[Nurses and risk management. Risk management in the hospital, concepts to be put in place].
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The management of the clinician who generates complaints and claims on a regular basis, raises issues of professional responsibility and presents ethical challenges for the defence team, in addition to the immediate practical need for advice and representation. This short session examines some of these issues and suggests some ways that are already being used to address them.
For a number of years the health care risk management industry has been addressing unplanned and unanticipated adverse events. Organizations that are proactive in their approach to risk and quality management will have big payoffs in clinical quality improvement, service quality improvement, employee satisfaction, and customer satisfaction.
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Risk can lead to catastrophe. Risk-management systems are highly effective in preventing the catastrophes of fire, earthquakes, and work-site injuries. No such effective systems are present to prevent health and social problems. A practical, cost-effective system to manage risk in children is being developed by the nonprofit Arizona Health Evaluation and Longevity Planning (HELP) Foundation. Information regarding such risk is collected in the school setting. This voluntary information comes from the administration, the school nurse, physical fitness testing, blood testing by the local hospital, self-esteem instruments, and parent, teacher, and child questionnaires. The HELP Foundation then develops an individual child and class risk profile that is presented to the teacher, school nurse, principal, and parent. Those involved with each child then prioritize, plan, and implement programs and activities to manage the identified risk(s). Risks is tracked throughout the child's school career by periodic reassessment. Evaluation of change in problem outcome will be a natural extension of the process.
Risk management is viewed as a systematic process based on multiprofessional and multi-agency decision-making. A learning pack was developed as part of a team-based learning project aiming to encourage and develop collaborative working practice. This brought different professionals and agencies working in mental health together to learn. There is little doubt that mental health practice is a source of stress for practitioners. Apart from the stress associated with managing 'risky' situations, risk management is also a relatively new concept. This can increase stress around ability to cope, both on an individual practitioner level and in teams. This article reports the impact that the learning pack had on team members' stress, specifically work-related stress. A range of scales were used to measure change in stress and results demonstrated reduced work-related pressure in a number of areas following the learning. The implications for team learning in relation to clinical risk management are discussed in light of the findings.
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Risk management is formally defined as the process by which an organization assesses and addresses its risks. Historically, the role of risk management has been associated with insurance-buying, occupational safety and health, and legal liability management. In recent years managers and physicians alike have begun to recognize that organizational risks are pervasive, that these risks are extraordinarily diverse and complex, and that these risks are not just confined to "insurable" or accident-related situations. They may include risks arising from actions of regulatory bodies, third party payers, hospitals, partners, and employees, in addition to the physiatrist's personal or business investment, management and clinical practice. Furthermore, changing customer and patient preferences and/or expectations make the assessment of risk an even more dynamic and continuous process. This article describes the formal risk management process and suggests ways that physiatrists can apply risk management to their business and clinical practice. In developing this description, physiatrists and their office managers will learn about the overall goals and objectives of risk management, the challenge of identifying and analyzing risks, the tools and treatment options available, and the means by which risk management efforts are effectively implemented.
BACKGROUND: There exists a need to conceptualize and understand the roles that pharmacists serve to help convince others such as patients, prescribers, and payers to value their contributions and to plan for the roles they could serve in the future within the health care system. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to (1) describe and track differences in pharmacists' and patients' views about the pharmacist's and physician's role in medication risk management and risk assessment in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004, and (2) describe associations between selected demographic variables and reported opinions about the pharmacist's role using data from 2004. METHODS: Brushwood's Risk Management/Risk Assessment Framework was used as a conceptual guide for developing 2 risk management and 2 risk assessment scenarios. For each scenario, study participants were asked to select the level of responsibility shared by physicians and pharmacists in addressing the drug therapy problem. Data were collected in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004 using random samples of pharmacists and patients as study subjects. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used for analyzing the data. RESULTS: The results showed that pharmacists view their role as providing risk management information to patients and may view this role as adding value to patient care above and beyond a level that can be provided by a physician alone. In 2004, pharmacists started to view the risk assessment scenarios as being more their responsibility as well. Patients, on the other hand, consistently viewed their physician as having primary responsibility for their health care in all of the scenarios we studied. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists view their role as one that adds unique value to a patient's health through their provision of medication risk management and some types of risk assessment. However, patients do not yet view the pharmacist as the primary provider of either medication risk management or risk assessment information.
Risk managers now have data to prove the value of what they do: A new study shows that certain risk-management activities are associated with a lower number of claims against hospitals. And this year, risk managers' agendas are more crowded than ever before. They must comply with a host of new regulations mandated by the Patient Self-Determination Act, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and the Safe Medical Devices Act.
Risk assessment involves establishing scientifically defensible dose-response relationships for end points of concern. For Cr(VI)-contaminated soils, this includes conducting dose-response assessments for blood, liver, and kidney toxicity following oral exposure; lung cancer following inhalation exposure; and allergic contact dermatitis following dermal exposure. This dose-response information is then integrated with a site-specific exposure assessment (or default assumptions) in order to develop a site-specific (or generic) soil criterion within the framework of a comprehensive risk characterization. Risk managers develop cleanup standards designed to protect against all possible adverse effects, taking into account these site-specific (or generic) criteria and other factors such as technical feasibility, cost-benefit analyses, and socio-political concerns. Recently a push for cost-benefit analyses of environmental decisions has occurred, further supporting the need for risk assessors to prepare a comprehensive risk characterization, with its attendant uncertainties. These risk assessment and management issues are brought to the forefront by risk assessors and risk managers dealing with Cr(VI)-contaminated soils. This article offers a review and analysis of the risk characterization of Cr(VI)-contaminated soils, showing that the differing toxicities with route of exposures do not necessarily lead to different characterizations or risk. Soil concentrations in the range of 130 to 450 ppm appear to protect against noncancer toxicity from oral exposure, cancer toxicity from inhalation exposure, and allergic contact dermatitis from dermal exposure.
Risk managers are playing a more prominent role in hospitals. Regulatory mandates and quality and liability concerns are prompting an increase in their numbers and an elevation in their positions. Along with the rise in income and respect come changes in the qualifications expected of them.
In the past decade, the use of probabilistic risk analysis techniques to quantitatively address variability and uncertainty in risks increased in popularity as recommended by the 1994 National Research Council that wrote Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Under the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act, for example, the U.S. EPA supported the development of tools that produce distributions of risk demonstrating the variability and/or uncertainty in the results. This paradigm shift away from the use of point estimates creates new challenges for risk managers, who now struggle with decisions about how to use distributions in decision making. The challenges for risk communication, however, have only been minimally explored. This presentation uses the case studies of variability in the risks of dying on the ground from a crashing airplane and from the deployment of motor vehicle airbags to demonstrate how better characterization of variability and uncertainty in the risk assessment lead to better risk communication. Analogies to food safety and environmental risks are also discussed. This presentation demonstrates that probabilistic risk assessment has an impact on both risk management and risk communication, and highlights remaining research issues associated with using improved sensitivity and uncertainty analyses in risk assessment.
OBJECTIVE: Radiologists often regard risk management as a burden or even a threat. This article examines some of the most important reasons every radiologist should regard managing risk as an opportunity. CONCLUSION: There are short-term risks and costs to a program of risk management, but they are far less than the long-range costs of inaction. More importantly, managing risk well is an opportunity to excel as a physician and leader.
The healthcare environment is rapidly changing as managed care penetrates your community. Risk management in the office setting is becoming more critical as the strategies for preventing claims in the first place become more important. It is time to reexamine the environment that is being created, increase the involvement of patients in their own care, create documentation systems and recognize when you are at risk.
Recent health care reforms, the start of accreditation processes of health institutions, and the introduction also in the health system of risk management concepts and instruments, borrowed from the enterprise culture and the emphasis put on the protection of privacy, render evident the need and the urgency to define and to implement improvement processes of the organization and management of the medical documentation in the hospital with the aim of facilitation in fulfilment of regional and local health authorities policies about protection of the safety and improvement of quality of care. Currently the normative context that disciplines the management of medical records inside the hospital appears somewhat fragmentary, incomplete and however not able to clearly orientate health operators with the aim of a correct application of the enforced norms in the respect of the interests of the user and of local health authority. In this job we individuate the critical steps in the various phases of management process of the clinical folder and propose a new model of regulations, with the purpose to improve and to simplify the management processes and the modalities of compilation, conservation and release to entitled people of all clinical documentation.