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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1995

Isolation of tubercle bacilli from sputum samples of patients in the field studies by the cetylpyridinium chloride-sodium chloride & sodium hydroxide methods.

A total of 125 sputum specimens, collected in the field, were homogenised, aliquoted in sterile universal containers and randomly allocated to the cetylpyridinium chloride - sodium chloride (CPC-NaCl) method and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) method for culture of tubercle bacilli. After storage for 8 days at ambient temperature in the field laboratory at Thiruvallur, the aliquots were transported to the main laboratory at Madras where they were processed for culture by the respective methods. The yield of positive cultures in the CPC-NaCl (31/125) method was only marginally better than that in the NaOH method (27/125) (95% CI being-3.4 to 9.8%), while the contamination of cultures was significantly less in the CPC-NaCl method (3/125) than in the NaOH method (12/125) (95% CI being 2.2 to 12.2%). As the CPC-NaCl method has advantages over the NaOH method in reducing contamination, in augmenting the yield of positive cultures and also in its simplicity, it can be applied in field studies.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2005

Micellization of AOT in aqueous sodium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium propionate, and sodium butyrate media: a case of two different concentration regions of counterion binding.

Critical micelle concentrations of AOT in water in the presence of sodium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium propionate, and sodium butyrate were determined at 25 degrees C by the surface tension method. The co-ions do not have any effect on the value of critical micelle concentration. The surface density of AOT at the air-water interface increases in the presence of added electrolyte and attains a maximum value of 2.5+/-0.1 mol m-2 at a particular electrolyte concentration which is different for sodium chloride and the other three electrolytes. From the Corrin-Harkins plot it has been found that for AOT micelles the counterion binding constant has values 0.40 and 0.82 below and above approximately 0.015 mol kg-1 electrolyte concentration (c*), respectively. Measurement of sodium ion activity from the EMF method has confirmed such a shift in the counterion binding constant of AOT at c*. The higher value of the counterion binding constant for AOT has been reported for the first time. From fluorescence spectroscopy it has been found that the aggregation number of AOT is 22 in water and its average aggregation numbers in the presence of electrolytes are about 34 and 136 below and above c*, respectively. The increase by a factor of 2 in the counterion binding constant is shown to be due to a change in the shape of the AOT micelles around c*. The shape of AOT micelles in the electrolyte concentration range c* is inferred to be oblate spheroid and a change from this shape appears to occur above c*. A sudden increase in the polarity of the micelle-solution interface is also observed above c*.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Interrelationship between sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, calcium, and phosphorus in laying hen diets.

Three experiments were conducted with Hy-Line W-36 laying hens housed in individual wire cages in open type houses. The first and second experiments were designed to investigate the effects of sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate fed at two levels of dietary total phosphorus (.30 and .60%). The third experiment was designed to study the interrelationships between age and sodium source. Supplementing sodium chloride at two levels (.37 and 1.11%) did not effect hen performance, except that egg production was better at the lower NaCl. Egg production was greater when .60 rather than .30% dietary phosphorus was fed. Egg specific gravity and egg weight were decreased at the lower dietary phosphorus. The addition of 1.6% sodium bicarbonate in the sodium chloride-free diets was deleterious to hen performance in all experiments. High mortality was observed in both experiments in which hens were fed diets containing high sodium and low chloride. Plasma calcium and phosphorus levels were significantly depressed in hens fed diets containing the lower phosphorus. Blood pH, base excess, bicarbonate, and total carbon dioxide were significantly increased by sodium bicarbonate supplementation, and these values were found to be inversely related to dietary phosphorus levels.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Modeling the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in cured ready-to-eat processed meat products by manipulation of sodium chloride, sodium diacetate, potassium lactate, and product moisture content.

A central composite second-order response surface design was employed to determine the influences of added sodium chloride (0.8 to 3.6%), sodium diacetate (0 to 0.2%), potassium lactate syrup (0.25 to 9.25%), and finished-product moisture (45.5 to 83.5%) on the predicted growth rate of Listeria monocytogenes in cured ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products. Increased amounts of both sodium diacetate (P < 0.11) and potassium lactate (P < 0.001) resulted in significant reductions in the growth rate constants of L monocytogenes. Increased finished-product moisture (P < 0.11) significantly increased growth rate constants. The nfluence of sodium chloride was not statistically significant. The second-order statistical factor for lactate was significant (P < 0.01), but all two-way interactions were not. In general, predicted growth rates exceeded actual growth rates obtained from inoculation studies of four cured RTE meat products (wieners, smoked-cooked ham, light bologna, and cotto salami). The final model will be useful to food technologists in determining formulations that will result in finished cured RTE meat products in which L. monocytogenes is not likely to grow.

Acetates↗
PubMed1992

NuLYTELY (PEG 3350, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and potassium chloride for oral solution).

NuLYTELY (PEG 3350, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Potassium Chloride for Oral Solution), a product from Braintree Laboratories, Inc. is a modification of GoLYTELY (PEG 3350 and Electrolytes for Oral Solution) that has been found to have the same therapeutic advantages in terms of safety, efficacy, speed and patient acceptance. This product was developed to improve upon the taste of GoLYTELY. NuLYTELY represents an effective alternative for bowel cleansing prior to colonoscopy that may be more acceptable to some patients.

Colonoscopy↗
PubMed1986

Corrosion of dental amalgams in solutions of sodium chloride, sodium sulfide and ammonia.

Specimens were prepared from three different dental amalgams and were immersed in 0.5% aqueous solutions of sodium sulfide, ammonia and sodium chloride. Every month and over a 6-month experimental period the solutions were replaced with fresh electrolyte and were analyzed in an atomic absorption spectrophotometer with respect to their content in silver, mercury, copper, tin and zinc. In sulfide solutions large amounts of tin and mercury were released from the amalgams while none of the other elements could be detected. Copper, tin and mercury were mostly dissolved in ammonia solutions. An increased silver dissolution could also be observed. Zinc was the first element to be released in sodium chloride solutions. After a 4-month immersion, considerable amounts of copper and mercury could also be found in the same solutions.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1989

The effect of phosphate, sodium chloride, sodium nitrite, storage temperature and pH on the growth of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in a laboratory medium.

The effect of eight phosphates in combination with sodium chloride/nitrite mixtures on growth of mixed strains of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli over a period of 10 weeks at three pH values (5.6, 6.2, 6.8) and at seven temperatures ranging from 10 degrees C to 35 degrees C is reported. All eight phosphates inhibited growth to varying degrees in at least some of the conditions investigated. Instances of inhibition increased with concentration of sodium chloride/nitrite and were more frequent at lower temperatures and pH values.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1986

Effects of the inorganic salts sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and magnesium sulfate upon the growth and motility of Treponema vincentii.

The use of inorganic salt solutions as chemotherapeutic agents in the control of periodontal disease has received considerable attention in the past few years. Although some research has been published on their clinical effectiveness, little is known about their therapeutic activity and bactericidal effects upon oral spirochetes. The present study investigated the effects of varied concentrations of NaCl, NaHCO3, and MgSO4 upon the in vitro growth and motility of Treponema vincentii. Growth determinations were performed using a turbidiometric analysis at 545 nm. Motility was qualitatively studied by direct examination of 200 treponemes in a wet mount specimen. Samples were taken at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours following inoculation with the treponemes. Concentrations of 0.5 M NaCl, NaHCO3, or MgSO4 totally inhibited the growth and motility of T. vincentii over a 96-hour period. Salt concentrations less than or equal to 0.10 M had little if any effect upon growth and motility. The data support the hypothesis that the bactericidal and antimotility effects of these salts are related more to their concentrations than to the presence of a specific inorganic ion. They also suggest that motility may be a valid indicator of bacterial viability. Before the clinical significance of the results can be ascertained, human studies are needed to establish sulcular salt concentrations which can be achieved with local irrigation and to determine how long bactericidal concentrations can be maintained.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1996

Effect of supplemental sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, or hydrochloric acid in starter pig diets containing dried whey.

Three experiments involving a total of 606 pigs weaned at 23 +/- 2 d of age were used to evaluate the effects of added dietary Na or Cl or both in combination (NaCl) on postweaning performance responses. A basal diet without added NaCl was formulated to 1.20% lysine using a corn-soybean protein mixture with 20% dried whey (C-SBP-DW) and was used in all experiments. The analyzed content of the basal diet for the three experiments averaged .19% Na, .37% Cl, and 1.37% K. In Exp. 1, NaCl was added to treatment diets at 0, .20, .40, and .60% at the expense of corn. The experiment was a randomized complete block (RCB) design conducted in 14 replicates using a total of 336 pigs (six pigs/ pen). The results demonstrated a linear (P < .01) growth response during the 0- to 7-d and a quadratic (P < .08) response during the 8- to 14-d period. Gain: feed ratio improved quadratically (P < .08) for the 0- to 14-d period. In Exp. 2, Na2HPO4 added to the C-SBP-DW basal diet provided supplemental Na levels of 0, .08, .16, and .24% Na to four treatment diets. The experiment was conducted in six replicates in a RCB design using a total of 144 pigs (six pigs/pen). The results demonstrated a linear (P < .05) growth response during the 0- to 7-d period as Na level increased, but not thereafter, and an improved gain: feed ratio (P < .05) for the 0- to 14-d period. In Exp. 3, Cl was added as HCl at 0, .05, or .10% Cl to the basal C-SBP-DW diet. The experiment was a RCB design conducted in six replicates using a total of 126 pigs (five or six pigs/pen between replicates). The results demonstrated a linear growth (P < .01) and feed intake (P < .08) response during the 0- to 7-d and the 0- to 14-d period to increasing levels of Cl. Feed intake also increased for the 0- to 7-d (P < .08), and 8- to 14-d (P < .05) periods. Stool looseness was unaffected by any of the dietary variables in the three experiments. These results suggest that the NRC (1988) recommendations for Na and Cl for young pigs (< or = 10 kg BW) may need to be increased.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1986

Stability of milrinone in 0.45% sodium chloride, 0.9% sodium chloride, or 5% dextrose injections.

The stability of milrinone in 0.45% and 0.9% sodium chloride injections and in 5% dextrose injection in glass and plastic containers was studied. Admixtures containing milrinone 0.2 mg/mL were prepared in three 500-mL glass containers, three 500-mL polyethylpolypropyl copolymer plastic containers, and three 1-L flexible plastic containers of each solution. Milrinone content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography at intervals during 72 hours of storage at room temperature; one sample of each solution and container type was protected from light. Duplicate assays of each sample were performed, and samples were observed for visual and pH changes. In all samples milrinone concentrations were more than 97% of the initial concentration. No changes in pH or appearance occurred. Milrinone at a concentration of 0.2 mg/mL is stable for 72 hours at room temperature in 0.45% and 0.9% sodium chloride injections and in 5% dextrose injection in glass or plastic containers.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2004

The antilisterial effect of Leuconostoc carnosum 4010 and leucocins 4010 in the presence of sodium chloride and sodium nitrite examined in a structured gelatin system.

To further enhance biopreservation of meat products, the antilisterial effect of the newly described protective culture Leuconostoc carnosum 4010 and its bacteriocins, leucocins 4010, was examined in the presence of sodium chloride and sodium nitrite in a solid matrix using a structured gelatin system. Interaction between Listeria monocytogenes 4140 and Leuc. carnosum 4010 or the leucocins 4010-resistant mutant L. monocytogenes 4140P showed that the inhibitory effect of Leuc. carnosum 4010 in the gelatin system was caused by the production and activity of leucocins 4010. The presence of sodium chloride (2.5% w/v) and sodium nitrite (60 mg/l) reduced the antilisterial effect of Leuc. carnosum 4010 in the structured gel system compared to the use of Leuc. carnosum 4010 alone. Investigations carried out at 10 degrees C showed that the lag phase of L. monocytogenes 4140 in the presence of Leuc. carnosum 4010 was reduced from 71 to 58 h by the addition of sodium chloride and to 40 h by the addition of sodium nitrite. Addition of sodium chloride increased the maximum specific growth rate of L. monocytogenes 4140 in the presence of Leuc. carnosum 4010 from 0.02 to 0.06 h(-1), whereas no change was observed by the addition of sodium nitrite. Compared to the antilisterial effect of leucocins 4010 alone, the addition of sodium chloride (2.5%, w/v) decreased the antilisterial effect at high concentrations of leucocins 4010 (5.3 and 10.6 AU/ml) as measured after 11 days of incubation at 10 degrees C. In gels with added leucocins 4010, the most pronounced reduction in growth of L. monocytogenes 4140 was observed at the highest concentration of leucocins 4010 (10.6 AU/ml) together with sodium nitrite (60 mg/l). More detailed information on the lag phase and the maximum specific growth rate of single colonies of L. monocytogenes 4140 in the presence of leucocins 4010 was obtained using microscopy and image analysis. No pronounced difference in the growth of single colonies was observed in the gel system. Real-time measurements of colony growth at 10 degrees C in the gelatin matrix showed that the growth inhibiting effect of leucocins 4010, including a longer lag phase as well as a lower maximum specific growth rate for L. monocytogenes 4010, was negated in the presence of 2.5% (w/v) sodium chloride.

Antibiosis↗