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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Benzoic acid inhibits peach root growth and lateral root emergence by disrupting auxin homeostasis through salicylic acid accumulation.

We established a non-sterile root transformation system in peach seedlings. Using this system, we demonstrated that BA treatment inhibits plant growth and lateral root emergence by SA-mediated disruption of auxin distribution. Allelopathic autotoxins, particularly benzoic acid (BA), are recognized as primary contributors to peach (Prunus persica) replant disease; however, the molecular mechanisms by which BA disrupts root development remain poorly understood. BA treatment significantly reduced stem and root length and inhibited lateral root emergence without affecting lateral root initiation. To investigate the underlying mechanism at cellular resolution, we established a non-sterile Agrobacterium rhizogenes-based root transformation system achieving 27.11% transformation efficiency. Auxin biosynthesis (PpYUC10), influx transport (PpAUX1), and response (PpARF19) genes were markedly downregulated following BA treatment. Transgenic roots expressing the DR5::GUS auxin reporter exhibited reduced DR5 activity in root tips and suppressed expression in tissues surrounding lateral root primordia, indicating impaired auxin signaling at both developmental sites. Hormone profiling revealed a non-significant trend toward reduced auxin metabolites alongside significant accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), an auxin-antagonistic hormone, and its storage conjugate SA 2-O-β-glucoside. Supporting a causal role for SA, exogenous SA phenocopied BA-induced root growth inhibition, whereas co-treatment with IAA or the SA-biosynthesis inhibitor aminoindan-1-phosphonic acid (AIP) significantly rescued lateral root number and root fresh weight. Multi-treatment RNA-seq identified "response to auxin" and "response to salicylic acid" as the most enriched GO terms in BA-treated roots, and AIP treatment restored the expression of key auxin-related genes while reversing BA-induced SA-pathway changes. Together, these findings suggest that BA-induced SA accumulation suppresses auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling, thereby inhibiting peach root growth and lateral root emergence. This study elucidates the molecular basis of BA autotoxicity and establishes a transformation platform for functional genomic studies in Prunus.

Indoleacetic Acids↗
PubMed2026

A novel domain of unknown function 707 protein coordinates root growth and drought tolerance.

A well-developed root system is one of the morphological mechanisms through which xerophytes adapt to drought. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying root growth are not completely known. In this work, two domain of unknown function 707 (DUF707) proteins were identified as hub genes for the response of roots to drought stress in Lespedeza potaninii, a xerophytic subshrub. We found that angiosperm DUF707 proteins can be divided into two subfamilies. LpDUF707-1 expression was strongly induced under drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment in the roots of L. potaninii, and its promoter activity in the roots was significantly induced by drought stress and mannitol treatments. The overexpression of LpDUF707-1 significantly improved root growth and drought tolerance, whereas the silencing of LpDUF707-1 inhibited root growth and reduced drought tolerance. We further revealed that the LpOBP3.1 transcription factor directly binds to the promoter region of LpDUF707-1, thereby repressing its activity. LpOBP3.1 expression was strongly suppressed under drought stress and ABA treatment in the roots of L. potaninii. The overexpression of LpOBP3.1 significantly inhibited root growth and decreased drought tolerance, whereas LpOBP3.1-RNAi lines presented the opposite pattern. Collectively, our results demonstrated that this novel module regulates root growth and drought tolerance in L. potaninii, thus providing gene targets for the development of elite crop varieties with well-developed root-mediated drought tolerance.

Drought Resistance↗
PubMed2026

Penicillium melinii promotes root growth through subtle host reprogramming across model and crop species.

Root development is highly responsive to microbial interactions, yet the mechanisms by which beneficial fungi promote root growth remain incompletely understood. Here, we identified Penicillium melinii 'isolate 2' through a screen of endophytic fungi isolated from Arabidopsis and characterized it as a promoter of root development in both Arabidopsis and crop species. We combined phenotyping in vitro, rhizotron, greenhouse and field assays with reporter and mutant analyses, transcriptomics, phytohormone profiling and sequencing and annotation of the fungal genome to investigate the basis of this interaction. P. melinii consistently stimulated root growth and modified root architecture across experimental systems and host species. These effects were associated with subtle but reproducible host transcriptional reprogramming, supporting a model in which the fungus fine-tunes endogenous developmental programmes rather than broadly perturbing stress or growth pathways. Genetic and reporter analyses further suggested that this interaction modulates root branching through localized developmental reprogramming. Genomic analysis provided a framework for understanding the fungal traits associated with this beneficial interaction. The conservation of the response across model and crop species supports the relevance of P. melinii as both a useful experimental system to study beneficial plant-fungus interactions and a promising candidate for improving root traits and crop performance.

Penicillium melinii↗
PubMed1978

Cytological study of inhibitory effects of IAA on the root growth in the Pinus silvestris.

It has been found that IAA at the concentrations 0.1--10.0 ppm retards the pine root growth and decreases mitotic activity. All the applied concentrations of this hormone cause a decrease of the 3H-thymidine incorporation index and inhibit endomitotic polyploidization in suprameristematic segments. The mean time of the cell cycle prolongs and the heterogeneity of cellular populations increases in parallel with the increase of IAA concentration. The template activity of DNA decreases under the influence of the applied concentrations of IAA; this effect is being particularly strong in the meristematic root segment. IAA exerts also an inhibitory influence on protein synthesis, especially reducing the synthesis of histones.

DNA↗
PubMed2026

MdWRKY75 interacts with MdWOX11 to modulate root growth under salt stress in apple.

The root system is pivotal for plant development, enabling both vegetative growth and tolerance to abiotic stresses like salinity. However, the molecular mechanisms governing root adaptive development in response to salt stress remain poorly understood in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). In this study, we identified the salt stress-responsive WRKY transcription factor MdWRKY75. Overexpression of MdWRKY75 in transgenic apple negatively regulates adventitious root (AR) formation and salt stress tolerance, whereas reducing MdWRKY75 expression yields the opposite phenotype. Moreover, MdWRKY75 directly binds to the promoter of MdSAUR15 (SMALL AUXIN UP RNA15) and transcriptionally represses the expression of MdSAUR15, which, when overexpressed, promotes AR formation and enhances salt stress tolerance. We further demonstrated that MdWRKY75 interacts with MdWOX11, a WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factor, both in vitro and in vivo. MdWOX11 expression is upregulated and enhances AR formation under salt stress. Additionally, MdWOX11 reduces the binding of MdWRKY75 to the MdSAUR15 promoter, and alleviates the MdWRKY75-mediated inhibitory effect on MdSAUR15 expression. Collectively, our study provides a MdWOX11-MdWRKY75-MdSAUR15 module regulating root adaptation in response to salt stress in apple.

Malus↗
PubMed1985

Root growth of Cynodon dactylon and Eleusine indica collected from motorways at different concentrations of lead.

An ecological survey was conducted on the roadside vegetation at three different sites: Tai Po, a commercial and residential area (average annual daily traffic (AADT) = 23730; and Shek O and Wu Kai Sha, recreational areas (AADT = 1590 and 20, respectively). Cynodon dactylon and Eleusine indica were the two most dominant species recorded. The Tai Po site had higher Pb contents in both soil and plant, followed by Shek O, and then Wu Kai Sha. Tillers of C. dactylon and E. indica from the three sites were subjected to a series concentrations of Pb(NO3)2. By comparing their indexes of tolerance and values of 14-day EC50 (effective concentration reducing the normal root growth by 50%), roadside populations of the two grasses collected from Tai Po and Shek O, especially the former one, were more tolerant to elevated levels of Pb compared with those collected from Wu Kai Sha.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed2025

Root growth promotion by Penicillium melinii : mechanistic insights and agricultural applications.

This study characterizes Penicillium melinii , an endophytic fungus isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana roots, as a plant growth-promoting fungus with potential use as a model to study root development and as a biostimulant for sustainable agriculture. Although endophytes are known to promote plant growth, the underlying molecular mechanisms often remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to elucidate how P. melinii enhances root system development and to assess its applicability across different crops. Phenotypic assays were conducted in Arabidopsis, quinoa and tomato under in vitro , greenhouse and field conditions. Root architecture and biomass were quantified using image-based phenotyping. Transcriptomic and phytohormone profiling assessed plant responses, and fungal genome sequencing coupled with secretome analysis was used to identify candidate effectors and metabolic traits. P. melinii consistently promoted root growth and increased plant biomass across species and environments, both in vitro and in the greenhouse. In tomato field trials, this translated into a significant increase in yield. The fungus colonized root surfaces without vascular penetration and triggered a mild transcriptomic response: early activation of stress-response genes followed by their attenuation and sustained upregulation of auxin-related pathways. Notably, the interaction modulates the SLR-ARF-LBD pathway and the number of pre-branch sites probably through increased auxin signalling in the oscillation zone. Additional hormonal changes were limited and mainly associated with the attenuation of the plant response to microorganisms. P. melinii enhances lateral root formation through a subtle molecular and metabolic dialogue with the host plant, underscoring its relevance as a model for studying root developmental plasticity. Its strong and reproducible growth-promoting effect, demonstrated with different fungal strains and under controlled and field conditions, supports its potential as a biostimulant for sustainable crop production.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Repetitive pulsed-train "off" duration mitigates reductions in root growth rates of Pisum sativum L. induced by 60-Hz electric field.

An investigation was undertaken to define a 60-Hz electric field exposure system which would affect a eukaryotic cell system while mitigating a potential thermal rise. The biological effectiveness of pulsed 60-Hz electric fields on a cell system of defined sensitivity to continuous-wave 60-Hz electric fields was sought. Roots of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) were exposed to pulsed trains of 60-Hz, 430 V/m electric fields. The "on" time was constant at 1 s and the "off" time varied. The repetitive on:off regimens used were 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:130, 1:200, and 1:300. With continuous or 1:20 pulsed fields the growth response was equivalent (representing a 60% depression in root growth rate). The severity of the growth effect diminished as the off time increased; for the 1:100 regimen, the relative growth rate was depressed by about 30%; for the 1:300 regimen, the relative growth rate was equal to that of the controls.

Electromagnetic Fields↗
PubMed1978

Aflatoxin B1 influence on excised soya-bean root growth, 14C-leucine uptake and incorporation.

The present work reports a portion of our continuing effort to determine the mechanism(s) whereby aflatoxins cause toxic responses in in vitro cultured plant tissues. Few investigations have dealt with the mode of action of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in excised plant tissues. Here is detailed AFB1 influence on growth, uptake and incorporation of 14C-leucine by excised, incubated soya-bean roots. Pure AFB1 was added to culture medium prior to autoclaving. One gram fresh weight portions of roots from three-day old soya-bean seedlings were excised and incubated for 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Growth was assayed by following changes in root dry weight. Aflatoxin B1 inhibited root dry weight at both 20 and 30 micrograms/ml. Uptake of 14C-leucine was checked by following its depletion from the medium. Reduced 14C-leucine uptake by roots exposed to 20 micrograms/ml AFB1 suggests that the toxin may alter the plasmalemma. A possible role for AFB1 in modification of membrane-associated amino acid transport mechanisms is discussed. Incorporation of 14C-leucine into trichloroacetic acid-precipitable cytoplasm was assayed. Inhibition of this incorporation at 20 micrograms/ml AFB1 was most apparent at 12 hours. Thus, AFB1 may also impair the ability of excised soya-bean roots to carry out protein synthesis.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1990

[Root growth].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Cementogenesis↗
PubMed1977

[Therapy of chronic apical periodontitis in traumatically injuring front teeth with ongoing root growth].

Because of the patient's age and the width of the apical foramen, conventional or surgical root canal fillings are frequently not indicated for the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis in teeth whose roots have not yet fully grown. Therefore resorbable paste fillings are applied either to induce deposition of apical hard substance or to bridge the time until root canal filling is possible. In a comparative clinical and radiological study in 171 young patients, Walkhoff's iodoform paste and calcium hydroxide were examined with regard to their inductive effect on the formation of an apical hard substance barrier.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2025

Microfluidics to Follow Spatiotemporal Dynamics at the Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Interface During Plant Root Growth.

Nuclear dynamics refers to global/local changes in the molecular and spatial organization of genomic DNA that can occur during development or in response to environmental stress signals and eventually impact genomic functions. In plants, nuclear dynamics relies notably on the connection of the nucleus with the cytoskeleton during development. It orchestrates genomic functions in response to developmental and environmental cues. This is particularly true in the plant root system, which is constantly exposed to a wide range of internal and external stimuli. Currently, studying nuclear dynamics in a growing root is challenging due to limitations regarding real-time imaging for quantitative analyses under controlled conditions. Microfluidic systems for plant cell studies are valuable analytical tools that provide precise control of culture conditions together with live-imaging capabilities at high temporal and spatial resolutions. Herein, we describe a microfluidic platform to unravel dynamically and noninvasively nuclear organization in the seedling root system exposed to various treatments. As exemplified here, our microfluidic platform can be conveniently used for real-time microscopy imaging and quantitative analysis of fine nuclear morphological changes upon modifying cytoskeleton dynamics. Importantly, our system can be applied to a wide variety of microscopic means including high-resolution microscopy to investigate diverse subcellular compartments or nuclear domains in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.

Plant Roots↗
PubMed2026

Genome-Wide Analysis of Triticum aestivum Root Meristem Growth Factor (RGF) Gene Family Highlights TaRGF5 as a Putative Component of Root-Associated Signaling.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum), a key global crop, faces rising drought stress that limits root growth and water uptake. Root meristem growth factors (RGFs) are small peptides that regulate root stem cell maintenance, meristem activity, and lateral root formation in model plants, yet the RGF gene family remains unexplored in wheat. Here, we performed a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the TaRGF gene family, identifying 15 genes distributed across the A, B, and D subgenomes and classified into five homeologous groups (TaRGF1-TaRGF5), predominantly located on chromosomes 2 and 6. All TaRGFs contained a characteristic RGF motif, with dibasic cleavage sites and Asp-Tyr motifs indicating conserved maturation mechanisms. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the TaRGF5 homeologs showed the highest similarity to Arabidopsis thaliana RGF5. Tested RNA-seq data revealed predominantly root-enriched expression for all TaRGF genes, with TaRGF5 exhibiting the most root-preferential and downregulation under drought stress. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) confirmed that drought stress suppressed the expression of TaRGF5A, TaRGF5B, and TaRGF5D in roots of wheat cultivar Sids-13 across all time points, unlike the higher accumulation seen in controls. Promoter analysis predicted a unique BES1 transcription factor binding site exclusively in TaRGF5B, linking brassinosteroid signaling to peptide-mediated root regulation. Structural modeling and molecular docking predicted an interaction between wheat TaRGF5 homeologs and root growth factor-insensitive receptor kinase (TaRGI3), characterized by conserved sulfotyrosine-mediated binding and favorable interaction energetics. Based on this characterization of the wheat RGF gene family, particularly the potential role of TaRGF5 in root development and drought-adaptation signaling, we propose targeting this gene for functional analysis to improve wheat resilience under water-limited conditions.

Triticum↗
PubMed1992

Importance of the type of soil for the induction of micronuclei and the growth of primary roots of Vicia faba treated with the herbicides atrazine, glyphosate and maleic hydrazide.

Research was carried out on the genotoxic effects (induction of micronucleated cells in primary root tips) and toxic effects (reduction in primary root growth) in young plants of Vicia faba grown in soils with different organic matter contents and treated with the herbicides atrazine, glyphosate and maleic hydrazide. The data obtained show that the genotoxic effects are noticeably influenced by the interactions between the herbicide and the type of soil in which the Vicia faba have grown. While maleic hydrazide proved to be highly clastogenic for young plants grown in both soils, atrazine was genotoxic only in young plants grown in soil poor in organic matter. Glyphosate did not induce micronuclei under either soil condition, but induced a significant toxic effect.

Atrazine↗
PubMed2026

ClearDepthIAS enables automated high-throughput quantification of roots in soil-grown taproot crops.

Understanding root system architecture is critical for improving crop productivity and resilience, yet phenotyping root traits such as root growth angle and rooting depth remains technically challenging, especially at high throughput. Here, we present ClearDepthIAS, a high-throughput imaging and analysis platform that enables nondestructive, automated quantification of root architecture traits in taproot system crops. By capturing and stitching 360° images of roots growing along the transparent walls of pots and applying deep learning-based segmentation (ClearDepth-WRT), we measured wall root shallowness (WRS)-a proxy for root growth angle-with high precision. We demonstrated for the tap root systems of soybean and canola that the system accurately detects root tips, quantifies their vertical distribution, and extracts biologically meaningful traits such as root area, distribution indices, and growth angles. Validation experiments in canola and soybean demonstrated that WRS can correlate with root crown architecture in mature plants, both in greenhouse and field settings. Furthermore, WRS and root distribution indices derived from ClearDepthIAS are predictors of early root architecture and can be correlated with root biomass distribution across soil depths under field conditions; however, environmental interactions may influence these relationships and weaken or even negate such correlations, as observed when comparing field to field variation in root system architecture. Our system enables efficient phenotyping of genetically diverse populations, with medium to high trait heritability, supporting its utility for genome-wide association studies and breeding. ClearDepthIAS accelerates the development of root ideotypes for improved resource acquisition and carbon sequestration, offering a scalable tool for supporting climate-resilient agriculture.

Plant Roots↗
PubMed1990

A long-term study of 370 autotransplanted premolars. Part IV. Root development subsequent to transplantation.

The purpose of the present study was to analyse the extent of root development subsequent to transplantation in a material of 370 transplanted premolars. Before transplantation, the grafts were classified according to stage of root development (i.e. quarters of root length and constriction of the apical foramen) and length of tooth development (measured in mm from the cusp tip to the apical foramen). At radiographic controls the extent of root formation was registered. These figures were compared to the final tooth length of 288 non-transplanted premolars from the present material as well as to tooth length determinations of 534 premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes. Furthermore, intra-individual and inter-individual differences in tooth length were examined in a skull material with 40 pairs of premolars. These method studies indicated that root growth was probably determined genetically with great right-left accuracy and variation related to location of premolar (maxilla or mandible) and sex. A statistical analysis of the transplant material revealed that stage as well as length of tooth development assessed prior to transplantation were significantly related to final tooth length after transplantation. In most cases of transplantation performed at early stages of root development, a reduction in the final root length was seen. When a qualitative analysis of root development was performed in teeth with incomplete root formation at the time of transplantation, and where a homologous non-transplanted premolar was present, it was found that 14 per cent showed total arrest of root formation, 65 per cent partial arrest whereas 21 per cent showed no arrest (i.e. normal root formation). Premolars in ectopic position in the mandible before transplantation showed a significantly reduced root growth compared to matched pairs with normal position of the tooth graft. The present study indicated that no, partial or total damage to the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath was probably the explanatory factor for variations in root growth.

Adolescent↗