[Morphology and anatomy of underground organs of Chinese Rheum (Rheum palmatum L.) experimentally cultivated in the Belgrade area. 2d report].
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Plants, Medicinal↗
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[Clinical and experimental studies of rheum on preventing progression of chronic renal failure].
Rheum, a well known herb unique in its cathartic effect is now introduced to prevent progression of uremia. A clinical prospective trial was conducted to evaluate its effect in comparison with the Captopril. 30 cases with initial Scr level of 344.8 +/- 114.0 mumol/L were allocated randomly to 3 groups. Rheum E treated group, Captopril treated group and Rheum E + Captopril group. The long term (6-22 mos) follow-up results showed that the progression rate of renal failure, calculated by regression analysis of 1/Scr vs time, was found to be retarded after treatment, being more marked in both Rheum E and Rheum E + Captopril group. Uremic symptoms improved after the treatment with serum albumin level increased. To explore the mechanism of therapeutic effects of Rheum on CRF, a series of experimental studies were performed. Rheum can suppress the proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells in culture. In 5/6 nephrectomized rats, the O2 consumption of remnant kidney was obviously decreased by feeding the animal Rheum E and the hypermetabolic state was ameliorated as well. A group of 5/6 nephrectomized rats were fed with Rheum E for 28 wks. It was found that the level of azotemia of this treated group was lessened remarkably as compared with the controls. The serum albumin and transferrin contents of the treated animals were much higher than the controls while the blood cholesterol and triglycerides decreased unexpectedly. In conclusion, both the in vivo and in vitro studies have proved the effectiveness of Rheum in preventing the progression of CRF.
Adult↗
Molecular phylogeny, recent radiation and evolution of gross morphology of the rhubarb genus Rheum (Polygonaceae) inferred from chloroplast DNA trnL-F sequences.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Rheum, a highly diversified genus with about 60 species, is mainly confined to the mountainous and desert regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and adjacent areas. This genus represents a good example of the extensive diversification of the temperate genera in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, in which the forces to drive diversification remain unknown. To date, the infrageneric classification of Rheum has been mainly based on morphological characters. However, it may have been subject to convergent evolution under habitat pressure, and the systematic position of some sections are unclear, especially Sect. Globulosa, which has globular inflorescences, and Sect. Nobilia, which has semi-translucent bracts. Recent palynological research has found substantial contradictions between exine patterns and the current classification of Rheum. Two specific objectives of this research were (1) to evaluate possible relationships of some ambiguous sections with a unique morphology, and (2) to examine possible occurrence of the radiative speciation with low genetic divergence across the total genus and the correlation between the extensive diversification time of Rheum and past geographical events, especially the recent large-scale uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. METHODS: The chloroplast DNA trnL-F region of 29 individuals representing 26 species of Rheum, belonging to seven out of eight sections, was sequenced and compared. The phylogenetic relationships were further constructed based on the sequences obtained. KEY RESULTS: Despite the highly diversified morphology, the genetic variation in this DNA fragment is relatively low. The molecular phylogeny is highly inconsistent with gross morphology, pollen exine patterns and traditional classifications, except for identifying all samples of Sect. Palmata, three species of Sect. Spiciformia and a few species of Sect. Rheum as corresponding monophyletic groups. The monotypic Sect. Globulosa showed a tentative position within the clade comprising five species of Sect. Rheum. All of the analyses revealed the paraphyly of R. nobile and R. alexandrae, the only two species of Sect. Nobilia circumscribed by the possession of large bracts. The crude calibration of lineages based on trnL-F sequence differentiation implied an extensive diversification of Rheum within approx. 7 million years. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, it is suggested that the rich geological and ecological diversity caused by the recent large-scale uplifts of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the late Tertiary, coupled with the oscillating climate of the Quaternary stage, might have promoted rapid speciation in small and isolated populations, as well as allowing the fixation of unique or rare morphological characters in Rheum. Such a rapid radiation, combined with introgressive hybridization and reticulate evolution, may have caused the transfer of cpDNA haplotypes between morphologically dissimilar species, and might account for the inconsistency between morphological classification and molecular phylogeny reported here.
Biological Evolution↗
Clinical effects of rheum and captopril on preventing progression of chronic renal failure.
A clinical trial, to evaluate the effects of a Chinese herbal drug, Rheum E and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, Captopril on chronic renal failure (CRF), was conducted. Thirty cases with initial serum creatinine (Scr) levels of 344.8 +/- 114.0 mumol/L were allocated randomly to 3 groups: Rheum E treated group, Captopril treated group and Rheum E + Captopril group. A control group of 12 cases were on dietary therapy alone. During the 6-22 months of treatment, all the patients were kept on low-protein (0.6g/kg/d), and low-phosphorus (10mg/kg/d) diet. The results showed that the progression rate of renal failure, calculated by regression analysis of 1/Scr vs time, was found to be retarded after treatment with the increased regression coefficient (b value). Scr levels and blood urea nitrogen were kept stable or fell slightly. Albumin rose during the follow-up period (P less than 0.05) in the treated patients, being more marked in both Rheum E and Rheum E + Captopril groups. Uremic symptoms of nausea, anorexia improved in most of the treated patients. It is concluded that long-term low-dose Rheum E taken orally is beneficial to CRF. Its effect is better than that of Captopril. The regime of Rheum E and Captopril is a preferable choice in the long-term treatment for preventing progression of CRF.
Adult↗
Molecular analysis of Rheum species used as Rhei Rhizoma based on the chloroplast matK gene sequence and its application for identification.
Rhei Rhizoma (Dahuang in Chinese) is widely known as a purgative and antiinflammatory agent. In the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, Rhei Rhizoma is prescribed for four Rheum species, Rheum palmatum, R. tanguticum, R. officinale, and R. coreanum, while the first three species are prescribed for Dahuang in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Due to the morphologic similarity of the aerial parts and frequent occurrence of intermediate forms, the taxonomy of this genus and the correct identification of Rheum species and their derivative drugs are very difficult. To resolve taxonomic problems of the genus Rheum and develop an ultimate identification method for plants and drugs, molecular analysis of the chloroplast matK gene and nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA gene were performed on nine species. The sequence comparison of the matK gene revealed that most species had variable sequences not only inter- but also intraspecies. However, the specimens of the same species belonged to the same subclade in the phylogenetic tree constructed based on matK gene sequences, except for R. palmatum, in which specimens belonged to three subclades related to their production areas. The nucleotide differences at positions 587, 707, and 838 distinguished official species from others, while specific nucleotides at positions 367 and 937 became identification markers for R. palmatum, R. tanguticum, and R. officinale (or R. coreanum). Moreover, three groups of R. palmatum, each belonging to three subclades, were characterized by the nucleotides at positions 619, 769, 883, and 1061. By detecting marker nucleotides, the botanical origins of Rhei Rhizoma were determined.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
[Effect of Rheum palmatum decoction on increasing intelligence].
OBJECTIVE: To observe the nootropic effect of Rheum palmatum decoction in mice. METHOD: Step-down test. RESULTS: Rheum palmatum decoction could increase learning and memory ability of old mice and also improve the impairments of memory acquisition, memory consolidation and memory retrieval induced by scopalamine, NaNO2 and 40% EtOH respectively in mice. CONCLUSION: Rheum palmatum decoction contains the substances of increasing intelligence which may be substantial basis of the decoctions mainly containing Rheum palmatum theraping aphasia from apoplexy, senile dysmnesis, sequel from brain trauma, etc.
Animals↗
[Determination of six effective components in Rheum by cyclodextrin modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography].
AIM: To determine six effective components (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, rhaponticin, physcion and chrysophanol) in Rheum. METHODS: Using buffer solution containing 20 mmol.L-1 borax, 20 mmol.L-1 sodium deoxycholate (SDC), 20 mmol.L-1 sodium taurocholate (STC), 15 mmol.L-1 beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) and O-phthalic acid as the internal standard, the six components were determined by cyclodextrin modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. RESULTS: In less than 25 min, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, rhaponticin, physion and chrysophanol were separated. The separation conditions were optimized by adjusting buffer pH, concentrations of SDC, STC and beta-CD. The linearity ranges of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, rhaponticin, physcion and chrysophanol were 4-34, 5-40, 4-60, 5-80, 6-90 and 5-85 micrograms.mL-1 respectively. Relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method was less than 2.2%. The recoveries of aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, rhaponticin, physcion and chrysophanol were 100.0%, 98.3%, 100.4%, 94.6%. 95.2% and 93.8% respectively. Raw Rheum, Mongolian Rheum and Rheum tanguticum samples were analyzed. CONCLUSION: This method can be an effective one for identification of Rhubarb.
Anthraquinones↗
Anthraquinones in Rheum palmatum and Rumex dentatus (Polygonaceae), and phorbol esters in Jatropha curcas (Euphorbiaceae) with molluscicidal activity against the schistosome vector snails Oncomelania, Biomphalaria and Bulinus.
Hot water extracts of Rheum plamatum and Rheum dentatus (from China) showed molluscicidal activity against the snails Oncomelania hupensis, Biomphalaria glabrata and Bulinus globosus, which are vectors of Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni and S. haematobium, respectively. Activity was correlated with antraquinones which were identified by HPLC: rhein and chrysophanol-anthron were most active (> 50% dead snails after 2 days in a 0.03% solution). Molluscicidal activity was intermediate with Rheum-emodin and physcion and was not detectable with cinnamic acid or Aloe-emodin. The snail O. hupensis tended to be more sensitive for several compounds than B. glabrata. Extracts of Jatropha curcas seeds (from Mali) showed molluscicidal activity against both B. glabrata and O. hupensis, the latter being the more sensitive snail. The activity was associated with phorbol esters extracted from Jatropha oil. Of the pure phorbol esters tested, 4 beta-phorbol-13-decanoate killed both snail species at a concentration of 0.001% (10 p.p.m). As Jatropha is locally grown in Mali for other purposes, it might potentially be exploited for schistosomiasis control.
Animals↗
[Study on the Rheum palmatum volatile oil against HBV in cell culture in vitro].
The antiHBV effect of Rheum palmatum Volatile oil was studied by using 2215 cell line transfected with HBV DNA. At the same time MTT method was applied for the detection of cytoxicity of drugs, selecting acyclovir(ACV) as control medicine. It turns out that the toxic concentration of Rheum palmatum Volatile oil for 50% cells was (CD50) > 1.25 x 10(-1) g/L. When concentration was below 0.625 x 10(-1) g/L, the survival rate of cells was over 90%. The maximum inhibitory rates for HBsAg and HBeAg were 70.71 +/- 5.4% and 30.99 +/- 5.3% respectively. This shows Rheum palmatum Volatile oil possesses the effect of antiHBV in vitro.
Acyclovir↗
Vasorelaxant effect of stilbenes from rhizome extract of rhubarb (Rheum undulatum) on the contractility of rat aorta.
The vascular relaxant effect of the rhizome extract of Rheum undulatum was evaluated with isolated rat thoracic aorta preparations. The methanol extract of the rhizome induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of aortic preparations precontracted with 0.3 microm phenylephrine (EC50 value: 5.8 microg/mL). The activity-guided fractionation of the extract led to the isolation of seven hydroxystilbene components as active principles, i.e. piceatannol, resveratrol, desoxyrhapontigenin, rhapontigenin, piceid, rhaponticin and epsilon-viniferin. Of these, piceatannol, a tetrahydroxystilbene, exhibited the most potent vascular relaxant effect in rat aortic preparations (EC50 value 2.4 microm). The vasorelaxant effect of piceatannol on endothelium-intact aorta rings was diminished completely by the removal of functional endothelium or by pretreatment of the aortic tissues with N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. These results suggest that piceatannol may be the major mediator responsible for the vasorelaxing properties of the rhizome extract of Rheum undulatum and the vasorelaxant effects of the piceatannol may be mediated via endothelium-dependent nitric oxide signaling pathway.
Animals↗
In vitro anti-cariogenic activity of dichloromethane fraction from Rheum undulatum L. root.
This study aimed to evaluate in vitro effects of Rheum undulatum L. root on the development of dental caries, especially its effects on viability, dental plaque formation, and glycolytic acid production of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Methanol extract of Rheum undulatum L. root and its fractions were prepared and tested. Among the test extract and fractions, dichloromethane fraction (DF) showed the most active antibacterial activity (inhibition zone: 13-17 mm) against S. mutans and S. sobrinus in a disc diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of DF against these bacteria ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 mg/mL. Furthermore, DF significantly inhibited the caries-inducing factors of these bacteria. At sub-MIC levels, DF inhibited in vitro dental plaque formation by S. mutans and S. sobrinus (IC50= 0.079 and 0.142 mg/mL, respectively), which was caused, in part, by the inhibitory effect on the activity of glucosyltransferases. A significant reduction of glycolytic acid production was found at the concentration as low as 0.032 mg/mL for S. mutans and 0.063 mg/mL for S. sobrinus. The possible bioactive compounds that are inducing in vitro anti-cariogenic activity of DF are unknown. Based on the preliminary phytochemical analysis, the activity of DF may be related to the presence of anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, coumarines, sterols/terpenes, and phenolics. These results indicate that DF is probably useful for the control of dental plaque formation and subsequent dental caries development.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Novel antioxidants isolated from plants of the genera Ferula, Inula, Prangos and Rheum collected in Uzbekistan.
We examined the effects of 48 compounds isolated from Ferula pallida, F. penninervis, Inula macrophylla, Prangos pabularia, P. tschimganica and Rheum maximowiczii collected in Uzbekistan on ADP/Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation of egg yolk phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Of those compounds, 23 inhibited ADP/Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation and nine showed especially strong inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Most compounds that inhibited peroxidation scavenged the 1,1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, indicating that the inhibition was due to radical scavenging. However, some compounds did not scavenge DPPH but inhibited lipid peroxidation significantly, suggesting that their inhibitory effect was not due to radical scavenging but to some other mechanism, such as prevention of Fe2+ function. Thus, we found various new antioxidants, some of which had a unique mechanism of action, in Ferula, Inula, Prangos and Rheum plants collected in Uzbekistan as seeds used in medicine.
Antioxidants↗
Study on anti-Oketsu activity of rhubarb II. Anti-allergic effects of stilbene components from Rhei undulati Rhizoma (dried rhizome of Rheum undulatum cultivated in Korea).
Methanol extract (RM-ext) obtained from the dried rhizome of Rheum undulatum was screened for activity in experimental models of type I allergy. RM-ext exhibited the inhibition on 48-h homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in rats and an antigen-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Among nine stilbenes isolated from RM-ext, seven inhibited the histamine release. Rhapontigenin (compound 1), piceatannol (2) and piceatannol 3'-beta-D-glycoside (6) with oral administration showed the inhibition on PCA. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited the inhibitory effect on sheep red blood cell-induced delayed-type hyper sensitivity (SRBC-DTH) of type IV allergic model. These results indicated that the rhizome of Rheum undulatum inhibits the allergic reactions and that these inhibitory effects may be partially attributable to the stilbenes mentioned above.
Animals↗
Effects of Rheum tanguticum polysaccharide on TNBS -induced colitis and CD4+T cells in rats.
AIM: To study the effects of Rheum tanguticum polysaccharide(-1) (RTP(-1)) on ulcerative colitis in rats induced by 2, 4, 6-trinitrophene sulphonic acid (TNBS) and their possible mechanism. METHODS: RTP1 (200 mg.kg(-1), i.g.) extracted from Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Regel was administrated to rats with colitis induced by TNBS for 5 d, 7 d, 10 d and 14 d, respectively. The effects of RTP1 and dexamethasone (DX, 0.2 mg.kg(-1), i.g.) were contrastively investigated. The MPO level and SOD activity were determined by chromatometry. The expansion and protein expression of CD4+T lymphocytes isolated from colon mucosae and mesenteric lymph nodes of colitis rats were performed by immunohistochemical analysis and Western-blot methods. RESULTS: Treatments of RTP1 (200 mg.kg(-1), i.g.) significantly reduced diarrhea, mortality, colon mass, ulcer areas and MPO level in colon mucosae on days 5, 7, 10 and 14 (5.2+/-1.4, 5.4+/-0.7, 5.2+/-1.8, P<0.05. 3.4+/-0.8, P<0.01. 16.1+/-12.1, P<0.01. 31.8+/-8.6, 17.7+/-5.3, 12.7+/-4.1, P<0.05). The effects of RTP1 were similar to those noted above in DX group, but there were no immunosuppressive effects of DX in RTP(-1) group, such as body mass loss, thymus and spleen atrophy. The decreased number and down-regulated protein levels of CD4+T cells isolated from the colon of colitis rats treated with RTP1 were found. CONCLUSION: RTP1 shows significantly protective effects but lower side effects on rats with colitis induced by TNBS. The mechanism may be due to the resistance to over expansion of CD4.
Animals↗
[Production of anthracene derivatives in elicited tissue cultures of Rheum palmatum L].
With a few exceptions, the characteristic problem of cultivation of plant explants in in vitro cultures is a low production of secondary metabolites by these cultures. One of the methods, which can achieve an increase in the production of natural substances in in vitro cultures, is elicitation of cell cultures. The effect of the biotic elicitor Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the form of a homogenate and an aqueous suspension of dead cells on the production of anthracene derivatives by the tissue culture of Rheum palmatum L. of different age and origin was examined. The culture was cultivated on a Murashige-Skoog medium with an addition of 10 mg.l-1 of alpha-naphthylacetic acid. The maximal content of anthracene derivatives found by photometric determination according to PhBs 4 was demonstrated in an eight years old culture (1.027%) after six hour elicitation with an aqueous suspension of dead cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.7 mg of dry matter/1 ml of solution). The culture newly derived from the root of the intact plant Rheum palmatum L. responded to elicitation more sensitively than the culture derived from the seed; nevertheless the content of anthracene derivatives was lower than in the eight years old culture.
Anthracenes↗
[Effect of the biotic elicitor, Candida utilis, on the production of anthracene derivatives in a tissue culture of Rheum palmatum L].
The paper studied the effect of the homogenate of Candida utilis on the production of anthracene derivatives by the callus and suspension culture of Rheum palmatum L. of different age and origin. The culture was cultivated on a Murashige-Skoog medium with an addition of 10 mg.l-1 of alpha-naphthylacetic acid. A positive effect on the production was caused mainly by the elicitation of the suspension culture. The maximal content of anthracene derivatives (1.346%), found by photometric determination according to PhBs 4, was demonstrated after 6-hour action of the homogenate of Candida utilis of a concentration of 0.143 mg/30 ml of the medium in an eight-year old culture derived from the root of the intact plant Rheum palmatum. A one-year-old culture derived from the root of the intact and germinating plant reacted to elicitation more sensitively as there was an increase in production up to 228% in comparison with the control. However, the content of anthracene derivatives was lower than in the eight-year-old culture. In contrast to the suspension culture, the production of anthracene derivatives in the callus culture was influenced by elicitation only in the minimal extent.
Anthracenes↗
[Studies on non-anthraquinones in Rheum officinale Baill].
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the non-anthraquinones from the root and rootstock of Rheum officinale. METHOD: The chemical constituents were obtained from the 85% alcohol extract of the radix and rhizoma of R. officinale by column chromatography and identified by spectroscopic analysis. RESULT: Ten non-anthraquinones were obtained, of which eight were identified by spectroscopic analysis as rheosmine, daucosterol, d-catechin, 6-cinnamoylisolindleyin, (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, resveratrol-4'-O-beta-D-(6"-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside, gallic acid, D-sorbitol. CONCLUSION: Compounds rheosmine and D-sorbitol were obtained from the genus Rheum for the first time.
Plant Roots↗
[Studies on hypoglycemic action of Rheum emodi].
The hypoglycemic action has been studied with the 95% ethyl alcohol extract and stilbene glycoside E (exists in a large amount), which are obtained from Rheum emodi. The experimental result shows us the utilization value of R. emodi. In the meanwhile, as tell us how to use the sect Rheum resources.
Animals↗