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Rorschach's justifications for the use of symmetry in his inkblots are evaluated in the light of recent empirical research concerning the perception of symmetry. The role of symmetry in response facilitation, in the production of whole and movement responses, in the creation of similar conditions for left- and right-handers, and as a response determinant, is discussed and re-evaluated.
A comparison of three Rorschach protocols of a multiple personality case was presented. Basic features of the personality structures were examined with respect to the psychogram profiles. The evolution of the original personality into the successive ones was assessed both in terms of inter- and intra-protocol variations and thematic analysis. The implications of the Rorschach test findings for the treatment and theory of multiple personality syndrome were discussed.
Hemodynamic parameters and the Rorschach test were performed on 48 borderline and 64 sustained essential hypertensive patients, and compared with 33 normal subjects. Hemodynamic patterns suggested (1) in borderline hypertensives, a neurogenic hypertension, and (2) in sustained hypertensives, a volume- and renal-mediated hypertension. Repeat hemodynamic determinations were performed on 35 borderline hypertensives after a 47 +/- 3-month follow-up survey. The results confirmed that, in the same patient, hypertension was successively neurogenic and volume-mediated. The results of the Rorschach test in the overall hypertensive population pointed to an incapacity to form a structured neurosis because of the lack of a fantasy life, and an inadequacy of the mechanisms of repression of aggressive tendencies. These observations were more marked in sustained hypertensives. In borderline hypertensives, the lack of fantasy life, assessed from kinesthetic perceptions, was highly significant (p less than 0.01) and was associated with anxiety and functional symptoms suggesting an increased lability of the autonomic nervous system. In sustained hypertensives, however, there was an inability to express anxiety in a symbolic fashion (p less than 0.01). These differences in psychological findings between borderline and sustained hypertensives agree with the difference in hemodynamic patterns. The results suggest that sustained hypertensives have a predominantly somatic issue in place of the psychological conflicts observed in borderline hypertensives.
The authors have studied in Rorschach's test the syntaxic structures of fifty neurotics subjects and fifty psychotics subjects. They have particulary remarked that phrases determinated by situation of test are more frequent in neurotic protocols than psychotic protocols. They note also the importance of verb with detriment of nominal syntagm for the latter.
A review of contradictory findings regarding Wheeler's Rorschach content signs of male homosexuality suggested that negative findings may have resulted from a focus on homosexual populations characterized by minimal arousal of underlying unconscious conflicts. It was hypothesized that activating these unconscious psychodynamics would enhance the discriminative power of the Wheeler signs. Inkblot protocols obtained in an earlier study from matched groups of homosexuals and heterosexuals under two experimental conditions -- involving subliminal exposure of either an incest-related or a neutral control stimulus -- were scored for Wheeler signs. The incest condition brought about a significantly greater incidence of the signs in homosexual records only, suggesting that the intensification of unconscious incest wishes stimulates homosexual reactions, consonant with psychoanalytic formulations.
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The study attempts to demonstrate a structurally-based consistency to subjects' object relations as measured across various independent ratings. Particular interest was aimed at the capacity of the Rorschach to tap developmentally crucial aspects of the structure of patients' object relations. A scale was developed to measure the degree to which relationships between figures on the Rorschach were perceived in terms of a mutuality of autonomy. These Rorschach ratings were then correlated with independent measures of this mutuality of autonomy dimension which were obtained from a written autobiography, and ratings by ward staff. Based on a sample of 40 inpatient subjects, the resulting intercorrelation among measures proved to be highly significant.
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The most important results of the factor analysis of 11 variables of the Personal Sphere Model and 14 variables of the Rorschach-Test have shown in both tests common radicals appearing in the evaluation as well of the structure of personality as of the behaviour of man. Both tests emphasize the possibility of objectivating pathological traits of personality: the difference consisting in the fact, that this traits are coming out more distinctly in the Rorschach-Test, while in the Personal Sphere Model the psychodynamic factors of the ability of building object relationships of overcoming seperations are appearing more clearly. The most relevant conformity of both tests is the possibility of distinctly projecting the defense mechanism of aggression.
The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are any significant correlations between the subscores and total scores of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test, as scored by the Rorschach Index of Repressive Style. Twenty-six teachers of Grades 3, 4, and 5 and 51 fourth grade students were given, by group administration, the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Rorschach Inkblot Test. Results show that although neither the Total Verbal, Total Non-verbal nor Over-all Torrance scores correlate significantly with either the Rorschach Human Movement score or with the Rorschach Total Movement score (HM + FM + m), there are significant relationships between the Total RIR, m score and the Over-all Torrance score. The main conclusion is that the Rorschach HM and Total M score measure artistic, associative, intuitive creativity, while the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and RIR Total score measure divergent thinking.
To provide data on several issues related to disordered thinking in schizophrenia, 200 acutely ill psychiatric patients (including 55 schizophrenics) were evaluated on four instruments to assess thought pathology (the Object Sorting Test, the Rorschach Test, a social comprehension test, and a proverbs test). Patients were assessed at two phases of their disorders (the acute phase and the phase of partial recovery). The results suggest (1) disordered thinking is not unique to schizophrenia; (2) distinctions between mild and severe levels of thought pathology are important; and (3) disordered thinking is influenced by acute psychopathology and acute upset. Inferential evidence suggests (4) disordered thinking fits along a continuum with normal thinking; (5) "thought disorders" are not a discrete, separate entity, standing apart from other aspects of thinking; and (6) older concepts about primary symptoms in schizophrenia need reexamination.
The clinical reality of acute atypical affective psychoses is recognized by almost all psychiatrists. A total of 229 cases of atypical circular psychosis have been studied. In many of these cases the "psychodynamic mobility" of the personality, i.e., the "fixed attitude" according to Usnadse, was studied in addition to a clinical analysis. The method used for this is described, and a number of criteria for evaluation are reported. Also, the thematic apperception test and Rorschach test as well as electroencephalographic examinations have been carried out on many of the patients included in this study. The results of clinical-psychopathological and experimental-psychological examinations enable better diagnoses of acute atypical affective psychoses to be established.
Experimental investigation of Structural Analysis compared diagnoses of 30 psychiatric inpatients derived independently from psychiatric evaluations, MMPI analyses, and Structural Analysis interpretation of Hand Test and Rorschach data. Results yielded positive preliminary implications for the use of Structural Analysis in psychodiagnostics.
Three hundred and seventy-five Rorschach protocols were scored blind and then divided into three groups: psychiatric controls, suicide attempts, and suicide effectors. Using the stepwise procedure of multiple discriminant analysis a trio of formulas, composed of six weighted variables each, and a constant, were constructed to apply to each of the three groups based on a test sample of 100 subjects in each group. Cross validation results on a new sample of 25 subjects in each group predicted classification with 52% overall accuracy at step six (chance .33). Internal reliability tests showed all values significant beyond .001. Discussion integrates the test data into the literature on suicide, and attends to the problem of overlap of predictability which occurs with most prediction scales.
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