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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Cataract surgery in patients with retinal disease.

Retinal disease and cataracts frequently are associated with one another. Cataract formation can occur following pars plana vitrectomy and pneumatic retinopexy. Conversely, cataract surgery may exacerbate existing retinal disease, such as diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, and uveitis. Finally, cataract surgery can lead to retinal disease de novo, such as cystoid macular edema. A review of the medical literature was performed for all articles published between August 1st, 2000 and July 31st, 2001 on the topic of cataract surgery in patients with retinal disease. The authors selected ten articles that were most relevant to the practicing ophthalmologist for inclusion in this review. Topics of interest included age related macular degeneration, retinal detachment, macular hole, diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, and cystoid macular edema.

Cataract↗
PubMed2005

Adeno-associated viral vectors for retinal gene transfer and treatment of retinal diseases.

Retinal gene transfer holds big promises for the treatment of inherited and non-inherited blinding diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration. Key to the development of successful gene-based therapies for the eye are efficient tools for retinal gene transfer. Vectors based on adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are able to transduce robustly and persistently different retinal cell types of animal models after a single intraocular administration. Recombinant AAV (rAAV) vectors are versatile gene transfer tools in that capsid proteins from dozens of AAV serotypes can be easily interchanged, resulting in the creation of recombinant vectors with unique transduction properties. This has allowed successful proof-of-principle studies using rAAV-mediated gene transfer to restore retinal morphology and function in small and large animal models of retinal diseases. In addition, gene delivery using rAAV vectors in the eye seems to have appropriate biosafety characteristics to rapidly move it from bench to bedside. All the above aspects will be reviewed and discussed in detail below.

Angiogenesis Inhibitors↗
PubMed2005

Advances in the molecular understanding of canine retinal diseases.

Retinal dystrophies are a common cause of blindness in purebred dogs. Progressive retinal atrophy, the canine equivalent of retinitis pigmentosa in humans, is the most common dystrophy. Molecular studies have led to the identification of the genetic defect underlying some forms of progressive retinal atrophy and the mapping of the chromosomal location of others. Additionally, the gene mutation that causes a severe retinal dystrophy in the briard, which is the equivalent of Leber congenital amaurosis in humans, has been identified. These advances have led to the development of DNA-based diagnostic tests for some retinal dystrophies, thus facilitating their eradication. The study of these dystrophies in dogs has also provided useful information about the equivalent diseases in humans. Recently, gene therapy has been used to restore vision to dogs with a retinal dystrophy due to a mutation in the RPE65 gene. Such studies are important in the quest to develop therapies for similar conditions in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Genetic predisposition to coronavirus-induced retinal disease.

PURPOSE: Retinal inflammatory and degenerative processes in humans and animals frequently are associated with genetic factors. The murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), JHM strain, induces a biphasic retinal disease in adult BALB/c mice. The genetic constitution of the host and the virus serotype can be critical factors in determining the outcome of a virus infection. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible role of host genetics in murine coronavirus-induced retinal disease. METHODS: JHM virus was inoculated by the intravitreal route into BALB/c, CD-1, and A/J mice. At varying times after inoculation, eye tissues were evaluated histologically. Antibody responses to the virus were evaluated by neutralization assays. RESULTS: JHM virus induces a biphasic retinal disease in BALB/c mice. In the early phase, 1 to 7 days after inoculation, retinal vasculitis is observed. The second phase, characterized by retinal degeneration in the absence of inflammation, is seen by day 10 and progresses for several months. There is a similar biphasic disease process in JHM virus-infected A/J mice. However, retinal changes are less severe than those seen in BALB/c mice. Retinal tissue damage induced by JHM virus in CD-1 mice is different. Only the early phase of the disease, consisting of retinal vasculitis, was observed. These CD-1 mice do not develop the retinal degenerative disease. In fact, after day 10, the retina has a normal appearance. These differences in retinal tissue damage are seen over a wide range of infectivity of the virus inocula. Virus concentrations ranging from 10(1.4) to 10(4.4) TCID50/5 microliters were capable of inducing both inflammation and degeneration in BALB/c mice, whereas, the highest concentration of virus (10(4.4) TCID50/5 microliters) in CD-1 mice resulted in only the early inflammatory changes. CONCLUSIONS: The authors show that the genetics of the host can profoundly affect the nature of retinal tissue damage. These studies substantiate the concept that a virus can indeed trigger retinal degenerative processes in genetically susceptible hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Gene therapy and animal models for retinal disease.

Those plagued by retinal diseases are often robbed of their vision, as often, effective treatments do not exist. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of retinal diseases stems from research on available animal models. Gene therapy may be useful for both genetic and acquired retinal diseases. This review will focus on retinal diseases for which gene therapy has demonstrated promise. The diseases are presented in order of the age at which they are generally first symptomatic and include retinopathy of prematurity, Leber congenital amaurosis, mucopolysaccharidoses, retinoblastoma, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. We will describe the animal models used to study these disorders and emphasize the progress that has been made in using gene therapy for the treatment of retinal disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The role of Rds in outer segment morphogenesis and human retinal disease.

The Retinal Degeneration Slow (Rds) protein is required by photoreceptors for proper formation of the specialized outer segment organelle. Human mutations in Rds cause a multitude of blinding diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration. In recent years, the use of animal models and biochemical approaches has provided evidence towards the precise function of Rds and its role in the pathogenesis of human disease. This review addresses the current understanding of the role of Rds in photoreceptor outer segment morphogenesis and provides insight into the design of therapeutic strategies to treat Rds-associated retinal diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Hereditary retinal diseases].

Hereditary retinal dystrophies can be subdivised into central (macular) and peripheral degenerations. Stargardt disease, Best disease, cone dystrophy and retinoschisis, affecting children or young adults, are the 4 commonest macular dystrophies. Retinitis pigmentosa, with primary affects photoreceptors, presents a wide clinical, genetic and molecular heterogeneity. It is certainly the most representative cause of peripheral degeneration. Recent advances in molecular biology allow a more complete clinical definition of these inheritable retinal diseases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Retinal diseases in AIDS].

Retinal diseases are the most frequent and most important ocular manifestations in AIDS. Electrophysiological changes can already be found in early stages of AIDS without funduscopic lesions and are a sign of damage to the retinal receptors and ganglion cells. HIV retinopathy (cotton-wool spots, retinal hemorrhages, microaneurysms) seldom occurs in the early stages with normal T-helper cell counts, but is present in about 40% of patients with AIDS-related complex and even in 70% of patients with full-blown AIDS. The cause of this microangiopathy is not known, but patients with lower T-helper cell counts of comparable stages more often have signs of HIV retinopathy. Infections of the retina and the choroid are always part of full-blown AIDS and represent the most important ophthalmological problem in AIDS, as these may lead to blindness if not treated. The specific diagnosis mainly relies on the ophthalmoscopic appearance, as antibody studies are of little help in final-stage AIDS patients. The amplification and proof of virus DNA particles by polymerase chain reaction seem to be more promising ways of obtaining an early laboratory diagnosis of viral retinal infections, but an intraocular specimen is required. Most (90-95%) of the retinal infections in AIDS are caused by the cytomegalovirus. In the final stage 11-40% of AIDS patients develop cytomegalovirus retinitis. Without treatment blindness can occur within a few weeks. Intravenous ganciclovir or foscarnet can prevent or postpone blindness in these patients, but the agents have to be given lifelong in a maintenance dose. Foscarnet offers a survival advantage over treatment with ganciclovir, although the patients may not tolerate foscarnet as well as ganciclovir. Another important infection is toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, whereas acute retinal necrosis/herpes simplex retinitis, myotic and bacterial infections as well as Pneumocystis carinii choroiditis are seldom seen.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of new transcripts enriched in the mouse retina and identification of candidate retinal disease genes.

PURPOSE: Most retinal disease genes are preferentially expressed in photoreceptors, the light-sensitive cells involved in phototransduction. In addition, some of the genes linked to retinal diseases are essential for normal retinal development. The goal of this study was to identify new transcripts enriched in photoreceptors involved in retinal development or diseases. METHODS: To isolate uncharacterized retinal transcripts, the bioinformatic method Digital Differential Display (DDD) was used. RNA in situ hybridization was used to characterize gene-expression patterns. RESULTS: Twenty-seven mouse ESTs highly represented in retinal libraries were identified. Eight ESTs were predominantly expressed in photoreceptors and/or in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), whereas transcripts for other ESTs were detected more ubiquitously in the retinal cells or abundantly in ganglion cells and/or the inner nuclear layer. Mapping of the corresponding human orthologues of the photoreceptor/RPE-enriched genes revealed that two of them are candidate disease genes for retinitis pigmentosa, loci RP22 and RP28. Both of these are predominantly expressed in rod photoreceptors. The candidate RP22 gene codes for a putative transmembrane protein showing homology to Cln8 (ceroid lipofuscinosis, neuronal 8), in which gene mutations are associated with photoreceptors degeneration in mice. Also identified were two genes expressed in photoreceptors that are candidate disease genes for recessive Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 3 (BBS3) and recessive ataxia with RP (AXPC1). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates how bioinformatic analysis can be used to identify novel tissue-specific genes relevant to development and diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Pattern of retinal diseases in Lagos.

Although primary retinal detachments occur infrequently in Africans, retinal diseases are not so uncommon. Ninety-two out of 1,723 patients seen in the Lagos University Teaching Hospital Eye Clinic had retinal diseases, a prevalence of 5.3%. We have seen most of the diseases described in other countries but while sicklemia retinopathy and various types of tapetoretinal dystrophy constitute a problem, hypertensive and diabetic retinopathies are infrequently seen. Retinoblastoma is the only tumor encountered so far and would appear to be sporadic. Positive family histories are difficult to obtain in our patients. It is anticipated that more retinal diseases will be diagnosed as more people become literate and notice slight to moderate visual loss.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adrenomedullin and leptin levels in diabetic retinopathy and retinal diseases.

PURPOSE: Proliferative and vascular retinal diseases are important cause of irreversible blindness. Consistent features of these diseases are endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis. Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a multifunctional vasorelaxant peptide. Leptin is a recently discovered metabolic peptide that regulates energy metabolism in human. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the possible roles of adrenomedullin and leptin in the pathophysiology of diabetic and proliferative diseases. METHODS: Ten patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (57.1 years, 5 female and 5 male) and 8 patients (51 years, 5 female and 3 male) with other retinal diseases including macular hole and epiretinal membrane were included in this study. All the patients had undergone pars plana vitrectomy for complications of the diseases. Vitreous samples were collected by vitreous tap during the vitrectomy. Adrenomedullin analysis was made by using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Leptin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Body mass index (BMI) [weight (kg)/height (m2)] was calculated for each group. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistics. RESULTS: The age, gender ratio and BMI were not substantially different between the two groups. The mean vitreous adrenomedullin levels (63.9+/-7.1 pmol/l) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in group I than in group II (34.25+/-3.0 pmol/l). Leptin levels in vitreous (4.54+/-1.6 ng/ml) were also significantly higher (p<0.05) in patients with diabetic retinopathy than in those without diabetes (1.83+/-0.5 ng/ml). CONCLUSION: Increased adrenomedullin and leptin levels in vitreous humor might be a possible newly associated factor in the course of vascular and proliferative retinal diseases.

Adrenomedullin↗
PubMed1990

An index for estimating probabilities of surgical success for cataract patients with retinal disease.

Patients with cataracts and coincident retinal disease are at increased risk for unsuccessful cataract surgery. We developed a method for estimating probabilities of surgical success for older cataract patients with retinal disease. Using data from a prospective study of cataract surgery outcomes, 36 patients with both cataracts and retinal disease were identified, 13 of whom attained surgical success with 20/40 or better vision 4 months after surgery. Age, presurgical Snellen letter acuity, location of retinal lesions, and presurgical visual function in everyday life (newspaper reading or television viewing) were all reliable correlates of surgical outcome. These data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression to develop a clinical index combining presurgical Snellen letter acuity, location of retinal lesions, and age to predict surgical success. The resulting index demonstrated 83% sensitivity and 85% specificity in sample data, correctly predicting 83% of patients (predictive value positive: 73%; predictive value negative: 90%).

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Prevalence and pattern of retinal diseases at the Guinness Eye Hospital, Onitsha, Nigeria.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and pattern of retinal diseases at the Guinness Eye Hospital, Onitsha, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective study. All new patients seen by the author at the outpatients clinic of the Guinness Eye Hospital, Onitsha, Nigeria were examined for evidence of retinal diseases, using the Snellen chart, tonometry, indirect ophthalmoscopy after full mydriasis, slit-lamp examination with a 78D non-contact fundus lens, fundus contact lens examination, and slit-lamp examination of the anterior segment. Ancillary tests performed, as applicable, included Mantoux, skin-snip, hemoglobin genotype, urinalysis, fasting blood sugar, oral glucose tolerance test, full blood count, platelet count, ESR, VDRL, and HIV tests. RESULTS: 8.1% of the patients had retinal diseases. The leading retinal diseases were age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, retinal tears/detachment, retinitis pigmentosa and retinochoroiditis with epiretinal membrane. ARMD, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa often caused bilateral lesions. Bilateral blindness was present in 14% and bilateral visual impairment in 16%, with macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa and retinal vascular diseases as major causes. CONCLUSIONS: Retinal diseases may be a significant cause of blindness and visual impairment in this part of Nigeria. Since most of the diseases are treatable with laser and vitrectomy techniques, it is recommended that these facilities be provided in all major eye hospitals in the area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Molecular genetics of human retinal disease.

The past decade has witnessed extraordinary progress in retinal disease gene identification, the analysis of animal and tissue culture models of disease processes, and the integration of this information with clinical observations and with retinal biochemistry and physiology. During this period over twenty retinal disease genes were identified and for many of these genes there are now significant insights into their role in disease. This review presents an overview of the basic and clinical biology of the retina, summarizes recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of inherited retinal diseases, and offers an assessment of the role that genetics will play in the next phase of research in this area.

Humans↗