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The social status of physicians in the Graeco-Roman world.
After some introductory remarks about village-doctors--probably respectable in their villages but far removed from the elite of urban councillors--this contribution focuses on the position of the iatros dêmosios (public physician) in cities. It argues that throughout antiquity Greek public doctors in majority did not belong to the elite and that in the Greek cities of the Roman empire the number of elite physicians may have risen somewhat. Other, i.e. non-public physicians were basically craftsmen, probably enjoying some esteem among their customers but not being part of the socio-political elite.
[Obesity and its treatment in the Roman world].
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[Speech and inspiration: the role of the voice in the Roman world].
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[A. C. Celsus as seen by Caius Plinius Secundus and the Roman cultural world].
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[Twins in myth (author's transl)].
Twins have an important place in mythology and a sacred character appears to be attached to them since the most ancient times. In ancient Egypt, the royal placenta was worshipped, being considered as the Pharao's twin (a conception that is still alive among certain African populations), and actually everyone was considered to possess a spiritual twin, the Ka or astral body, through whom it was supposed to be possible to operate with magic rituals and hit enemies. Twin gods were worshipped by Babylonians and Assyrians (who even introduced them among astronomic constellations), and may be also found in the Persian and Veda religions. In the classic, Greco-Roman world, the examples of twin gods and heroes are innumerable: from the twin sons of Zeus, the Dioscuri, to the opposite-sexed twin gods Apollo and Diana, to Rome's founders, Romulus and Remus, etc. Since the most ancient times, a magic conception is connected to the twins, either in a positive or a negative sense, but often with some kind of a "fatidic" aspect. Such a two-faced approach to the phenomenon of twinning, that variously characterizes near-east, protomediterranean, classic, and other ancient civilizations, may still be found in contemporary primitive societies.
Icons of ancient suicide: self-killing in classical art.
Attitudes to suicide differ between societies, and also change with time. 104 items of ancient art that show suicide have been examined and catalogued. These icons, the most distinctive of which are discussed here, confirm the view suggested by literary sources that in the Graeco-Roman world self-killing was preferably seen as a deliberate, resolute, and heroic act.
[On the transition of the cadaver from the "opposite" to the "helper" of life].
Death and corpse were incompatible with god's and family doctor's presence in the Greek-Roman world. This incompatibility between life and the death was surmounted by the admittance of Saints' bodies in the Churches and believers' burial "ad Sanctos". From this, to body's utilization as discloser of the "causae morborum" the way was relatively short, culminating in the stage marked by Morgagni's name.
The eardrum--resonance of Greek and Latin antiquity.
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Illness and health in the ancient world.
This is the first in a series of vignettes about health, disease and care giving practices in the ancient worlds of Greece (1000 BC-100 BC) and Rome (1st AD-500 AD). Attention is directed to what the better known conditions were, what structures existed for the delivery of care, what the commonly held health beliefs were, who the most likely care attendants were and what psych-cultural changes occurred which brought about improvements in health care. Thus the series is about the early origins and development of the Western cultural tradition of health care practices. They demonstrate that there was a recognised community need for health care structures to exist and that the association between healing and religious belief began very early.
[Phrenitis in Greco-Latin medicine].
Since the times the Hipocraticum Corpus was written, Phrenitis or Mental Confusion was described as a mental disorder related basically to fever, but also related to craneal traumatisms an others somatics ethiologies. The theorical background of the different schools was the same, the Phisis and Humors doctrine, but the results of their works were quite different. Cos school had a biographic approach, Cnido a systematic one, and Eclectics blended both with emphazis in treatment.
Aretaeus on the kidney and urinary tract diseases.
Hippocratic medicine based on rational thought and clinical observation was the first to develop the speciality of nephrology. Five centuries later, Aretaeus of Cappadocia incorporated in his writings the achievements of anatomy and physiology from the flourishing Alexandrian School of Medicine. His work comprises two books on acute and two books on chronic diseases and this classification is extended into the field of treatment. Nephrological diseases are examined according to the above division and healing methods include, in particular, herb therapy.
Health care in ancient Rome. Lessons for doctors today.
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[Original stream of nursing ideas].
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Dental size and shape in the Roman imperial age: two examples from the area of Rome.
Different socioeconomic strata of Roman imperial age are represented by two large dental samples recovered from archaeological excavations near Rome, Italy. Teeth are investigated for crown dimensions and morphological variants. One sample, comprising 1,465 permanent teeth, represents the rural town of Lucus Feroniae (LFR) and is mainly composed of slaves and war veterans. The other, comprising 734 teeth from the Isola Sacra necropolis at Portus Romae (NIS), represents the "middle class" segment of an urban population. Both series show small dental dimensions and fit at the lower end of the trend toward dental reduction in Europe from the Upper Paleolithic to the historical times. The urban sample is less variable metrically and less sexually dimorphic than the rural one. The analysis of discrete crown traits shows absence of rare phenotypic variants in both series. The urban sample is also less variable in this last respect, suggesting that the gene pool of this particular "stratum" of the NIS population was more homogeneous than that of LFR. The occurrence of enamel hypoplasia indicates that metabolic stress during growth and development was similar in LFR and NIS. The overall set of available data is evaluated in the light of the history of the two Roman sites and the composition of each population.
Were the Roman emperors Claudius and Vitellius bulimic?
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the eating habits of Romans during the first two centuries A.D. and their attitudes towards these eating habits in the light of contemporary Latin literary and historical sources and influential Greek medical sources. METHOD: An extensive search of sources on the Roman Empire and emperors in the first two centuries A.D. was carried out. Two historical cases of binging and self-induced vomiting, namely the Emperors Claudius and Vitellius, were identified and described in translated extracts from the original Latin source. DISCUSSION: It is noted that cultural and social factors are important influences on eating habits which would now be considered pathological.