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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Toward real-time quantification of driving risks: a systematic review and research agenda of risk field theory.

In complex traffic systems, driving risk often evolves in a continuous and progressive manner prior to crash occurrence. How to effectively represent and analyze such latent risk states remains a central challenge in traffic safety research. In recent years, risk field-based approaches have introduced spatial and spatiotemporal continuous modeling paradigms, providing new perspectives for characterizing the distribution of traffic risk and its dynamic evolution. Motivated by the rapid growth of this research area and the lack of a systematic synthesis, this paper presents a comprehensive review of studies applying risk field theory to driving safety and traffic risk analysis. Following the PRISMA guidelines, relevant literature was collected through multi-database searches and analyzed using a combination of bibliometric analysis and qualitative review. The review systematically summarizes the theoretical foundations, modeling elements, data sources, analytical methods, and application domains of risk field-related research. Particular attention is given to studies that conceptualize traffic risk as a continuous field, complemented by a broader review of traffic risk factor literature to identify key elements and analytical dimensions involved in risk field modeling. On this basis, the paper synthesizes research progress in major application areas, including traffic safety state representation, driving behavior analysis, traffic conflict assessment, and autonomous driving and human-machine cooperative systems. Differences and commonalities among existing studies are compared in terms of modeling strategies, data support, and application scenarios. Through this systematic review, the paper clarifies the main research themes and methodological trends of risk field-based studies, providing a structured framework for understanding the evolution and application of this approach and offering methodological insights for risk perception modeling and safety-oriented decision support in intelligent transportation systems (ITS).

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia.

The relation between exposure to electric and magnetic fields in the home, as assessed by measurements, wiring configuration, and self-reported appliance use, and risk of leukemia was investigated in a case-control study among children from birth to age 10 years in Los Angeles County, California. Cases were ascertained through a population-based tumor registry from 1980 to 1987. Controls were drawn from friends and by random digit dialing. Interviews were obtained from 232 cases and 232 controls. Available for analysis were measurements of the magnetic field in the child's bedroom over 24 hours or longer (164 cases and 144 controls), spot measurements of magnetic and electric fields (140 cases and 109 controls), and wiring configuration (219 cases and 207 controls). No clear associations between leukemia risk and measured magnetic or electric fields were seen. An association between the Denver Wertheimer-Leeper wiring configuration and childhood leukemia risk was observed (odds ratio for very high relative to very low current and underground configuration combined = 2.15, 95% confidence interval 1.08-4.28; p for trend = 0.008) and was not substantially altered by adjustment for potential confounding factors. Cases were more likely than controls to report use of several appliances that produce high electric and magnetic fields. Our results support an association between childhood leukemia risk and wiring configuration, but not direct measurements of electric and magnetic fields.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Exposure to electromagnetic fields and risk of leukemia.

Using the data from a case-control study performed in 958 age, sex and place of residence matched pairs of adult inhabitants of Polish towns, the risk of leukemia related to work in electromagnetic fields. Information concerning exposure to electromagnetic fields for 958 cases and corresponding number of nonionizing electromagnetic fields were mainly: short-wave diathermy, heat sealer, capacitor discharge welder and induction welder. For workers exposed to electromagnetic fields, the odds ratio (OR) was not significantly elevated all leukemias (p greater than 0.05).

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Extremely low-frequency electric and magnetic fields and risk of human cancer. Ad Hoc Working Group.

The reported association between the risk of human cancer and exposure to 50- or 60-Hz electric and magnetic fields is difficult to evaluate from studies published to date. The association is now being reexamined in several large epidemiologic studies. In most of the studies, exposure will be assessed with newly designed, portable meters that allow direct and precise measurements of exposure to be performed easily for large numbers of individuals. The main features of the studies are summarized. At a meeting of principal investigators held in 1988 at the International Agency for Research on Cancer, broad guidelines were agreed for the design of this new generation of studies. These guidelines should improve the comparability of results and eventually provide a clearer assessment of human-cancer risk from exposure to extremely low-frequency electric and magnetic fields.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Visual field change and risk factors for progression of visual field damage in low tension glaucoma].

The authors carried out a prospective study in an attempt to determine the possible effect of intraocular pressure (IOP) and some clinical factors on the clinical course of low tension glaucoma (LTG). During the study period all the patients were followed without any antiglaucoma medication. The enrollment criteria for the study were reproducible, mild to moderate field loss as defined as a mean defect (MD) of greater than 2 dB and less than 10 dB or corrected loss variance (CLV) of greater than 7 dB revealed by the Octopus 201, G1 program. Forty-two consecutive patients (56 eyes) who fulfilled this criteria were enrolled. Baseline and follow-up examinations included applanation tonometry, perimetry with G1 program, blood pressure and pulse rate. When the MD increased by 4 dB or more on two consecutive perimetry examinations, the field defect was judged as "progressed". During the follow-up period (6-51 months, 25.1 +/- 12.5 months), the field defect progressed in 14 eyes of 12 patients. The life-table analysis (Kaplan-Meier) revealed that the rate of nonprogression of visual field defects was 55.5% at 48 months. The rate of nonprogression was significantly lower in 16 eyes with a mean IOP equal to or higher than 15 mmHg as opposed to 40 eyes with that lower than 15 mmHg (34.3% and 67.2% respectively, p less than 0.05). The results seem to indicate that IOP is likely to be responsible for the aggravation of visual fields in LTG. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed that the discriminant function containing four variables gives the best separation between the "progressed" and "nonprogressed" group (discriminant efficacy: 83.9%).

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Calculating the predictive power of the Henson field screener in a population at risk of glaucomatous field loss.

Suprathreshold field screeners are in common use for the detection of glaucomatous field loss. The predictive power of a positive result (PP+) depends on the sensitivity and specificity of the screener in the population in which it is to be used. Using data from 755 normal individuals (1510 eyes), we calculated the PP+ of the Henson CFS2000 screening programme for a population aged 50 and over. 4.3% of normal eyes failed the screening programme. Ignoring one or two misses on the screening programme immediately adjacent to the disc reduced this figure to 1.3% and significantly improved the PP+ of the programme. Calculations of the PP+ at increasing glaucoma prevalence levels indicates this to be particularly relevant at low levels such as those encountered when screening middle aged and elderly populations. Optometrists should perform routine field analysis when screening for glaucoma provided they adhere to strict protocols.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Exposure to electromagnetic fields and the risk of leukemia.

Evidence from animal experiments and human studies suggests that electromagnetic fields may be human leukemogens. Epidemiological studies of leukemia in occupational groups and in the general populations are reviewed. The results are inconsistent. In the few studies showing an association between exposure to electromagnetic fields and the risk of leukemia, the temporal relationship between exposure and effect was not established, the observed associations were weak, the dose-response relationships were based on qualitative levels of exposure without regard to the duration of exposure or secondary sources of exposure, and the risk ratios were probably biased due to the population selection procedures used and misclassification of exposure. The proportionate mortality or cancer incidence ratios are unreliable estimates of relative risk. Further epidemiological research is needed to establish an association between exposure to electromagnetic fields and the risk of leukemia.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The importance of the determination of the myocardial area at risk in the evaluation of the outcome of acute myocardial infarction in patients.

On the basis of animal studies, we postulated that the size of the perfusion field (risk area) of an occluded coronary artery would be an important determinant of outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction. To test this hypothesis, we measured size of the risk area in 27 patients with acute myocardial infarction by the intracoronary injection of 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin and gated nuclear imaging. After injection of the albumin spheres (5.3 +/- 1.4 hr after the onset of chest pain) streptokinase was administered and in 16 of 27 patients (59%) effective thrombolysis was achieved. Since none of the patients had evidence of a prior acute myocardial infarction, the 3 day nuclear left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was considered an index of infarct size. Response to thrombolysis was analyzed according to success or failure of reperfusion and the size of the risk area (small risk area less than 25%, large risk area greater than 25% of left ventricular surface area). Standard clinical indexes correlated poorly with size of the risk area: electrocardiographic variables (r = .37), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (r = .23), cardiac index (r = .55), and the LVEF obtained from a right anterior oblique contrast ventriculogram (r = .31). The coronary vessel responsible for the acute myocardial infarction significantly influenced size of the risk area (left anterior descending, 38 +/- 5% [mean +/- SD] vs circumflex or right coronary artery, 17 +/- 4%). However, knowledge of the site of coronary occlusion within a vessel was not helpful in predicting the size of the area at risk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Female↗
PubMed1989

[Principles for cleaning and disinfection in fresh egg production for the prevention and control of salmonellosis].

The level of production achieved in recent years and the concentration of livestock are demanding a high degree of security in the production. Measures of cleaning and disinfection are a basic condition for stabilizing the health and the efficiency of animals as well as for assuring an absolute reliability and high quality of the produced food stuffs. Preventive cleaning and disinfection are all the more necessary the more specialized the production and the greater the number of livestock are. As regards cleaning and disinfection special emphasis has to be laid on a disinfectant cleaning particularly in those fields where service periods cannot be carried out. Necessary cleaning and disinfection measures are to be integrated in the production process as technology of production and hygiene represent a unity in the production of fresh eggs. Differentiated cleaning and disinfection regimens are to be applied for such sanitary risk fields as egg conveyors, packing machines, egg grading and egg breaking facilities.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Electromagnetic fields and cancer risks.

Cancer was first associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) in 1979 when Wertheimer and Leeper reported that children dying from cancer resided more often in homes believed to be exposed to higher EMF than did healthy control children. The risks were as high as 2.23 (1.56-3.18) 3.09 (1.68-5.71) for all cancers, 2.98 (1.72-5.15) for leukemia and 2.40 (1.08-5.36) for brain cancers. Wire configuration around houses was used as a surrogate for direct EMF exposure measurements. Wertheimer's finding of an association between cancer and wire configuration around houses has been replicated in two recent studies. However, direct measurement of EMF fields in houses of cancer children have not yielded the same results as the wire configuration around houses, thereby jeopardizing the hypothesis of an association between EMF and cancer. To comprehend the putative association between residential exposure to EMF and childhood cancer, one would have to understand what is hidden behind the notion of 'wire configuration' around the house. In parallel with residential studies, scores of studies were conducted among workers occupationally exposed to EMF. What have we learned from these occupational studies? Hypotheses generating and case control studies have revealed the existence of an excess risk of leukemia among electrical workers. Pooled results have estimated the risk for all leukemia to be 1.18 (1.09-1.29) and for acute myeloid leukemia 1.46 (1.27-1.64). An increased risk of leukemia among electrical workers does not necessarily mean that EMF is a causal agent, other chemicals such as benzene, creosote, solvent, could possibly account for it but this has yet to be confirmed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Risks of electromagnetic fields for humans].

Different kinds of electromagnetic fields are treated regarding their possible effects on the human organism. Only scientific findings are taken as a basis for these considerations. According to the latest state of research only strong magnetic fields of low frequency and strong electromagnetic fields of high frequency can be critical for humans if exposed for a prolonged period. Possible causes for this threat are either the incidence of heart fibrillation or grave burnings of the body. Fields with such a strong intensity, however, are found only in few specific technical environments where they usually can be avoided by the specialists there. An impairment of well-being may also occur in connection with almost all other kinds of fields due to direct or indirect influence when the strength of the field becomes very high. An exception to that is only the static magnetic field where there are different findings from in-vivo- as well as in-vitro-experiments which, however, do not fit into these categories. Since the mechanisms of these effects are not understood yet, it is impossible to make statements about the medical relevance of the observed effects. Considering the variability and the partial inconsistency of the results found in magnetic fields it must be concluded that additional studies are necessary to validate these findings statistically. Last not least this also applies to the presumed and in public controversially discussed connection between the promotion of cancer and relatively weak time-varying magnetic fields, which in these low intensities occur not only in households, cars and trains, but also in almost all working environments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed1987

[Risks from magnetic fields and radiowaves in equipment for magnetic resonance tomography].

The use of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging for diagnostic purposes requires a careful analysis of potential risks for workers, patients and public. Aim of this work is a review of the most important biological effects produced by static magnetic fields, radiofrequency fields and field gradients. It's common opinion in fact that the use of magnetic and radiofrequency fields instead of ionizing radiations fields is a safety warranty for patients and workers. Biological experiments in small animals and microorganisms show that also in this case some risks may be expected, due to the trend to employ as much high as possible magnetic fields (and therefore radiofrequency fields). The available data show that the normally used magnetic and radiofrequency fields are below the threshold for somatic effects but denote the necessity of a careful risks/benefit analysis for some patients groups (pacemakers and small surgical metallic implants carriers) and the need of extended and deep studies to specify a possible synergy of different physical agents and incidental oncogenic and teratogenic consequence on the patient.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The reliability of health risk appraisals: a field trial of four instruments.

A field trial was conducted to evaluate the reliability of four widely used health risk appraisals (HRAs). A total of 338 randomly selected adults aged 25 to 65 years residing in the Boston metropolitan area completed an HRA on two occasions seven to 12 weeks apart. Test-retest reliability was assessed by comparing self-reported baseline risk scores to follow-up scores for heart attack risk and selected coronary heart disease risk factors. Respondents generally gave consistent reports for family history, cigarette smoking, and relative weight (test-retest r greater than .75), but self-reported scores for physiologic status (blood pressure and cholesterol) and lifestyle (diet, physical activity, and stress) were much less stable. Coefficients for heart attack risk and appraised age ranged from .43 to .87 for the four HRAs. The reliabilities of two self-scored instruments were greatly reduced by mathematical errors made by respondents when computing their heart attack risk scores. These results were not affected by the length of the follow-up period (seven to 12 weeks).

Adult↗
PubMed2026

The journey of fluxapyroxad, mandipropamid and mefentrifluconazole residues in two morphologically distinct chilli peppers: A comprehensive risk assessment from field to processing.

Understanding the residue fate of novel pesticides in crops is crucial for ensuring their safe application and safeguarding public health. This study examined the dissipation, processing factors (PFs), and risk assessment of fluxapyroxad, mandipropamid, and mefentrifluconazole in two morphologically distinct varieties of chilli peppers from field to processing. The half-lives of the three pesticides ranged from 5.42 to 10.05 days, following first-order kinetics. The initial residues were higher in Chaotian chilli peppers (CCP) than in long green chilli peppers (GCP). However, dissipation occurred more rapidly in CCP. Washing notably reduced the residues (PF: 0.60-0.89), whereas sun drying and oven drying concentrated them (PF: 1.92-3.74), with oven drying leading to greater concentrations. Both chronic and acute dietary risk assessments suggested acceptable risk levels for the general population. This study offers reliable guidance for the rational application of these three pesticides in chilli pepper cultivation.

Capsicum↗