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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMedDate not supplied

[Quality changes in iced shrimps (Pandalus borealis). III. Indole and pH in shrimps caught in the Barents Sea compared with shrimps caught in the Far East (author's transl)].

The content of indole and the pH have been determined post mortem in shrimps (Pandalus borealis) caught in the Barents Sea and in shrimps caught outside Malaysia, India and Taiwan. These two criteria were compared with organoleptic assessment and the contents of volatile nitrogen bases (ammonia, trimethylamine) and living bacteria. For shrimps caught in the Barents Sea, both raw shrimps stored in ice and processed (broiled, peeled and single-frozen) shrimps were investigated. The results showed that only low levels of indole had been formed during ice-storage. Not until an advanced state of spoilage could a distinct increase in the indole content in raw and in boiled, peeled shrimps be discerned. pH increased slowly and varied in the area between acceptable and not acceptable quality. Neither the indole content nor the pH seems therefore to be a useful criterion for quality assessment either of raw shrimps caught in the Barents Sea or of such shrimps after processing (boiling and peeling). Most of the samples of boiled, peeled shrimps from the Far East were assessed organoleptically as less good-spoiled, and bacterial growth was significant. The content of trimethylamine oxide and volatile nitrogen was low, while the content of indole was high and exceeded 25 microgram/100 g in 8 or 14 samples. This is the upper limit for import in USA. The content of indole seems to be an important quality criterion for shrimps caught in warmer countries. The content of indole exceeded 25 microgram/100 g in some samples which were assessed organoleptically as acceptable. The pH was lower in brine-treated shrimps than in the others.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

The relationships among shrimp-specific IgG subclass antibodies and immediate adverse reactions to shrimp challenge.

High levels of shrimp-specific IgE, in association with a positive prick test, are not always predictive of a positive, immediate response to double-blind, placebo-controlled, food challenge (DBPCFC) with shrimp. The observation that shrimp-sensitive individuals in general have increased levels of circulating shrimp-specific IgG is of interest because antigen/allergen-specific IgG subclasses have been associated with adverse reactions to foods. Therefore, this current study measured shrimp-specific IgG subclass and IgE antibodies in 31 individuals with histories of immediate, adverse reactions to shrimp immediately before DBPCFC and 20 shrimp-tolerant subjects. Individuals with a history of shrimp sensitivity had significantly raised shrimp-specific IgG2 and IgG4 compared to shrimp-tolerant individuals. Challenge-positive subjects were distinguished from subjects with negative or equivocal responses by an increased IgG2 (p less than or equal to 0.001). Specific IgG4 was not raised (p less than or equal to 0.065). These studies indicate that some shrimp-specific IgG subclass levels are increased in shrimp-sensitive subjects. However, none of the subclass responses were significantly predictive of a positive response to DBPCFC and therefore were not diagnostic of shrimp intolerance.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Risk of spread of penaeid shrimp viruses in the Americas by the international movement of live and frozen shrimp.

Within the past decade, viral diseases have emerged as serious economic impediments to successful shrimp farming in many of the shrimp-farming countries of the world. In the western hemisphere, the viral agents of Taura syndrome (TS) and infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis have caused serious disease epizootics throughout the shrimp-growing regions of the Americas and Hawaii, while in Asia the viral agents of white spot syndrome (WSS) and yellow head (YH) have caused pandemics with catastrophic losses. The international transfer of live shrimp for aquaculture purposes is an obvious mechanism by which the viruses have spread within and between regions in which they have occurred. Shrimp-eating gulls, other seabirds and aquatic insects may also be factors in the spread of shrimp viruses between and within regions. Another potentially important mechanism for the international spread of these pathogens is the trade in frozen commodity shrimp, which may contain viruses exotic to the importing countries. The viral agents of WSS, YH and TS have been found, and demonstrated to be infectious, in frozen shrimp imported into the United States market. Mechanisms identified for the potential transfer of virus in imported frozen products to domestic populations of cultured or wild penaeid shrimp stocks include: the release of untreated liquid or solid wastes from shrimp importing and processing plants directly into coastal waters, improper disposal of solid waste from shrimp importing and processing plants in landfills so that the waste is accessible to gulls and other seabirds, and the use of imported shrimp as bait by sports fishermen.

Americas↗

PubMed2003

Microbial quality of shrimp products of export trade produced from aquacultured shrimp.

Bacteriological quality of individually quick frozen (IQF) shrimp products produced from aquacultured tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) has been analysed in terms of aerobic plate count (APC), coliforms, Escherichia coli, coagulase-positive staphylococci, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes. Eight hundred forty-six samples of raw, peeled, and deveined tail-on (RPTO), 928 samples of cooked, peeled, and deveined tail-on (CPTO), 295 samples of headless, undeveined shell-on (HLSO), and 141 samples of raw, peeled, and deveined tail-off (RPND) shrimps were analysed for the above bacteriological parameters. Salmonella was isolated in only one sample of raw, peeled tail-on. Serotyping of the strain revealed that it was S. typhimurium. While none of the cooked, peeled tail-on shrimp samples exceeded the aerobic plate count (APC) of 10(5) colony forming units per gram (cfu/g), 2.5% of raw, peeled, tail-on, 6.4% of raw, peeled tail-off, and 7.5% of headless shell-on shrimp samples exceeded that level. Coliforms were detected in all the products, though at a low level. Prevalence of coliforms was higher in headless shell-on (26%) shrimps followed by raw, peeled, and deveined tail-off (19%), raw, peeled tail-on (10%), and cooked, peeled tail-on (3.8%) shrimps. While none of the cooked, peeled tail-on shrimp samples were positive for coagulase-positive staphylococci and E. coli, 0.6-1.3% of the raw, peeled tail-on were positive for staphylococci and E. coli, respectively. Prevalence of staphylococci was highest in raw, peeled tail-off (5%) shrimps and the highest prevalence of E. coli (4.8%) was noticed in headless shell-on shrimps. L. monocytogenes was not detected in any of the cooked, peeled tail-on shrimps. Overall results revealed that the plant under investigation had exerted good process control in order to maintain superior bacteriological quality of their products.

Aquaculture↗

PubMed2006

Do shrimp-allergic individuals tolerate shrimp-derived glucosamine?

BACKGROUND: There is concern that shrimp-allergic individuals may react to glucosamine-containing products as shrimp shells are a major source of glucosamine used for human consumption. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether shrimp-allergic individuals can tolerate therapeutic doses of glucosamine. METHODS: Subjects with a history of shrimp allergy were recruited and tested for both shrimp reactivity via a prick skin test and shrimp-specific IgE by an ImmunoCAP assay. Fifteen subjects with positive skin tests to shrimp and an ImmunoCAP class level of two or greater were selected for a double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) using glucosamine-chondroitin tablets containing 1,500 mg of synthetically produced (control) or shrimp-derived glucosamine. Immediate reactions, including changes in peak flow and blood pressure, and delayed reactions (up to 24 h post-challenge) via questionnaire were noted and assessed. RESULTS: All subjects tolerated 1,500 mg of both shrimp-derived or synthetic glucosamine without incident of an immediate hypersensitivity response. Peak flows and blood pressures remained constant, and no subject had symptoms of a delayed reaction 24 h later. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that glucosamine supplements from specific manufacturers do not contain clinically relevant levels of shrimp allergen and therefore appear to pose no threat to shrimp-allergic individuals.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Aflatoxin contamination in shrimp feed and effects of aflatoxin addition to feed on shrimp production.

One hundred fifty samples of shrimp feed were collected from the eastern and southern regions of Thailand, and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2) in them were analyzed. AFB1 contamination ranged from a nondetectable level (< 0.003 ppb) to 0.651 ppb. Metabolites of AFB1 were less abundant than AFB1. To study the effects of aflatoxin in feed on shrimp production, black tiger shrimp were divided into four groups of 30 shrimp per group, tested in triplicate, and fed diets containing 0 (control), 5, 10, or 20 ppb of AFB1 for 10 consecutive days. After 7 or 10 days of consumption on each diet, the shrimp were weighed and sacrificed for laboratory examination. AFB1 and its metabolites were not detected in shrimp muscle. The mortality rate was slightly higher in the AFB1-treated groups than in the control group. The body weight of the surviving shrimp was decreased to 46 to 59% of the initial body weight in the AFB1-treated groups but not in the control group. Histopathological findings indicated hepatopancreatic damage by AFB1 with biochemical changes of the hemolymph. These results show that aflatoxin contamination in shrimp feed may cause economic losses by lowering the production of shrimp. Feed contaminated at the level of 20 ppb or lower (i.e., at the observed natural contamination level) may pose a very low risk, if any, to human health.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed2006

Application of molecular diagnostic methods to penaeid shrimp diseases: advances of the past 10 years for control of viral diseases in farmed shrimp.

The most important diseases of farmed penaeid shrimp have infectious aetiologies. Among these are diseases with viral, rickettsial, bacterial, fungal and parasitic aetiologies. Diagnostic methods for these pathogens include the traditional methods of gross pathology, histopathology, classical microbiology, animal bioassay, antibody-based methods, and molecular methods using DNA probes and DNA amplification. While methods using clinical chemistry and tissue culture are standard methods in veterinary and human diagnostic laboratories, the former has not been routinely applied to the diagnosis of penaeid shrimp diseases and the latter has yet to be developed, despite considerable research and development efforts that have spanned the past 40 years. No continuous shrimp cell lines, or lines from other crustaceans, have been developed. Hence, when molecular methods began to be routinely applied to the diagnosis of infectious diseases in humans and domestic animals in the mid- to late 1980s, the technology was applied to the diagnosis of certain important diseases of penaeid shrimp for which only classical diagnostic methods were previously available. A DNA hybridization assay for the parvovirus IHHNV was the first molecular test developed for a shrimp disease. This was followed within a year by the first PCR test for MBV, an important baculovirus disease of shrimp. Today, shrimp disease diagnostic laboratories routinely use molecular tests for diagnostic and surveillance purposes for most of the important penaeid shrimp diseases.

Animal Diseases↗

PubMed2006

[Research advances in behavioral ecology of penaeid shrimp II. Effects of environmental factors on behavior of penaeid shrimps].

Animal has an extrinsic response to the changes of internal and external environments. To ensure the stabilization of internal environment, animal should adjust its behavior to conform the changes of external environmental factors. This paper reviewed the research advances at home and abroad on the effects of environmental factors on the behavior of penaeid shrimps, with the focus on the effects of light, current and tide, dissolved oxygen, substrate, and water temperature on the feeding, locomotion, spawning, moulting, burrowing and emergence of penaeid shrimps. The behavioral adjustment of penaeid shrimps to the changes of environmental factors was also summarized. The existing problems and future research directions in the behavioral ecology of penaeid shrimps, e.g., the relationships between penaeid shrimps behavior and disease spread, effects of penaeid shrimps behavior on aquaculture ecosystem, and effects of environmental factors on penaeid shrimps behavior in intensive and high-density culture, were put forward.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1995

Development of a quantal assay in primary shrimp cell culture for yellow head baculovirus (YBV) of penaeid shrimp.

A 50% tissue culture infectious dose assay (TCID50) using primary culture of shrimp lymphoid organ (Oka) cells was developed for the quantitative titration of yellow-head baculovirus (YBV), a newly isolated virus of penaeid shrimp. The assay protocol includes the use of Primaria-grade 96-well tissue culture plates to grow the primary lymphoid organ cells of penaeid shrimp. A 15% gill suspension from YBV-infected shrimp was determined to have an infectious virus titer of 5 x 10(5.75) TCID50/ml. This report represents the first convenient assay protocol using cell culture derived from penaeid shrimp to titer a shrimp virus.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

A note on the screening of dried shrimps, shrimp paste and raw groundnut kernels for aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus.

All of 33 samples of dried shrimps, shrimp paste, peanut butter and raw groundnut kernels were contaminated with fungi. Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. were the predominant types in dried shrimps and raw groundnut kernels but no Aspergillus spp. were present in peanut butter or shrimp paste samples. Among 81 Aspergillus isolates obtained from dried shrimps and raw groundnut kernels, 10 were A. flavus/A. parasiticus, of which five were potential aflatoxin-producing A. flavus strains. No aflatoxins were detected in the food samples although some were visibly mouldy and some had high mould counts. The occurrence of aflatoxin-producing strains of A. flavus in dried shrimps and raw groundnut kernels warrants further investigation of these foods and their products as potentially significant sources of aflatoxins.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed2004

IgE binding to raw and boiled shrimp proteins in atopic and nonatopic patients with adverse reactions to shrimp.

BACKGROUND: Characterization of seafood allergens is important to understand the immune response to these allergens. Moreover, a detailed comparison between atopic and nonatopic patients with adverse reactions to shrimp has never been reported. METHODS: Raw and boiled shrimp extracts were analyzed by immunoblotting using sera from 9 atopic and 7 nonatopic patients with a history of adverse reactions to shrimp, and 13 control subjects. Total IgE, specific IgE and skin prick tests (SPT) to shrimp were also investigated. RESULTS: The level of specific IgE to shrimp was higher in atopic patients than nonatopic patients (p<0.05). Symptoms, SPT results and major allergens involved were similar in atopic and nonatopic patients. The 16.5-kD protein had the highest frequency of IgE binding followed by the 40-kD protein in these patients. Other minor IgE-binding proteins were observed at the 20-, 22-, 54-, 72-, 129- and 140-kD regions. Patients who had binding to the 16.5-kD protein had either positive (25% raw/31% cooked) or negative (13% raw/cooked) CAP-FEIA-RAST, while patients who recognized the 40-kD protein all had positive (31% raw/19% cooked) CAP-FEIA-RAST. All control subjects had negative immunoblots for these two proteins. CONCLUSION: The 16.5-kD protein was the most frequent protein identified regardless of CAP-FEIA-RAST results, while the 40-kD protein was only present in patients with positive CAP-FEIA-RAST. Therefore, 16.5-kD protein may be an important allergen that is clinically relevant in both atopic and nonatopic patients with adverse reactions to shrimp even if it is not detected by the CAP-FEIA-RAST system.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Vp28 of shrimp white spot syndrome virus is involved in the attachment and penetration into shrimp cells.

White spot disease (WSD) is caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which results in devastating losses to the shrimp farming industry around the world. However, the mechanism of virus entry and spread into the shrimp cells is unknown. A binding assay in vitro demonstrated VP28-EGFP (envelope protein VP28 fused with enhanced green fluorescence protein) binding to shrimp cells. This provides direct evidence that VP28-EGFP can bind to shrimp cells at pH 6.0 within 0.5 h. However, the protein was observed to enter the cytoplasm 3 h post-adsorption. Meanwhile, the plaque inhibition test showed that the polyclonal antibody against VP28 (a major envelope protein of WSSV) could neutralize the WSSV and block an infection with the virus. The result of competition ELISA further confirmed that the envelope protein VP28 could compete with WSSV to bind to shrimp cells. Overall, VP28 of the WSSV can bind to shrimp cells as an attachment protein, and can help the virus enter the cytoplasm.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[The development of shrimp blood agar for testing the hemolysis of shrimp's haemocyte by bacteria].

A new plating medium, shrimp blood agar, was developed by using the haemolymph of shrimp plus 200 ppm rose bengal as the substrate. The colorless shrimp haemocytes were dyed by rose bengal to red. On the present agar, the hemolytic bacteria strain may show a clear zone surrounding the bacterial colony. The result on hemolysis of 45 bacteria representing 12 genera isolated from aquaculture environments against shrimp blood agar and sheep blood agar was also evaluated. There are 11 strains with different results. The study showed that, with the aim of screening the hemolytic bacteria to shrimp, shrimp blood agar might reveal a relatively quick and accurate results than that of sheep blood agar.

Agar↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Quality changes in iced shrimps (Pandalus borealis). I. Changes in the contents of trimethylamine oxide and volatile nitrogen bases and bacteria in raw shrimps after different storage periods compared with organoleptic examinations (author's transl)].

On the basis of two experiments on the storage of raw shrimps (Pandalus borealis) in ice and on samples taken out from different trawlers after different days at sea, we have attempted to find the criteria of choice for the lower limit of quality of raw shrimps which are meant for further processing for human consumption. A content of TVN of approximately 50 mg/100 g peeled shrimp and a content of TMA-N of approximately 10 mg/100 g peeled shrimp probably represent such an objective lower limit if a comparison with organoleptic assessment is made. Assuming suitable storage conditions, this corresponds to a maximum period of 7 days. In this paper we have also attempted to find the content of TMAO in fresh raw shrimps from different fishing grounds in the Barents sea and off the Eastern coast of Greenland. The content of TMA-N was found to vary from 166 to 211 mg/100 g peeled shrimp.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2002

Ribonucleotide reductase of shrimp white spot syndrome virus (WSSV): expression and enzymatic activity in a baculovirus/insect cell system and WSSV-infected shrimp.

Infection of shrimp cells with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) results in an increase in ribonucleotide reductase (RR) expression at the RNA level. In this article we further express and characterize the induction of a novel ribonucleotide reductase after WSSV infection of shrimp cells. A baculovirus/insect system was used to express the two recombinant protein subunits RR1 and RR2, and a DNA polymerase coupled RR activity assay showed a marked increase in ribonucleotide reductase activity when cell extracts containing recombinant RR1 and RR2 were combined. The same assay revealed that RR activity increased as infection advanced in the gills of experimentally infected shrimp. An increase in RR expression was also detected at the protein level in WSSV-infected shrimp cells. An immunocytochemistry assay by confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that in hemocytes collected from WSSV-infected shrimp, both of the subunit proteins (RR1 and RR2) were concentrated mainly around the nucleus, but only RR1 was detected inside it. All of these results suggest that WSSV RR is functionally involved during WSSV infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Burrow ventilation in the tube-dwelling shrimp callianassa subterranea (Decapoda: thalassinidea). II. The flow in the vicinity of the shrimp and the energetic advantages of a laminar non-pulsating ventilation current.

The ventilation flow in the vicinity of the pleopod-pumping thalassinid shrimp Callianassa subterranea in an artificial transparent burrow has been mapped using particle image velocimetry. The flow in the tube in front of the shrimp was unidirectional, laminar and steady, with a parabolic cross-sectional velocity profile. The mean flow velocity was 2.0+/-0.1 mm s-1. The flow passed the thorax of the shrimp along the lateral and ventral sides. Ventral to the abdomen, the flow was dominated by the metachronally oscillating pleopods. The water around a pleopod is accelerated caudally and ventrally during the power stroke, and decelerated to a much lesser extent during the recovery stroke owing to a reduction in pleopod area. On average, the flow ventral to the abdomen converged towards the small opening underneath the telson, simultaneously increasing in velocity. A jet with a core velocity of 18-20 mm s-1 entered the area behind the shrimp from underneath the telson. This caused a separation zone with backflow caudal to the telson. Owing to the high rates of shear, the jet diverged and re-adjusted to a parabolic cross-sectional profile within 1-2 body lengths behind the shrimp, showing no traces of pulsation. The metachronal pleopod movements in combination with the increase in flow velocity at the constriction in the tube caused by the uropods and the telson probably prevented pulsation. The energetic consequences of pulsating and steady flows in combination with several tube configurations were evaluated. The results suggested that, by constricting the tube and keeping the flow steady, C. subterranea saves on ventilation costs by a factor of up to six compared with oscillatory flow in a tube without the tail-fan constriction.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Immune gene discovery by expressed sequence tag analysis of hemocytes and hepatopancreas in the Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and the Atlantic White Shrimp, L. setiferus.

A pilot program was undertaken in immune gene discovery in two sister species of litopenaeid shrimp, the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei and the Atlantic white shrimp, L. setiferus. RNA from the hemocytes and hepatopancreas of single individuals from each species was recovered, 4 cDNA libraries (one from each tissue/species) were made by a PCR-based method and a total of approximately 2045 randomly selected clones were sequenced. A total of 268 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were found that corresponded to 44 immune function genes. The most common immune-function ESTs (172) were antimicrobial peptides, which were restricted to the hemocyte libraries. Lectins were the largest group of immune-function ESTs found in the hepatopancreas. Analysis of these libraries indicates that EST approaches are effective for immune gene discovery in shrimp and that the diversity of these PCR-generated libraries would support full-scale EST collection.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[Research advances in behavioral ecology of penaeid shrimps. I. Behavior of penaeid shrimps].

The behavioral ecology of penaeid shrimps has been studied extensively in many countries due to their special ecological habit and important position in sea water aquaculture. This paper reviewed the recent literatures on the behavior of penaeid shrimps, including feeding, locomotion, defense, mating, spawning, molting, burrowing and emergence, with the differences of the behavior in different habitats discussed. The existing research problems, and the study directions of penaeid shrimps in the future, e. g., the feeding strategies and mechanisms in various circumstances, the selection and adaptability to environmental factors, and the practical application of penaeid shrimps behavior theory, were put forward.

Animals↗