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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1999

Development of knowledge and reported use of sport science by elite New Zealand Olympic class sailors.

The objective of this study was to determine the change in elite dinghy sailor's knowledge and use of sport science, three years after the adoption of a sport science support (SSS) programme by Yachting New Zealand for its elite dinghy sailors. A questionnaire was administered to 28 (22 male, six female) elite sailors in April 1994 and to 33 (24 male and nine female) in March 1997 during a training camp for elite sailors. 15 of the sailors participated in 1994 and 1997. The questionnaire asked whether or not the sailors used a training race diary and inquired about their knowledge and use of sport science in the areas of nutrition, psychology and physical conditioning. In 1997, additional questions enquired about sailor's perception of sport science and its affect on their racing performance. Between April 1994 and March 1997, sailors received sport science support in nutrition, psychology and physical conditioning. Sailors reported a greater amount of fluid drunk on a four-hour sail in 1997 than in 1994 and a greater proportion of sailors ate a high carbohydrate meal after a race in 1997 than in 1994. In 1997, sailors reported feeling less anxiety before a race, and the sailors common to 1994 and 1997 reported feeling less sick before a race in 1997 than in 1994. Increases were observed in volume and intensity of physical training, and improvements were noticed in the chosen type of aerobic training in 1997. Most sailors believed that their knowledge and use of sport science has increased and that their increased use of sport science has led to improvements in racing performance. The results suggest that elite New Zealand sailors' use of sport science improved in the areas of nutrition, sports psychology and physical conditioning between 1994 and 1997. However, when the results were compared with those of Legg and Mackie (1999), it was evident that greater physical conditioning improvements had occurred between 1994 and 1995 than had been sustained since, while the majority of sailor's sport psychology improvements occurred between 1995 and 1997. Sailors reported fluid intake between 1994 and 1997 had steadily improved. The reason for sailor's change in emphasis on different areas of sport science over time may be a result of their adopting ideas with which they were most familiar (physical conditioning and nutrition) first, and then adopting the less widely understood discipline of sport psychology once they felt that they had mastered their use of physical conditioning and nutrition. This study indicates that sailors are beginning to understand the importance of personal preparation using sport science principles.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Change in knowledge and reported use of sport science by elite New Zealand olympic class sailors.

The objective of this study was to examine the change in knowledge and use of sport science in 46 elite New Zealand Olympic class dinghy sailors' one year after the adoption of a sport science support (SSS) programme by Yachting New Zealand. Twenty eight (22 males, six females) sailors responded to a questionnaire which was administered during a training camp in April 1994 and 28 (also 22 males and six females) responded to the same questionnaire at a training camp in April 1995. Ten of the sailors responded in both 1994 and 1995. The questionnaire asked whether or not the sailors used a training race diary and inquired about their knowledge and use of sport science in the areas of nutrition, psychology and physical conditioning. In 1995, additional questions enquired about sailors' perception of sport science and its affect on their racing performance. In the intervening year, six of the sailors received sport science support (SSS) in nutrition; eleven received SSS in sport psychology; eleven received SSS in physical conditioning. In 1995, the sailors reported a greater amount of fluid taken and drunk on a four-hour sail and a greater proportion of sailors ate a high carbohydrate meal after a race. They also reported feeling less anxiety before a race. Increases were also observed in the sailors' volume and intensity of physical training and in their chosen type of aerobic training. Most sailors believed that their knowledge and use of sport science had increased and that this had led to improvements in racing performance. It is concluded that elite New Zealand sailors' reported use of sport science improved in the areas of physical conditioning and nutrition between 1994 and 1995. Improvement in the use of sports psychology was less clear and the eleven sailors who received psychology SSS reported feeling more anxious before a race. There was little evidence to suggest that the sport science programme was responsible for the improvements. This study indicates that sailors are beginning to understand the importance of sport science support, but there is still much room for improvement in their use of sport science.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Exercise performance in elite male and female sailors.

UNLABELLED: In order to evaluate the physiological profile of elite competitive sailors, and to determine if sailors revealed any seasonal variation in their exercise capacity over a 9 month period, results from female sailors (n = 6), and male sailors ("hikers" n = 8 and "non-hikers" n = 7) were compared with male physical education students (n = 8). Maximal oxygen uptake rate (VO2max) determined on treadmill did not differ between male sailors and control subjects (61.4 +/- 2.0 vs 64.9 +/- 1.4 ml O2/min.kg, mean +/- SE) and did not change with time in elite sailors (p > 0.05). Isometric endurance for abdominal and back muscles was similar for all groups. The isometric muscle endurance in a hiking bench was markedly greater in "hikers" [time: 218 sec (91-426) mean, range] compared to control subjects [time: 98 sec (48-188)], male "non-hikers", and female sailors (p < 0.05). Hiking endurance in "hikers" did not change over the 9 month observation period. Furthermore, dynamic arm performance ("all-out" in 60 sec) was higher in "hikers" compared to all other groups. IN CONCLUSION: Elite sailors who perform hiking activity ("hikers") show an enhanced performance in a functional arm test and higher endurance in a hiking-bench compared to "non-hiking" elite sailors and a control group matched for age, weight and fitness. Furthermore sailors did not show any seasonal variation in their VO2max or isometric endurance over a 9 month period.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Physical performance of elite New Zealand Olympic class sailors.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the physical performance of elite New Zealand and other nations olympic class sailors and to undertake an initial examination of the relation between physical and sailing performance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A comparative study. SETTING: Healthy elite national level olympic class sailors were examined. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-one elite New Zealand Olympic sailing squad team members and 108 Olympic team sailors from ten other nations. INTERVENTIONS: The data for the two groups of subjects was compared using unpaired "t"-tests. A qualitative analysis was used to examine the relation between physical and sailing performance. MEASURES: Measurements included age, body mass, muscular strength endurance (as assessed by the maximum number of push-ups, pull-ups and sit-ups that could be performed) and serobic power (as assessed by the time taken to cover 2500 m and the distance completed in 12 minutes in a maximal effort rowing ergometer test). Sailing performance was assessed by national coach ranking of each New Zealand sailor. RESULTS: On average the New Zealanders were younger and lighter than the sailors from the other nations. They tended to have greater shoulder/arm strength endurance as reflected in their performance for push-ups and pull-ups, but a lesser ability in their sit-up performance. They also tended to be aerobically fitter. There were clear and logical differences between body mass and both class of vessel and the position of the sailor i.c. crew or helmsman. Lighter sailors sailed lighter craft whilst heavier sailors sailed the heavier craft. Crew members were generally heavier than helmsmen. Age appeared to be related to sailing performance. CONCLUSIONS: Elite New Zealand Olympic class sailors tend to be younger, lighter, stronger and aerobically fitter than elite sailors from other nations. Age appeared to be related to on-water sailing performance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Knowledge and reported use of sport science by elite New Zealand Olympic class sailors.

OBJECTIVE: This study enquired about the knowledge and reported use of sport science in elite Olympic class sailors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The sailors responded to a simple questionnaire. SETTING: The questionnaire was administered as part of an introductory seminar on sport science during a training camp. PARTICIPANTS: The participants were 28 (22 male, 6 female) elite New Zealand Olympic class sailors. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASURES: The questionnaire asked whether or not they used a training race diary, enquired about their current and past injuries and their knowledge and use of sport science in the areas of nutrition, psychology and physical training. RESULTS: Only ten (36%) of the sailors kept a training/race diary. Whilst only four (14%) had a current injury, sixteen (57%) reported an injury in the previous three years. The injuries were in the lower back (45%), knee (22%), shoulder (18%), and arm (15%). Although nineteen (68%) of the sailors had experienced dehydration during racing, the average volume of fluid reported to be taken on a four hour sail was only 0.9 litre, of which only an average of 0.7 litres (77%) was reported to be drunk. All the sailors reported being sometimes (46%) to very often (3%) anxious before races and sometimes (43%) to always (7%) being frustrated with their own mistakes. Only one sailor reported never having negative thoughts whilst fifteen (53%) reported having them sometimes, and seven (25%) often or very often. Twenty-four (86%) of the sailors reported that they sometimes had a loss of concentration near the end of the race. Whilst eighteen (64%) reported practising relaxation and seventeen (61%) reported practising visualisation as a mental skill, only five (18%) practised progressive mental relaxation, two (7%) practised meditation and none practised yoga. Seventeen (61%) undertook strength/circuit training, ten (36%) flexibility and twenty-one (75%) off water aerobic training. Twenty-four (86%) reported undertaking on-water aerobic training. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that there is considerable scope for improvement in the knowledge and use of sports science amongst elite New Zealand Olympic class sailors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Isokinetic muscle strength and capacity for muscular knee joint stabilization in elite sailors.

In the present study isokinetic dynamometry was used to evaluate the capacity for dynamic knee joint stabilization via muscle contraction in elite sailors (15 males, SM; 6 females, SF) compared to a group of matched controls (8 males, CM). Maximal concentric, eccentric and isometric moment of force (peak moment and moment at 50 degree knee flexion) was obtained for the knee extensors (quadriceps) and flexors (hamstrings) during isokinetic knee joint movement at angular velocities 0, 30, 120 and 180 degrees x s(-1). High levels of eccentric knee extension strength were observed for the elite sailors compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Based on peak moment and 50 degree moment, respectively, conventional hamstring/quadriceps (H/Q) strength ratio (+/-SD) ranged from 0.37+/-0.06 to 0.54+/-0.06 and from 0.42+/-0.07 to 0.57+/-0.10 across groups, speed and contraction mode. The female elite sailors displayed lower (p<0.05) concentric H/Q ratios at 120 and 180 degrees x s(-1) compared to the controls (0.41-0.45 vs. 0.51-0.56, respectively). The ratio of eccentric hamstring to concentric quadriceps strength (H/Q for extension) or concentric hamstring to eccentric quadriceps strength (H/Q for flexion) may provide a more functional estimate of the capacity for muscular knee joint stabilization (1). Based on peak moment and 50 degree moment, respectively, this "functional" H/Q ratio ranged from 0.24+/-0.03 and 0.25+/-0.02 for knee flexion at 180 degrees x s(-1) to 0.97+/-0.17 and 0.88+/-0.12 for knee extension at 180 degrees x s(-1) among the three groups. Comparable levels of "functional" H/Q ratio were observed (p>0.05) for fast knee extension in the elite sailors (SF:0.81-0.97, SM: 0.88-0.95) and the male controls (CM: 0.80-0.84). In conclusion, a "functional" H/Q ratio of 0.8-1.0 observed for all subjects indicated a significant functional capacity of the hamstring muscles for providing muscular stability at the knee joint in fast knee extension. A significant potential for muscular knee joint stabilization appeared for the elite sailors despite their high maximal quadriceps strength and partially lower (SF) conventional H/Q ratios.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1988

Odyssey of a sailor's diagnosis since 1795 AD.

In the year 1795, a British East Indiaman bound for China had a sick sailor on board who was diagnosed as having testis cancer by the ship's surgeon, who then treated him with an antiscorbutic diet, because scurvy was rampant among the sailors. He was completely cured of his cancer, as reported in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal by Livingstone in 1805. However, the sailor actually had scurvy and not testis cancer. This diagnostic error has been perpetuated in the medical literature until rectified by Shetty after 191 years. This is reconstructed account of the sailor's case history and the ship's journey as it actually took place in 1795 AD.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

[State of the circulatory system in sailors as an indicator of adaptation to long sea voyage].

The peculiarities of the circulatory functions were examined in sailors following nautical voyages of varying duration and directly on board during a 6-month cruise. Over 1200 persons were subjected to the examination. The overall morbidity was analyzed in a contingent of about 6000 persons. The whole material was statistically processed. The sailors were found to develop hypotensive reactions during the voyage that persisted following its termination. Cruises lasting over 2-3 months cause a significant tension of the adaptation mechanisms in the sailors, thus favouring the formation of persistent hypotensive states, inadequate reactions of the arterial pressure and heart rate, ECG changes that reflect the impairment of the functional state of the myocardium, etc. A lack of adaptation to cruises exceeding 2-3 months was established. The functional state of the cardiovascular system of sailors is considered to be one of the leading criteria for substantiating physiologically permissible duration of cruises.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2001

[Specific features of ulcer disease in sailors of the North Sea basin].

The course of ulcer disease (UD) in sailors of the North seas was analysed and compared to that in non-sailors. UD in sailors runs with less pronounced subjective symptoms, manifests at younger age, is frequently accompanied by duodenal mucosa erosions and duodenogastric reflux. The greatest number of UD exacerbations was observed in the first month in sea and two months after getting home. Because of the fear to lose the job the sailors often do not seek medical assistance in spite of ulcer symptoms and this results in many cases of late diagnosis.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

HIV-1 infection in relation to educational status, use of hypodermic injections and other risk behaviours in Ethiopian sailors.

Information on the prevalence and risk factors for HIV infection among sailors is generally scarce. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence and risk factors for HIV-1 infection among sailors in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was carried out in a population of sailors identified from their employment records. Two hundred and sixty sailors were personally interviewed to obtain information on risk factors. Blood samples were collected for the determination of antibodies against HIV-1 infection by ELISA with confirmation by Western blot. The prevalence of HIV-1 infection was 9.6% and the prevalence was observed to decrease with increasing level of education. The risk of acquiring infection was also found to increase with the use of hypodermic injections (OR = 3.42, 95% CI: 1.19 to 9.80). Fourteen percent of the studied population reported condom use. However, the use was irregular. We did not find marital status and consumption of alcohol to be associated with HIV-1 infection. The high prevalence of HIV-1 infection in this population is alarming. Specific education programmes targeted to this group need to be established in order to reduce the increasing risk of infection in this population and the spread of infection to other segments of the population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Indicators of maximal hiking performance in Laser sailors.

Laser class sailors have to hike out, i.e. hook their feet under the toe straps near the centreline of the boat and hold their upper bodies over the edge of the boat, to counteract the heeling forces generated by the sails. To identify the parameters that are associated with maximal hiking performance, this cross-sectional observational study measures various knee extensor and hip flexor muscle performance characteristics in 55 Laser sailors and correlates each with the area-under-the-curve hiking moment over 3 min of hiking on a hiking dynamometer (HM180). Our results showed that higher body mass and HM180 were significantly associated with better race scores (Spearman's rho = - 0.69 and - 0.62, respectively, both P < 0.01) in male sailors who participated in the National Inter-School Laser competition. Body mass (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r > or = 0.95, P < 0.01 in both males and females), maximum voluntary isometric strength of the quadriceps (r > or = 0.80, P < 0.01 in both males and females), and 3-RM knee extension strength (r > or = 0.80, P < 0.01 in both males and females) were associated with a higher HM180. The correlations between height, abdominal muscle endurance (crunches), explosive lower body strength (vertical jumps), cycling time-to-exhaustion, quadriceps strength endurance, or isometric quadriceps endurance with incremental loads (bucket test), and HM180 were weaker (r < 0.60). HM180 may be a useful performance indicator for Laser racing. Since strength measures correlated well with HM180, greater emphasis should be placed on developing maximum strength in the quadriceps to improve maximal hiking performance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Isokinetic muscle strength and hiking performance in elite sailors.

The aim of the present study was to describe the isokinetic strength profile and its relation to hiking performance in male (SM, n = 15) and female (SF, n = 6) elite sailors compared to a group of male control subjects (CM, n = 8) similar in age, anthropometry and level of fitness. Eccentric knee extension strength was higher in SM compared to CM (P < 0.01). Furthermore, SM were stronger during trunk extension (P < 0.05), but not during trunk flexion compared to CM. Overall muscle strength was lower in SF compared to SM (P < 0.01) and CM (P < 0.05), except for eccentric knee extension strength, where SF and CM did not differ (P > 0.05). Hiking performance correlated to maximal eccentric and isometric knee extensor strength in SF (rs = 0.83-0.88, P < 0.05) and in CM (rs = 0.73-0.77, P < 0.05) and to maximal eccentric knee extensor strength at high velocity in SM (rs = 0.46-0.54, P < 0.05). For a subgroup of hikers in SM (n = 8), hiking performance correlated to maximal isometric-eccentric knee extensor strength (rs = 0.67-0.74, P < 0.05), whereas no correlations emerged for the non-hikers (n = 7). Few correlations were observed between hiking performance and maximal concentric trunk flexor strength (rs = 0.69-0.92, P < 0.05). Unexpectedly, in SM correlations also were observed between hiking performance and maximal strength of the trunk extensors (rs = 0.46-0.53, hiker subgroup: rs = 0.64-0.67, P < 0.05). In conclusion, notably high levels of maximal eccentric knee extensor strength were observed for the male and female elite sailors examined in the present study. Furthermore, the present results suggest that hiking performance depends in part on maximal isometric-eccentric knee extensor strength. The maximal strength of the trunk extensors, which potentially stabilizes the lower back and spine, also seems to have some importance for the hiking performance of top-level sailors.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

[Characteristics of morbidity among sailors].

A set of factors of ship's environment greatly affected the onset of diseases in sailors. By means of individual selective case sample it was found out that temporary disability rates in sailors were lower compared to the analogous maritime workers. There were derived prognostic regression equations of the number of work-loss days according to sailors' occupation, age and labour intensity. Economic effect of the realized measures and reduction of temporary disability rates annually constituted 34 rb per person.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Total navy recruit health: making our sailors fit for the fleet.

Naval Hospital Great Lakes, Branch Medical Clinic, Recruit Training Command is the Navy's only recruit inprocessing point in the country. The clinic will medically inprocess approximately 54,000 new Navy recruits this year. In fiscal year 1995, the clinic inprocessed approximately 44,000 recruits, 35,000 males and 9,000 females. The Navy Medical Department is very concerned about total Navy recruit health. This includes a check on the present state of health of all sailors and teaching sailors how to stay healthy and take care of themselves during their naval careers. Navy medicine is also an integral part of the recruit training experience. Recruit training at Great Lakes is 9 weeks in duration. This article will describe the Navy's recruit medical inprocessing procedure to include the Sailor's Health Inventory Program, the Navy/Air Force Medical Entrance Test, immunizations, optometry, audiology, wellness education, gynecological examinations, medical assessment, and laboratory tests.

Female↗

PubMed2003

Prevalence of pityriasis versicolor in young Italian sailors.

BACKGROUND: Pityriasis versicolor is a superficial fungal disease with a world-wide distribution, but there are few available studies on its prevalence in the general population. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of pityriasis versicolor in a representative sample of young Italian sailors, evaluating the influence of habits and risk factors in the affected individuals. METHODS: Young cadets (n = 1024: 975 men and 49 women, mean age 22 years) of the Italian Navy Petty Officers' School in Taranto were consecutively examined by the same observer. The diagnosis of pityriasis versicolor was based on clinical picture and/or Wood's lamp examination. All the subjects filled in a questionnaire about sport practice, swimming pool attendance, marching, presence of hyperhidrosis and a positive clinical history of pityriasis versicolor in the past. The affected individuals were also asked if they were aware of their skin lesions. Differences between answers of affected and unaffected subjects were tested by Fisher's exact P-value test, and odds ratios were calculated. RESULTS: Pityriasis versicolor was diagnosed in 22 subjects (2.1%), all men, of whom 15 (68%) were not aware of their condition. No statistical association was found between active pityriasis versicolor and sport practice, swimming pool attendance, marching or presence of hyperhidrosis. A significant association [odds ratio 8.7 (95% confidence interval 3.3-21.5); Fisher's exact P-value test P < 0.01] was documented between active pityriasis versicolor and a previous clinical history of pityriasis versicolor. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of pityriasis versicolor in this sample of young Italian sailors was not high, in agreement with the available surveys performed in the general population in temperate climates. Many affected subjects were not aware of their condition. The only important factor associated with pityriasis versicolor was a previous history of pityriasis versicolor. This observation could confirm the hypothesis that constitutional factors, e.g. seborrhoea and chemical constitution of sebum, may play a crucial role in temperate climates, leading to relapsing forms of this superficial mycosis.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Nutrient intake of elite sailors during a solitary long-distance offshore race.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutritional intake of 11 skippers during the four stages of a solitary long-distance offshore race. Body weight significantly decreased during the race (-1.31 +/- 0.32 kg, range 3.5 to 0.1 kg, p <.01). Total daily energy intake was 18.53 +/- 0.71 MJ x day-1 during the race, and it correlated negatively with the rate duration of each leg. Energy intake during the race was 19% greater than that determined for a subgroup of 5 sailors during a control period 2 months after the race. Nutrient intake expressed as percentage calories of total energy was estimated at 50%, 35%, and 15% for carbohydrate, fat, and protein, respectively. Voluntary fluid intake decreased with increasing race duration (p<.001). Despite high energy intakes, sailors lost body weight during the solitary offshore race. It was not possible to conclude that this change in body weight was related to fluid loss and/or a discrepancy between energy intake and energy expenditure.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Some reactions to a dry-land training programme for dinghy sailors.

A dry-land winter training programme for dinghy-sailors is described. Individual elements include circuit training, specific exercises for muscle strength and endurance, and distance running. Ten international-class sailors followed a progressive regimen of this type for 14 weeks after completion of the 1973 season. Excess weight and skinfold thicknesses were reduced, while muscle strength, endurance and anaerobic capacity increased. Aerobic power remained substantially unchanged, although a smaller oxygen debt was incurred in reaching maximum effort. Team members were enthusiastic about the benefits gained from the training, commenting on their greater tolerance of the hiking position and all proposed to continue or to increase their efforts during subsequent winters. Racing results during 1974 were also an improvement on the 1973 record. However, it was difficult to link physiological gains to improvements in the relative rankings of individual competitors under either light or high wind conditions; the main factor changing relative standings seems to have been the additional year of competitive experiences in younger team members.

Body Weight↗

PubMed1999

Changes in physical characteristics and performance of elite sailors following introduction of a sport science programme prior to the 1996 olympic games.

The objective of this study was to examine changes in sailors' physical characteristics during three different time periods immediately before the 1996 New Zealand Olympic trials, as a result of a newly introduced sport science programme. Twenty five (19 male and 6 female) Olympic development squad members volunteered as subjects and completed fitness tests at different times between April 1995 and March 1996 after being administered with individualised physical training programmes. Statistically significant improvements were observed in body weight, sum of skinfolds, flexibility (assessed using a sit-reach test), aerobic endurance (assessed using a maximal effort 2500 m rowing test) and strength (assessed as the maximum number of push-ups, pull-ups, and sit-ups that could be completed in 2 minutes) over the three time periods. Thus, physical training was effective in improving many aspects of sailors' fitness, especially early in the sailing season as a result of pre-season training. Physical performance correlated poorly with both light and heavy wind racing performance. The results suggest that individually tailored training programmes will increase sailing specific fitness. However, it is impossible to know what proportions of racing performance can be attributed to physical fitness, skill, talent, and technology, therefore the effect of physical training on racing performance is difficult to determine.

Female↗