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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

The ethics of home care: autonomy and accommodation.

The following report offers an initial exploration of home care and its distinctive ethical problems, particularly in the area of autonomy and allocation, and specifically with regard to the frail elderly...The principal source of the report was a...research project of The Hastings Center and the Division of Legal and Ethical Issues in Health Care at Montefiore Medical Center. This project was part of a...program in which the Retirement Research Foundation supported...research projects on the autonomy of the elderly in long term care... Additional material...comes from a Hastings Center project... This earlier project involved a comparative study of home care for the elderly and community-based care of the mentally ill. It provided an initial exploration of many of the ethical issues crucial to this report....

Aged↗

[The relation between work activity and retirement plans].

In the course of the research project "Work Activities and Retirement Plans" financed by the National Foundation of Research, a study was made to explore the consequences of longterm working activities on planning of the time of retirement. 200 persons at the age of 64 years, working on shop floor of enterprises in the metal industry were asked about their work, leizure and plans about the approaching retirement. It was hypothesized that plans are necessary for the successful coping of the retirement situation. For the setting up of plans it is required that social and cognitive competence can be acquired and constantly trained. It has been shown that the proportion of persons with none or unspecific plans rises with the span of action getting smaller. Furthermore the study showed that persons who could train their cognitive competence at work set up more plans with cognitive content than persons who could not: the analogical result has been found with the social competence.

Achievement↗

EBRI research highlights: health benefits.

The Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI) is a nonpartisan, nonprofit public policy research organization based in Washington, DC, that has been researching economic security issues for almost 25 years. Founded in 1978, its mission is to contribute to, encourage, and enhance the development of sound employee benefit programs and sound public policy through objective research and education. EBRI does not lobby and does not take positions on legislative proposals. EBRI receives funding from individuals, employers of all types, unions, foundations, and government. EBRI's research work has focused on retirement- and health-related issues, particularly involving pension/retirement plan coverage and health insurance coverage in the employment-based benefits system. EBRI is a major source of unbiased data on the uninsured and current trends involving 401(k), IRA, and traditional pension-type retirement plans. EBRI research programs also include economic modeling of Social Security reform proposals and development of the EBRI/ICI 401(k) database, the largest and most detailed of its kind. This EBRI Special Report/Issue Brief (May 2003) synthesizes highlights of recent EBRI research on health issues. The next Issue Brief (June 2003) will present recent EBRI research on retirement benefits. It should be stressed that this document contains only highlights of EBRI's collection of research and analysis; for greater detail and information, visit EBRI's Web site (www.ebri.org) or contact EBRI directly.

Adolescent↗

Profiling plans for retirement.

Actual decision making for retirement is largely inaccessible to investigation, yet research can focus on plans as a window into the preretirement process. This article proposes a construct that profiles five generic types of retirement plans, including plans to retire completely, change jobs, never retire, and uncertainty about retirement. The heuristic value of the construct lies in its recognition of the heterogeneity of retirement intentions. The five plan types were operationalized among workers aged 51-61 in the 1992 Health and Retirement Study. Convergent validity was demonstrated by comparisons to analogous survey questions. Construct validity was shown by predictable relationships between intentions and elements of workers' opportunity structure. The retirement-plans construct can serve as the foundation for a taxonomy of specific retirement plans (e.g., about timing, employment), to organize research on stability and change in retirement intentions, and characterize the path dependence of eventual retirement behavior.

Age Factors↗

Validation of dietary intakes of protein and energy against 24 hour urinary N and DLW energy expenditure in middle-aged women, retired men and post-obese subjects: comparisons with validation against presumed energy requirements.

OBJECTIVES: To compare validation of reported dietary intakes from weighed records against urinary nitrogen excretion and energy expenditure measured by DLW, and to examine the utility of the Goldberg cut-off for EI:BMR in the identification of under-reporters. DESIGN: Energy (EI) and nitrogen (protein) intake (NI) were measured by 16 d of weighed diet records collected over 1 y. They were validated against urinary nitrogen excretion in 5-8 (mean 6.0) 24 h urine collections and total energy expenditure (EE) measured by doubly labelled water (DLW). Basal metabolic rate (BMR) as measured by whole body calorimetry in women or bedside ventilated hood (Deltatrac) in men. Individual subjects were identified as under-reporters if Urine N:NI was > 1.00 or if EI:EE was < 0.79. The agreement between the two ratios in detecting under-reporting was examined. The results from the direct validation by DLW were also compared with validation using the Goldberg cut-off for EI:BMR (Goldberg et al, 1991). SUBJECTS: Eighteen women aged 50-65 y and 27 men aged 55-87 y were selected from participants in two larger dietary surveys as representing the full range of dietary reporting as measured by Urine N:NI. Data from a previous study of 11 post-obese subjects were also included. RESULTS: The two ratios, Urine N:NI and EI:EE, were significantly related (r = -0.48, P < 0.01). Using the above cut-offs, seven (4F, 3M) subjects were identified as under-reporters by both methods, one (1M) by Urine N:NI only and 8 (3F, 5M) by EI:EE only. There was close agreement in post-obese subjects where 6 subjects showed a substantial degree of under-reporting by both methods (r = -0.87, P < 0.001). The correlation between direct validation by DLW and EI:BMRest was 0.65 (P < 0.001). Some limitations of the Goldberg cut-off for identifying individual under-reporters were demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: EI:EE provides an estimate of the degree of under-reporting of energy at the group and individual level. Urine N:NI identifies under-reporting of protein intake and the most obvious under-reporters of energy, but is probably of lesser value in estimating the overall degree of under-reporting of energy at group level. Good validation by EI:BMR depends on knowledge of physical activity at both group and individual level. However, the correlation of 0.65 between EI:EE and EI:BMRest suggests that EI:BMR could be usefully incorporated into analysis of data from epidemiological studies. Validation measures consisting of at least predicted EI:BMR ratios and urinary measures should be incorporated into dietary surveys. SPONSORSHIP: This work was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, the Medical Research Council, the Cancer Research Council and the Swedish Medical Research Council and the Henning and Johan Throne-Holst Foundation.

Aged↗

Employment transitions for older nurses: a qualitative study.

AIM: This paper aims to explore the influences on employment related decision making in respect of nurses over 50 in the United Kingdom. It investigates the retirement and labour market relationship through the diverse experiences of older nurses and stakeholders in nursing. BACKGROUND: The ageing of the United Kingdom nursing workforce constitutes a potential challenge for the National Health Services. There is evidence of increasing efforts to address this issue by encouraging older nurses to remain in the profession, dissuading early retirement and attracting nurses who have retired to return to nursing. However, decision-making by older nurses is influenced by a wide spectrum of factors and perceived employment options. BACKGROUND: The paper is based on research commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation as part of its Transitions Over 50 programme. It derives from concern about inadequate knowledge of, and under-developed policy responses to, the ageing United Kingdom workforce and the specific implications of this age shift for the nursing labour market. The research consisted of interviews with nurses over 50 and key stakeholders in nursing in the United Kingdom. Stakeholders included employers, advisers and policy makers in nursing. METHOD: Interviews with older nurses and stakeholders in nursing were conducted over a period of 12 months. They included face-to-face and telephone semi-structured interviews with 84 nurses over 50 and 18 key stakeholders in nursing in the United Kingdom. Stakeholders included employers, advisers and policy-makers. FINDINGS: Employers, policy makers and advisers and older nurses all identified a range of influences on nurses' employment decisions including a lack of flexible hours, the stress of work, pension-related expectations and the pace of change. Some of these related to negative aspects of work that led nurses to leave ('push' factors), and others to the presence of positive factors in nursing or in pension options ('pull' factors). CONCLUSION: The study highlighted the need for increased implementation of more flexible hours of work and greater availability of part-time hours for older nurses. It revealed the salience of improved pay, adequate and flexible pensions provision, and opportunities for continued professional development to the recruitment and retention of older nurses.

Age Factors↗

Brian Blundell Boycott, 10 December 1924 - 22 April 2000.

Brian Blundell Boycott was an outstanding zoologist and neurobiologist. His early research (1947-52), at the Anatomy Department of University College London and at the Stazione Zoologica in Naples, Italy, was on learning and memory in cephalopods and the functional architecture of the octopus brain. From 1952 to 1970 he was a teacher of zoology and later neurobiology at University College London (Zoology Department). Brain's research interests changed in the early 1960s, when he began studying the mammalian retina. Over a period of 35 years he produced many seminal papers that laid the foundation for our modern understanding of the cell types and synaptic connections that form the basis of parallel processing in the retina. In 1970 Brian moved to the Medical Research Council (MRC) Biophysics Unit at King's College London, from which he retired as Director at the end of 1989. He continued to be an active researcher at Guy's Hospital Medical School (1990-97) and in the Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London (1997-2000). Brian was a modest and kind person, generous in sharing ideas and material; he liked to interact and cooperate with other people and was very supportive of young scientists.

History, 20th Century↗

[Research career in Argentina].

The National Research Council of Argentina (CONICET) was founded in 1958, and the Research Career opened officially two years later (1960). Originally, 214 scientists belonged to this Career, increasing slowly to 3642 members in 1999. There are 5 categories of investigators, besides the Clinical Investigator class for the area of Medical Sciences. Investigators comprise 46%, while Technicians (34%) and Fellows (20%) account for the rest of CONICET research personnel. The low number of Fellows is a matter of worry, although Fellows from universities, local councils and private foundations contribute to increase their total number. There is an irregular regional distribution of Investigators, most of whom work in the Federal Capital and Province of Buenos Aires (61%). Increasing the salary of those living outside the metropolitan area did not solve the problem. Input to the Research Career has been erratic and not well planned, while mechanisms for personnel output due to low productivity or retirement age has had variable and erratic policies. The problem the Research Career is facing is similar to that of other areas of CONICET, due to an extremely low budget. Hopefully, new CONICET authorities will be active scientists considering Science and Technology as a Matter of State, just as important for the country as health, education or recovery of the Malvinas Islands.

Academies and Institutes↗

The Contributions of Wayne Ruppenthal to the Field of Music Therapy.

This paper examines the career of Wayne Ruppenthal, considered one of the early pioneers in the field of music therapy. He began his practice in the late 1940s and his clinical accomplishments at Topeka State Hospital, spanned nearly two decades during the height of Freudian psychoanalysis and "milieu" therapy prescribed by The Menninger Foundation. Ruppenthal received his education at The University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, and was the first graduate of the Master's of Music Education in Functional Music program in 1948. His contributions to the profession were significant and enduring and included establishing formal clinical practice and training standards, assisting with development of the National Association for Music Therapy (NAMT), and promoting the credibility of music therapy through published research. He retired from Topeka State Hospital in 1968. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Wayne Ruppenthal, who died on August 31, 1997.

Journal Article↗

Spiritual support and psychological well-being: older adults' perceptions of the religion and health connection.

CONTEXT: A growing body of literature suggests that religion and spirituality can help older adults to maintain and recover both physical and mental health. OBJECTIVE: To better understand how older adults perceive the role played by religious belief and activity in maintaining and recovering health and to explore the hypothesis that spiritual support contributes to increased sense of coherence and enhanced psychological well-being. DESIGN: Qualitative research (i.e., focus groups and interviews). SETTING: Two continuing care retirement communities. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 41 male and female residents aged 66 to 92 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Concepts were identified and tracked, leading to hypothesis generation and theory refinement. RESULTS: Most of the older adults in this study believed that a higher power (i.e., God) supports them constantly, protecting, guiding, teaching, helping, and healing. They believe that prayer can heal both physical and mental illness, if it is God's will to do so. God is perceived to work through the mundane world (e.g., through physicians, medicine, loving friends, and helpful strangers). Many expressed the belief that having a relationship with God forms the foundation of their psychological well-being. CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings suggest that religious belief may have a significant influence on the psychological well-being of older adults, and that the subjective experience of spiritual support may form the core of the spirituality-health connection.

Aged↗

Harry Sicher, MD, DSc.: pioneer dental anatomist.

Harry Sicher, MD, DSc (1889-1974), a world-renowned and highly respected head, neck and dental anatomist, received his MD from the University of Vienna Medical School in his native Austria in 1913. Studying under the famed Dr. Julius Tandler, Sicher received a broad and solid foundation in all aspects of anatomy. He clearly understood that anatomic structure was closely related to body function. After graduating from medical school, Dr. Sicher specialized in dentistry, where he worked in clinical practice, teaching and research. He remained associated with the University of Vienna until 1938, when Hitler's annexation of Austria forced Jewish intellectuals to flee from Europe. Sicher emigrated to Chicago in 1939 where he became a professor and chairman of the anatomy department at the Loyola Dental School until his retirement as professor emeritus in 1960. The extent of Harry Sicher's knowledge and scientific productivity was staggering. He studied and understood the complexities of many scientific disciplines, including anthropology, applied head, neck and oral anatomy, biology, bone metabolism, comparative anatomy, embryology, endocrinology, entomology, evolutionary biology, histology, occlusion, pathology and physiology. His collaborations with Drs. Balint J. Orban and Joseph P. Weinmann were especially productive. In the classroom, his teaching skills were legendary. As a roving lecturer, he spoke to dental, medical and specialty audiences worldwide for decades. He had the rare ability to make a description of the human body come vibrantly alive. Several of his books, Oral Anatomy (1949), Bone and Bones (1944) and Orban's Oral Histology and Embryology (1962, 1966, 1972) became authoritative textbooks for dentists throughout the world.

Anatomy↗

Turnover, age and length of service: a comparison of nurses and other staff in the National Health Service.

Using information collected from more than 100 district health authorities in England for the year 1989-1990, this paper examines turnover rates amongst a range of nursing and other staff groups in the National Health Service (NHS), and their relationship to the age and length of service characteristics of the labour force. The evidence collected suggests that the NHS employs a significantly younger workforce than is found in the economy as a whole. The age profile of nurses is even more skewed towards younger age groups than that of non-nursing staff working in the NHS. Nurses tend on average to have longer lengths of service than non-nursing staff groups, and it would seem that the average length of service has increased over the last 20 years, certainly amongst registered nurses. Overall, the study found an annual turnover rate amongst all NHS staff of 13.6%. Turnover rates were significantly higher among full-time staff than part-time, and amongst non-nursing staff groups compared with nurses. Broadly, turnover rates decline with age then rise close to retirement. However, there is a more complex relationship between length of service and turnover: turnover rates tend to be high in the first year of service, and to remain high or even rise during the second year of service, before declining. Turnover remains a poorly understood issue in the NHS. The evidence presented here should move some aspects of debate onto a more solid empirical foundation.

Adult↗

Neurosurgery at the University of Virginia.

Before 1937, members of the Department of Surgery and Gynecology practiced emergency neurosurgery at the University of Virginia in the same fashion as in other hospitals in the United States. In 1937, Claude C. Coleman, Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, organized a Division of Neurosurgery as part of the Department of Surgery and Gynecology at the University of Virginia. He designated one of his staff members, John M. Meredith, as Neurosurgeon-in-charge. Dr. Coleman served as Clinical Professor of Neurological Surgery at the University of Virginia from 1937 to 1941, while also working in Richmond. This arrangement attracted increasing numbers of patients, leading to the formation of a separate department, under the direction of William Gayle Crutchfield, in 1941. In conjunction with Juan de Dios Martinez-Galindo, who joined the faculty in 1943, Dr. Crutchfield built and directed the neurosurgical training program until his retirement. In 1969, John A. Jane, Sr., became Professor and Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery. Pursuing the Jeffersonian intent of attracting "... those of due degree of science and of talents for instruction," the Department has been enhanced by the arrival of Neal F. Kassell in 1984, Ladislau Steiner in 1987, Edward R. Laws, Jr., in 1992, Dheerendra Prasad in 1995, Gregory Helm in 1996, and Mark Shaffrey in 1997. Resident training has been a priority of the Department of Neurosurgery; many academic neurosurgeons were trained and practiced their specialty in the Department early in their careers. Sixty years after its foundation, the Department of Neurosurgery continues its commitment to patient care, research, and the "... instruction of those who come after us."

Education, Medical, Graduate↗