pap as determined by O2 consumption was not reversed by application of 10(-4) M 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). These results plus graphical analysis of the mechanical response suggest that Pap may penetrate the cell membrane and inhibit mitochondrial respiration, thereby inhibiting this very respiration-dependent contracture.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effects of pulmonary gas embolism on circulation and respiration in the dog. II. Effects on respiration.

In mongrel dogs weighing 15--25 kg and anesthetized with thiopental-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid the effects of venous gas infusion and injection on several respiratory variables were investigated. During spontaneous respiration pulmonary gas embolism caused an increase of the ventilatory minute volume depending on the degree of embolization. The contribution of breathing frequency and tidal volume to the increase of ventilatory minute volume varied from one animal to the other. During constant artificial ventilation pulmonary gas embolism impaired the pulmonary gas exchange depending on the degree of embolization. How far a steady-state phase in gas exchange can be reached during continuous venous gas infusion depended on the adaptation of the circulation. At severe degrees of embolization circulation as well as gas exchange became deficient. Increasing artificial ventilation during pulmonary gas embolism improved the wash-out of carbon dioxide, but hardly affected the uptake of oxygen. The most important origin of the disturbed gas exchange in pulmonary gas embolism seemed to be an increased inequality of the ventilation-perfusion ratio distribution.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The development of apparatus for intermittent negative pressure respiration. (2) 1919-1976, with special reference to the development and uses of cuirass respirators.

This paper and the one that preceded it1 have traced the development of the design and use of negative pressure ventilators from their origins in the early nineteenth century to the present day. Their maximum use was in the nineteen-forties and the early fifties after which they were quite rapidly replaced in the treatment of acute respiratory disease by intermittent positive pressure ventilators-the turning point being the severe poliomyelitis epidemic in Copenhagen in 1952. Negative pressure ventilators, particularly cuirass ventilators, still have a place in the treatment of chronic respiratory disease.

Australia↗
PubMed1977

Control of brain slice respiration by (Na+ + K+)-activated adenosine triphosphate and the effects of enzyme inhibitors.

The involvement of membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (Mg2+-dependent, (Na+ + K+)-activated ATP phosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.6.1.3) in the oxygen consumption of rat brain cortical slices was studied in order to determine whether (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in intact cells can be estimated from oxygen consumption. The stimulation of brain slice respiration with K+ required the simultaneous presence of Na+. Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, significantly inhibited the (Na+ + K+)-stimulation of respiration. These observations suggest that the (Na+ + K+)-stimulation of brain slice respiration is related to ADP production as a result of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. However, ouabain also inhibited non-K+ -stimulated respiration. Additionally, ouabain markedly reduced the stimulation of respiration by 2,4-dinitrophenol in a high (Na+ + K+)-medium. Thus, ouabain depresses brain slice respiration by reducing the availability of ADP through (Na+ + K+)-ATPase inhibition and acts additionally by increasing the intracellular Na+ concentration. These studies indicate that the use of ouabain results in an over-estimation of the respiration related to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. This fraction of the respiration can be estimated more precisely from the difference between slice respiration in high Na+ and K+ media and that in choline, K+ media. Studies were performed with two (Na+ + K+)-ATPase inhibitors to determine whether administration of these agents to intact rats would produce changes in brain respiration and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. The intraperitoneal injection of digitoxin in rats caused an inhibition of brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and related respiration, but chlorpromazine failed to alter either (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity or related respiration.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗