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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

Blast-like cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of young infants: further characterization of clinical setting, morphology and origin.

Blast-like cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of neonates have been identified and previously suggested to be of germinal matrix origin. Twelve additional CSF specimens with blast-like cells collected at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, between 1985-1992 were analyzed. The cytological features of the blast-like cells as well as their associated clinical setting were further characterized by the authors. All patients in the study were young infants with hydrocephalus and nearly all underwent placement of a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt at the time the CSF specimen was collected. In addition, a cytologic preparation of germinal matrix cells obtained from an autopsy specimen was analyzed, which closely resembled the blast-like cells. These data provide additional evidence that blast-like cells originate from the germinal matrix.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed2001

[Pathomorphology of regenerative processes in mandibular fracture after sodium succinate treatment and laser magnetotherapy in an experimental setting].

Morphological reactions in tissue adjacent to mandibular angular fracture were studied in guinea pigs treated with sodium succinate and laser magnetotherapy. Due to succinate therapy the exudative component of inflammation was less expressed in comparison with the control, macrophagal reaction and neoangiogenesis were activated, the volume of damaged muscle tissue and the incidence of suppurations decreased. The number of osteoblasts increased and new bone structures acquired a lamellar pattern earlier than in the control. Sodium succinate therapy in combination with laser magnetotherapy had a more pronounced positive effect as regards activation of macrophagal reaction and neoangiogenesis and a decrease in the area of fibrosclerotic changes in the zone of damaged muscles, where newly formed myosymplasts differentiated into myotubes and even in muscle fibers. Suppuration of the wound was prevented. Bone tissue in the fracture zone formed without preliminary formation of cartilaginous tissue, which resulted in more rapid osteogenesis (lamellar bone growth in the fracture zone).

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Integration of morphological data sets for phylogenetic analysis of Amniota: the importance of integumentary characters and increased taxonomic sampling.

Several mutually exclusive hypotheses have been advanced to explain the phylogenetic position of turtles among amniotes. Traditional morphology-based analyses place turtles among extinct anapsids (reptiles with a solid skull roof), whereas more recent studies of both morphological and molecular data support an origin of turtles from within Diapsida (reptiles with a doubly fenestrated skull roof). Evaluation of these conflicting hypotheses has been hampered by nonoverlapping taxonomic samples and the exclusion of significant taxa from published analyses. Furthermore, although data from soft tissues and anatomical systems such as the integument may be particularly relevant to this problem, they are often excluded from large-scale analyses of morphological systematics. Here, conflicting hypotheses of turtle relationships are tested by (1) combining published data into a supermatrix of morphological characters to address issues of character conflict and missing data; (2) increasing taxonomic sampling by more than doubling the number of operational taxonomic units to test internal relationships within suprageneric ingroup taxa; and (3) increasing character sampling by approximately 25% by adding new data on the osteology and histology of the integument, an anatomical system that has been historically underrepresented in morphological systematics. The morphological data set assembled here represents the largest yet compiled for Amniota. Reevaluation of character data from prior studies of amniote phylogeny favors the hypothesis that turtles indeed have diapsid affinities. Addition of new ingroup taxa alone leads to a decrease in overall phylogenetic resolution, indicating that existing characters used for amniote phylogeny are insufficient to explain the evolution of more highly nested taxa. Incorporation of new data from the soft and osseous components of the integument, however, helps resolve relationships among both basal and highly nested amniote taxa. Analysis of a data set compiled from published sources and data original to this study supports monophyly of Amniota, Synapsida, Reptilia, Parareptilia, Eureptilia, Eosuchia, Diapsida, Neodiapsida, Sauria, Lepidosauria, and Archosauriformes, as well as several more highly nested divisions within the latter two clades. Turtles are here resolved as the sister taxon to a monophyletic Lepidosauria (squamates + Sphenodon), a novel phylogenetic position that nevertheless is consistent with recent molecular and morphological studies that have hypothesized diapsid affinities for this clade.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Character congruence and phylogenetic signal in molecular and morphological data sets: a case study in the living Iguanas (Squamata, Iguanidae).

The lizard family Iguanidae comprises eight living genera distributed throughout the New and Old World, and includes several island endemics. We reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among these genera using 90 previously published morphological characters, to which we add a molecular (mtDNA sequence) data set that includes 742 nucleotides of the ND4 gene and the complete sequences of the histidine, serine, and leucine tRNAs (217 nucleotides). Trees were initially constructed separately from these three data sets, and then tested for significant conflict in topologies that would suggest the influence of different evolutionary processes. The three data sets were then combined, and a single tree was obtained from the total evidence that permitted identification of potential sources of character incongruence. Several additional analyses of the combined data sets were repeated with sequential deletion of successive classes of homoplastic characters, and we show that the same single tree topology is recovered in most cases. However, part of the tree structure collapses when the matrix of combined characters is completely purged of all homoplastic characters. We argue that this extreme results in an unacceptable loss of phylogenetic information, and we present a single phylogenetic hypothesis for all living genera of iguanas. We show that this hypothesis is significantly more parsimonious than either of two previously published trees, and we discuss the evolution and biogeography of the Iguanidae based on the preferred hypothesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The interrelationships of proseriata (Platyhelminthes: seriata) tested with molecules and morphology.

Proseriate flatworms are common members of the interstitial benthic fauna worldwide, predominantly occupying marine environments. As minute animals, having relatively few characters useful for cladistic analysis, they have been difficult to present in a phylogenetic framework using morphology alone. Here we present a new morphological matrix consisting of 16 putatively homologous characters and two molecular data sets to investigate further this major group of free-living members of the Platyhelminthes. Complete 18S rDNA (representing 277 parsimony-informative characters) from 17 ingroup taxa and partial 28S rDNA spanning variable expansion regions D1 to D3 and D1 to D6 (representing 219 and 361 parsimony-informative characters, respectively) from 27 and 14 ingroup taxa, respectively, were determined and aligned as complementary data sets. Morphological and molecular data sets were analyzed separately and together to determine underlying phylogenetic patterns and to resolve conflict between published scenarios based on morphology alone. The monophyly of the Proseriata cannot be confirmed categorically with any of these data sets. However, the constituent taxa are confirmed as basal members of the Neoophora, and a sister group relationship with Tricladida is rejected. Similarly, the monophyly of one of the two subtaxa of the Proseriata, the Lithophora, could not be confirmed with molecules. Concerning intragroup relationships, we could reject one of the two phylogenetic trees formerly proposed, as well as the clade Otoplanidae + Coelogynoporidae. However, a clade Otoplanidae + Archimonocelididae + Monocelididae (to which the Monotoplanidae belong) was supported, and the position of the genus Calviria shifted from the Archimonocelididae to the Coelogynoporidae.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Unraveling the evolutionary radiation of the families of the Zingiberales using morphological and molecular evidence.

The Zingiberales are a tropical group of monocotyledons that includes bananas, gingers, and their relatives. The phylogenetic relationships among the eight families currently recognized are investigated here by using parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of four character sets: morphological features (1), and sequence data of the (2) chloroplast rbcL gene, (3) chloroplast atpB gene, and (4) nuclear 18S rDNA gene. Outgroups for the analyses include the closely related Commelinaceae + Philydraceae + Haemodoraceae + Pontederiaceae + Hanguanaceae as well as seven more distantly related monocots and paleoherbs. Only slightly different estimates of evolutionary relationships result from the analysis of each character set. The morphological data yield a single fully resolved most-parsimonious tree. None of the molecular datasets alone completely resolves interfamilial relationships. The analyses of the combined molecular dataset provide more resolution than do those of individual genes, and the addition of the morphological data provides a well-supported estimate of phylogenetic relationships: (Musaceae ((Strelitziaceae, Lowiaceae) (Heliconiaceae ((Zingiberaceae, Costaceae) (Cannaceae, Marantaceae))))). Evidence from branch lengths in the parsimony analyses and from the fossil record suggests that the Zingiberales originated in the Early Cretaceous and underwent a rapid radiation in the mid-Cretaceous, by which time most extant family lineages had diverged.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed2002

Aperture pattern ontogeny in angiosperms.

Pollen grains display a wide range of variation in aperture number and arrangement (pattern) in angiosperms. Apertures are well-defined areas of the pollen wall surface that permit pollen tube germination. For low aperture numbers, aperture patterns are characteristic of the major taxonomic divisions of angiosperms. This paper presents a developmental model that explains most of the aperture patterns that are recorded in angiosperms. It is based on the analysis of the different events that occur during meiosis and lead to microspore differentiation. It demonstrates that variation occurring during meiosis in angiosperms is sufficient to produce the core morphological set of the most commonly observed pollen morphologies.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2006

[Massive breast angiomatosis with dramatic course leading to acute total mastectomy--a case report].

OBJECTIVE: On the background of clinical, radiological and morphologic settings presented is unusual case of the rare angiomatosis of the female breast. Discussed are both clinicopathological aspects and differential diagnosis from the morphological point of view. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Biopsy Lab s.r.o. and Sikl's Department of Pathology, Charles University and Faculty Hospital, Pilsen. METHODS: As a case report described is a rare case of the angiomatosis of the female breast. Implemented illustrations consist of local findings, CT scan, specimen gross appearance and histological pictures including immunohistochemistry. Applied antibodies and detection system LSAB+ were provided by Dako, visualization was performed by chromogen DAB (diaminobenzidin tetrahydrochlorid). RESULTS: 30-year-old woman suffering of painful, enormous breast asymmetry underwent core needle biopsy of the right breast. The mastogram showed diffuse process of ambiguous significance. During the next few days her condition dramatically changed and under the circumstances of florid apoplexy and suspicion of tumor of her right breast, total mastectomy was carried out. Histological picture revealed widespread, unlimited vascular lesion dissecting throughout the stroma of the entire gland. Bland morphology and the nature of tissue involvement eventually led to diagnosis of benign angiomatosis. The woman underwent several local plastic operations but is out of final reconstruction of her breast so far. Thirteen months after mastectomy there are no signs of recurrence.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Congruence of fatty acid methyl ester profiles and morphological characters of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Gigasporaceae.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Order Glomales, Class Zygomycetes) are a diverse group of soil fungi that form mutualistic associations with the roots of most species of higher plants. Despite intensive study over the past 25 years, the phylogenetic relationships among AM fungi, and thus many details of evolution of the symbiosis, remain unclear. Cladistic analysis was performed on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles of 15 species in Gigaspora and Scutellospora (family Gigasporaceae) by using a restricted maximum likelihood approach of continuous character data. Results were compared to a parsimony analysis of spore morphological characters of the same species. Only one tree was generated from each character set. Morphological and developmental data suggest that species with the simplest spore types are ancestral whereas those with complicated inner wall structures are derived. Spores of those species having a complex wall structure pass through stages of development identical to the mature stages of simpler spores, suggesting a pattern of classical Haeckelian recapitulation in evolution of spore characters. Analysis of FAME profiles supported this hypothesis when Glomus leptotichum was used as the outgroup. However, when Glomus etunicatum was chosen as the outgroup, the polarity of the entire tree was reversed. Our results suggest that FAME profiles contain useful information and provide independent criteria for generating phylogenetic hypotheses in AM fungi. The maximum likelihood approach to analyzing FAME profiles also may prove useful for many other groups of organisms in which profiles are empirically shown to be stable and heritable.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Endplate spike morphology: a clinical and simulation study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the various morphologic appearances of endplate spikes, define the theoretical volume conduction basis of these waveforms' morphologies, and simulate "atypical" endplate spike waveforms documented by other investigators. DESIGN: Endplate spikes were recorded from the biceps brachii in healthy individuals using a monopolar needle electrode. The morphologies of these waveforms were compared with those obtained from a computer simulation. Previously documented endplate waveforms were simulated using two fundamental types of biphasic initially negative and positive waveform morphologies. SETTING: University clinic outpatient electrodiagnostic medicine facility. SUBJECTS: Five subjects without history or physical evidence of neuromuscular disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Endplate potential morphologies were assessed with respect to overall waveform shape and number of phases. Computer-generated waveforms for individual endplate spike waveforms were qualitatively compared with those recorded from the subjects. RESULTS: Three fundamental waveforms were documented to arise from the endplate regions of all subjects and were successfully simulated: (1) biphasic initially negative potential from the endplate itself and up to 0.2mm from the endplate, (2) triphasic initially positive potential from within 0.2mm of the endplate up to 0.5mm from the musculotendinous junction, and (3) biphasic initially positive potential from the last 0.4mm of the fiber or from impulse blocking. Two biphasic endplate spike waveforms could be summated to generate all other endplate waveforms described in previously documented literature. CONCLUSION: The combination of clinical and simulation studies suggests that endplate spike potentials can have quite varied morphologies. Triphasic initially positive and biphasic initially positive endplate spikes may be mistaken for fibrillation potentials and positive sharp waves, respectively. The triphasic waveforms most likely arise from an action potential propagating past the recording electrode adjacent to the endplate, while the biphasic initially positive potential is simulated to arise from the needle electrode blocking action potential propagation.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1998

Phylogenetic congruence and discordance among one morphological and three molecular data sets from Pontederiaceae.

A morphological data set and three sources of data from the chloroplast genome (two genes and a restriction site survey) were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the pickerelweed family Pontederiaceae. The chloroplast data converged towards a single tree, presumably the true chloroplast phylogeny of the family. Unrooted trees estimated from each of the three chloroplast data sets were identical or extremely similar in shape to each other and mostly robustly supported. There was no evidence of significant heterogeneity among the data sets, and the few topological differences seen among unrooted trees from each chloroplast data set are probably artifacts of sampling error on short branches. Despite well-documented differences in rates of evolution for different characters in individual data sets, equally weighted parsimony permits accurate reconstructions of chloroplast relationships in Pontederiaceae. A separate morphology-based data set yielded trees that were very different from the chloroplast trees. Although there was substantial support from the morphological evidence for several major clades supported by chloroplast trees, most of the conflicting phylogenetic structure on the morphology trees was not robust. Nonetheless, several statistical tests of incongruence indicate significant heterogeneity between molecules and morphology. The source of this apparent incongruence appears to be a low ratio of phylogenetic signal to noise in the morphological data.

Base Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Systematics and population level analysis of Anopheles darlingi.

A new phylogenetic analysis of the Nyssorhynchus subgenus (Danoff-Burg and Conn, unpub. data) using six data sets morphological (all life stages); scanning electron micrographs of eggs; nuclear ITS2 sequences; mitochondrial COII, ND2 and ND6 sequences¿ revealed different topologies when each data set was analyzed separately but no heterogeneity between the data sets using the arn test. Consequently, the most accurate estimate of the phylogeny was obtained when all the data were combined. This new phylogeny supports a monophyletic Nyssorhynchus subgenus but both previously recognized sections in the subgenus (Albimanus and Argyritarsis) were demonstrated to be paraphyletic relative to each other and four of the seven clades included species previously placed in both sections. One of these clades includes both Anopheles darlingi and An. albimanus, suggesting that the ability to vector malaria effectively may have originated once in this subgenus. Both a conserved (315 bp) and a variable (425 bp) region of the mitochondrial COI gene from 15 populations of An. darlingi from Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Peru and Venezuela were used to examine the evolutionary history of this species and to test several analytical assumptions. Results demonstrated (1) parsimony analysis is equally informative compared to distance analysis using NJ; (2) clades or clusters are more strongly supported when these two regions are combined compared to either region separately; (3) evidence (in the form of remnants of older haplotype lineages) for two colonization events; and (4) significant genetic divergence within the population from Peixoto de Azevedo (State of Mato Grosso, Brazil). The oldest lineage includes populations from Peixoto, Boa Vista (State of Roraima) and Dourado (State of São Paulo).

Americas↗
PubMed1995

Semen leukocytes: friends or foes?

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that male reproductive tract leukocytes function in the elimination of abnormal spermatozoa from ejaculated semen. DESIGN: Semen specimens with > or = 2 x 10(6) nonspermatozoal cells/mL were examined for leukocytes and for mature sperm with ideal morphology. SETTING: Andrology laboratory of a Center of Assisted Reproductive Technology. RESULTS: Semen specimens with elevated concentrations of leukocytes contained a significantly higher frequency of sperm with ideal morphology than semen specimens with elevated numbers of immature germ cells and low numbers of leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS: The direct correlation between leukocyte density and sperm with ideal morphology supports the concept that sperm surveillance is a normal function of male reproductive tract leukocytes. Understanding such germ cell-leukocyte interactions may provide valuable new insights into immunologic control mechanisms in male reproductive tract tissues.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Tephrochronologic Constraints on Temporal Distribution of Large Landslides in Northwest Argentina.

Two morphologic settings in the northwestern Argentine prone to giant mountain-front collapse-deeply incised narrow valleys and steep range fronts bordering broad piedmonts-were analyzed through detailed investigations of fossil landslides and related fluvio-lacustrine sediments. Nine different rhyodactic tephra layers were defined by geochemical fingerprinting of glass, morphology of pumice, stratigraphic relationships, and mineralogy. The age of three tephra could be determined either directly by 40Ar/39Ar dating or relatively by 14C dating of associated sediments: Paranilla Ash (723+/-89 ka), Quebrada del Tonco Ash ( approximately 30 ka), and Alemanía Ash ( approximately 3.7 ka). These units permit correlation of several spatially separate landslide deposits. Landslide deposits in narrow valleys were generated in the late Pleistocene between 40 and 25 ka and in the Holocene since ca. 5 ka and correspond to periods characterized by increased humidity in subtropical South America. In contrast, the age of large landslides in piedmont regions is significantly greater but more difficult to define by tephrochronology. However, selected deposits from this second environment have cosmogenic nuclide exposure ages of 140-400 ka. Because of the large distance of the collapsed mountain fronts from eroding streams and because of important Quaternary displacement along the mountain-bounding faults, we suggest that strong, low-frequency seismic activity is the most likely trigger mechanism for most of the landslides in this environment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Segmented neutrophil size and platelet morphology in HIV/AIDS patients.

OBJECTIVE: A study was conducted to determine if HIV/AIDS patients have smaller than normal size neutrophils and increased prevalence of abnormal platelet morphology. DESIGN: Wright's-stained peripheral blood smears from 100 HIV/ AIDS patients were evaluated for size of segmented neutrophils and degree of abnormal platelet morphology. SETTING: East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina. PARTICIPANTS: The study subjects consisted of 100 HIV/AIDS patients seen in an outpatient clinic in a teaching hospital in an academic health center. Peripheral blood smears were made from EDTA tubes drawn as a part of a routine immunology panel. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Segmented neutrophils from each of ten oil immersion fields were measured for diameter with a micrometer and the average diameter calculated. In addition, any platelet morphology abnormality, which was noted in at least five oil immersion fields, was recorded. One researcher evaluated one slide on each patient, and the second researcher randomly selected 20% of the subjects and performed the same procedure on a second slide for quality assurance of results. RESULTS: A segmented neutrophil mean diameter of 15.1 microns was found. Though this mean is a mere 0.1 microns above the upper limit of the normal range of 10 to 15 microns, 53% of the patients had an observed average diameter above 15 microns. The HIV/AIDS patients' mean diameter was statistically different when compared to a normal population mean of 12.0 microns (T-test = 16.15, p < .0001), thus, showing a tendency for HIV/AIDS patients' segmented neutrophils to be large. Over half of the study subjects demonstrated abnormal platelet morphology including agranularity, small size, and giant size. CONCLUSION: Neutrophil size as based on cell diameter, was found to be significantly larger for a sample of HIV/AIDS patients than the normal mean size. There was also a tendency for platelet morphology to be abnormal.

Blood Platelets↗