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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of sensory integration intervention on self-stimulating and self-injurious behaviors.

This study compared the effects of occupational therapy, using a sensory integration (SI) approach and a control intervention of tabletop activities, on the frequency of self-stimulating behaviors in seven children 8-19 years of age with pervasive developmental delay and mental retardation. Daily 15-min videotape segments of the subjects were recorded before, immediately after, and 1 hour after either SI or control interventions performed during alternating weeks for 4 weeks. Each 15-min video segment was evaluated by investigators to determine the frequency of self-stimulating behaviors. The results indicate that self-stimulating behaviors were significantly reduced by 11% one hour after SI intervention in comparison with the tabletop activity intervention (p = 0.02). There was no change immediately following SI or tabletop interventions. Daily ratings of self-stimulating behavior frequency by classroom teachers using a 5-point scale correlated significantly with the frequency counts taken by the investigators (r = 0.32, p < 0.001). These results suggest that the sensory integration approach is effective in reducing self-stimulating behaviors, which interfere with the ability to participate in more functional activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Increase of dendritic branching of CA3 neurons of hippocampus and self-stimulation areas in subjects experiencing self-stimulation of lateral hypothalamus and substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area.

Golgi examination of neurons of self-stimulation areas of the lateral hypothalamus and substantia nigra-ventral tegmental areas of adult Wistar rats that had experienced self-stimulation for 10 days revealed a significantly higher number of dendritic branching points in the two self-stimulation areas, and also in the hippocampus (CA3 pyramidal neurons) than in inexperienced rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Effects of psychotropic drugs on lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation behavior in rats: correlation between self-stimulation behavior inhibition and striatal dopaminergic blockade by neuroleptic drugs].

The effects of neuroleptic drugs on self-stimulation behavior were investigated in rats with electrodes chronically implanted in the lateral hypothalamus. Except for sulpiride and carpipramine, the neuroleptic drugs chlorpromazine, thioridazine, perphenazine, haloperidol, floropipamide, pimozide, clocapramine and oxypertine all suppressed self-stimulation behavior dose-dependently. The anti-anxiety drugs chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, clotiazepam and etizolam facilitated this behavior. The antidepressant drugs imipramine and amitriptyline suppressed this behavior slightly at the dose of 40 mg/kg. The alpha-antagonist phenoxybenzamine also suppressed this behavior, but the slope of its dose-response curve was gentle compared with those of the neuroleptic drugs. The inhibition produced by the neuroleptic drugs is considered to be mediated primarily at the dopaminergic receptors. Turning behavior induced by methamphetamine in rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the caudate nucleus was used to assess the striatal dopaminergic blocking potency of the neuroleptic drugs. No correlation was found between the ED50 values for the turning behavior inhibition and the ED50 values for the self-stimulation behavior inhibition produced by these drugs, so the dopaminergic receptors in the striatum are apparently not involved in the mediation of self-stimulation behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Self-stimulation of the nucleus accumbens and some comparisons with hypothalamic self-stimulation.

Rats were trained to respond for electrical stimulation of the nucleus accumbens (ACB) or lateral hypothalamus (HYP) in a shuttle-box apparatus. Whereas the HYP rats showed rapid acquisition and stabilization of performance, the ACB rats were slow to learn the task and commonly took longer than 20 daily sessions to stabilize. Once stabilized, both groups responded with similarly vigorous performance. All rats displayed a predominantly locomotor behaviour, which was almost totally devoid of exploratory behaviours typically associated with self-stimulation. The absence of stimulus-bound behaviours was particularly notable in the ACB group. These rats, but not the HYP rats, showed an increase in the latency to initiate stimulation during the daily 25-min test sessions. Depriving the animals of a single self-stimulation session caused a decrease in the latency of ACB rats to initiate on the following day while having no effect on the HYP rats. All ACB rats gradually developed convulsive seizures during the first 3 weeks of testing which subsequently became more frequent and severe. None of the HYP rats showed any involuntary motor effects. The results show that ACB self-stimulation is a very different phenomenon to HYP self-stimulation, and suggest that, in addition to reward and aversion, ACB self-stimulation may involve a stereotyped ritual controlled partly by adaptation and conditioning.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Neurological reactivity during medial prefrontal cortex stimulation: effects of self-stimulation experience.

Electrical stimulation of the medial prefrontal cortex (MFC) induced a moderate behavioral suppression in a series of neurological tests that included measures of (1) open field activity (2) righting and climbing reflexes (3) somatosensory reactivity and (4) approach-withdrawal responsiveness to positive and negative stimuli. The same animals were trained to lever press for medial prefrontal cortex stimulation and after several days of self-stimulation were again tested for neurological reactivity during MFC stimulation. No habituation or lessening of behavioral suppression was evident as a result of self-stimulation experience. Therefore behavioral suppression, by itself, cannot account for the slow acquisition of MFC self-stimulation. Other data suggest that the stimulation interferes with the learning of complex operant responses and/or that the reward value of the stimulation is increased as a result of repetition.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Ventral tegmental self-stimulation, sensory reactivity and pain reduction in rats selected for high and low rates of lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation.

Ventral tegmental self-stimulation (VTSS) was studied in 56 male rats of four genetic lines (LC1-Lo, LC1-Hi, LC2-Lo, LC2-Hi), which differed in their inherent tendencies to self-stimulate the lateral hypothalamus. It was found that LC2-Hi rats engage more in VTSS than do rats of the LC2-Lo line. No differences were observed between the LC1-Hi and -Lo lines. In a second experiment, the LC2-Hi and -Lo lines were compared as to peripheral pain thresholds (36 animals) and VT-induced-analgesia (21 animals). Genetically low self-stimulators of the LC2 selection program were found to be more sensitive to acute peripheral pain and to VT analgesic influences than are their high counterparts. Theoretical implications are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Supplementation of antenatal cardiotocography (nonstress test) by nipple self stimulation].

Self-stimulations of nipples were performed in 155 late pregnant women in connection with antenatal cardiotocography (nonstress test). Cardiotocographs were interpreted using an own score. Uterine contractions could be produced by nipple stimulation in 111 women (71.6 per cent). In 13 cases with score 6 to 8 these contraction contributed to explantation of fetal condition. In additional 11 cases with score 9 to 10 the attention was focussed to the reduced fetal or placental capacity by the suspect cardiotocogram. In this group frequency of caesarean section was increased significantly. In cases with successful nipple stimulation the rate of labour induction with effect was higher. Oxytocin liberation by nipple stimulation may be regarded as endogenous oxytocin stress test. This simple procedure which can be done quickly and without danger is supposed to be a good supplement to nonstress test. Its reliability can be improved and the success of induction of labour estimated.

Breast↗
PubMed1975

Interactions of adrenergic stimulants and blockers on self-stimulation behavior in rats.

Self-stimulation behavior in rats was facilitated by two adrenergic stimulants, amphetamine (0.5 or 1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, i.p., or 100 mug, intracerebroventricular, i.c.v.) and cocaine (5 mg/kg, i.p.). Three alpha-adrenergic blockers (phenoxybenzamine, dibenamine, phentolamine) and a beta-adrenergic blocker (propranolol) decreased self-stimulation responding at 100 mug i.c.v. doses, but showed very little effect at small i.p. doses. Pretreatment with alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers (i.c.v.) also decreased amphetamine-facilitated responding. The effects of amphetamine or cocaine (i.p.) were not significantly altered by these blockers at the doses used. The depressant effects of the alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockers on self-stimulation behavior appear to be nonspecific with respect to the type of adrenergic receptors.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed2000

Extracellular dopamine dynamics in rat caudate-putamen during experimenter-delivered and intracranial self-stimulation.

Intracranial self-stimulation is an operant behavior whereby animals are conditioned to press a lever in order to receive an electrical stimulation of their dopamine neurons. This paradigm is thought to stimulate brain reward pathways and, as such, has been used to clarify the role of dopamine in reward. Striatal extracellular dopamine concentrations were monitored during the acquisition and maintenance of self-stimulation and compared to dopamine release generated by experimenter-delivered and yoked stimulation. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in conjunction with carbon-fiber microelectrodes was used to monitor evoked dopamine release in the caudate-putamen during electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area. The sub-second temporal resolution of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry coupled with the micron spatial resolution of the microelectrodes allowed for the measurement of dopamine neurotransmission in real-time. Single experimenter-delivered stimulations, identical to those used during self-stimulation, evoked dopamine release in the caudate-putamen both before and after the self-stimulation sessions. Likewise, yoked stimulations of the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area delivered to animals untrained to perform self-stimulation resulted in an increase in extracellular dopamine levels. During training sessions, experimenter-delivered stimulations evoked dopamine release. However, as the animals began lever-pressing, extracellular dopamine levels subsequently declined. Taken together, these results suggest that dopamine functions as an alerting device, wherein increases in extracellular dopamine are obtained by unpredicted or novel rewarding stimuli, but not by those which can be anticipated.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Frequency-response characteristics provide a functional separation between stimulation-bound feeding and self-stimulation.

Many lateral hypothalamic electrodes that support self-stimulation also elicit feeding. Refractory period and conduction velocity estimates for the axons supporting these behaviors appear identical, suggesting that these behaviors may be elicited by stimulation of a common directly activated substrate. However, it is not known if the substrate(s) for the two behaviors integrate activity in directly stimulated axons similarly in controlling their respective behaviors. This study generates rate-frequency curves for a range of current intensities for self-stimulation and stimulation-bound feeding, using bar press rate and ingestion rate, respectively, as behavioral measures. For self-stimulation, as is well established, increases in intensity shift rate-frequency curves toward lower frequencies. For stimulation-bound feeding, increases in intensity raise asymptotic ingestion rate, but do not always appreciably change the location of the curve along the frequency axis. The different parametric profiles obtained for the two behaviors suggest different processes of integrating neural activity in the directly activated substrates.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

An easily constructed biphasic constant-current stimulator for intracranial self-stimulation.

This paper describes a biphasic, constant-current stimulator that is appropriate for intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) studies. The stimulator is made from components that are readily available in electronic supply stores at low cost. A printed circuit board has also been designed for the stimulator which facilitates its production. The device has proven extremely reliable in various ICSS paradigms.

Animals↗
PubMed1964

BRAIN-STIMULATION INTENSITY, RATE OF SELF-STIMULATION, AND REINFORCEMENT STRENGTH: AN ANALYSIS THROUGH CHAINING.

Reinforcement strengths of different intensities of brain stimulation were assessed by means of a two-member behavioral chain. A variable interval schedule of 30 sec was the first-member, and five lever presses, each rewarded with stimulation, was the second. It was found that response rate on the VI schedule continued to increase beyond the intensity value which produced peak rate on the second-member, self-stimulation lever. It was concluded (1) that brain-stimulation reinforcement strength cannot be assessed adequately by means of self-stimulation rate, and (2) the chaining technique employed in the present experiment appears promising as an analytical tool in brain-stimulation research. Finally, some aspects of the data suggested a fatigue or stimulation-adaptation phenomenon.

Brain↗
PubMed1999

Increased numerical density of synapses in CA3 region of hippocampus and molecular layer of motor cortex after self-stimulation rewarding experience.

Self-stimulation has been considered as an intensely rewarding behavioural experience, being perhaps even more influential than feeding or sexual behaviour. Our earlier studies have demonstrated a self-stimulation rewarding experience-induced increase in dendritic branching points, intersections and spine densities in CA3 hippocampal and layer V motor cortical pyramidal neurons. In the present study, we report self-stimulation-induced alterations in the numerical density of synapses in the hippocampus and motor cortex. A self-stimulation experience was provided 1 h daily for a period of 10 days through bipolar electrodes, implanted bilaterally in the lateral hypothalamus and substantia nigra-ventral tegmental area, stereotaxically. The results revealed a significant (P < 0.001) increase in the number of synapses in the CA3 region of hippocampus and the molecular layer of the motor cortex in self-stimulation-experienced rats. The increased synaptic number may be due to the activation of afferent pathways to the hippocampus and motor cortex following self-stimulation, which may lead to the induction of long-term potentiation. Long-term potentiation is known to cause structural changes by strengthening the existing synapses or resulting in the formation of new synapses. These changes may be related to the improved cognitive functions observed in self-stimulation-experienced rats.

Animals↗