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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

[L4/L5 spondylolisthesis following reduction and stabilization by anterior and posterolateral graft of L5/S1 spondylolisthesis with major displacement].

40 children and adolescents, recurrence of a spondylolisthesis after posterior or even postero-lateral fusion is a well known fact. Anterior fusion added to the posterior graft is said to prevent such and occurrence. We report a case of a L4/L5 listhesis which followed near complete reduction of a 70% L5/S1 slip fixed by a combined approach. We think this is due to the persisting lumbo-sacral postural abnormalities and that while reducing and fixing the spondylolisthesis one should restore physiological posture to prevent this recurrence at the same level or at a higher one.

Child↗
PubMed1994

L4-5 isthmic spondylolisthesis. A biomechanical analysis comparing stability in L4-5 and L5-S1 isthmic spondylolisthesis.

The authors have previously reported that the L4-5 isthmic spondylolisthesis lesion often progresses more than the L5-S1 lesion in adult patients. This biomechanical study compares the in vitro stability of the L4-5 isthmic spondylolisthesis lesion compared with the L5-S1 isthmic lesion. The authors also analyzed the role of the L5 iliolumbar ligament as a contributing factor to stability. Six fresh frozen human cadaveric specimens (L4 to the sacrum including the iliolumbar ligamentous complex) were tested by applying 10 Nm flexion-extension moments. Sagittal plane motion was measured with the specimens intact and after sequential transection of the pars interarticulares at L4 and L5 and finally with the iliolumbar ligaments cut at L5-S1. L4-5 and L5-S1 both showed significant increases in rotation with the pars defect compared with normal (L4-5 = +2.0, L5-S1 = +3.2 degrees). Decreased translation of L5-S1 occurred with pars defect at this level. There were no significant differences at the L5-S1 level after sectioning of the iliolumbar ligament. Calculating the percentage difference from normal, L4-5 with a pars defect exhibited significantly greater relative motion compared with L5-S1 with the same defect; 12% more rotation, 33% more shear, and 43% more axial translation. The iliolumbar ligament did not appear to contribute to these differences because there was no significant change in the L5-S1 kinematics after its transection. These results support the hypothesis that L4-5 pars defects are more unstable than L5-S1 lesions. The iliolumbar ligament could not be implicated as the major contributing factor in these differences.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1994

Distinction between degenerative and isthmic spondylolisthesis on sagittal MR images: importance of increased anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal ("wide canal sign").

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a visually apparent increase in the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal ("wide canal sign") can be used reliably to differentiate degenerative from isthmic spondylolisthesis on midline sagittal MR images. We hypothesized that the wide canal sign would be present only in isthmic spondylolisthesis, where the vertebral ring is disrupted by defects in the pars interarticularis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The midline sagittal MR images of 100 control subjects without spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis were analyzed to establish the normal range of sagittal canal diameters at the various lumbar levels. Midline sagittal MR images of the lumbar spine were reviewed in 53 patients in whom either isthmic (n = 35) or degenerative (n = 18) spondylolisthesis was confirmed with conventional radiography and/or CT. For each spinal level, the sagittal canal ratio, defined as the maximum anteroposterior diameter of the canal at that level divided by the diameter of the canal at L1, was calculated. From our analysis of the control subjects, a normal sagittal canal ratio was determined to be less than 1.25. A sagittal canal ratio of 1.25 or greater at the level of a spondylolisthesis was considered to represent an abnormally increased sagittal canal diameter (wide canal sign), indicating the presence of bilateral pars interarticularis defects. Using this sign alone, two neuroradiologists who had no knowledge of the true diagnosis classified the type of spondylolisthesis in a randomized subgroup of 34 age-matched adults (all more than 40 years old and with grade I isthmic or degenerative spondylolisthesis). RESULTS: In the 100 subjects without spondylolisthesis and in the 18 patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis, the sagittal canal ratio did not exceed 1.25 (mean values, 0.93-0.99) at any level of the lumbar spine. Conversely, the sagittal canal ratio at the level of isthmic spondylolisthesis exceeded 1.25 (mean value, 1.56) in 34 of 35 patients. In patients more than 40 years old, in whom degenerative spondylolisthesis is prevalent and misdiagnosis of isthmic spondylolisthesis is potentially more likely, both neuroradiologists were 100% accurate in correctly assigning the type of spondylolisthesis when using the wide canal sign alone. CONCLUSION: The wide canal sign on midline sagittal MR images (corresponding to an sagittal canal ratio > or = 1.25) is a reliable predictor of the presence of defects of the pars interarticularis at the level of a spondylolisthesis. This sign could be useful for distinguishing degenerative from isthmic spondylolisthesis when degenerative sclerosis in the pars interarticularis mimics spondylolysis, when direct axial imaging of the pars interarticularis has not been done, or when imaging is technically inadequate.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Correlation of pelvic incidence with low- and high-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis.

PURPOSE: The development of isthmic spondylolisthesis is influenced by forces across the lumbosacral region of the spine. Pelvic incidence is a radiographic parameter that has been shown to be an independent parameter that influences both sagittal spinal balance and pelvic orientation. Our hypothesis then is that there is a positive correlation between pelvic incidence and spondylolisthesis. STUDY DESIGN: A radiographic analysis of cases with spondylolisthesis. OBJECTIVES: To try to assess the correlation between pelvic incidence in both low-grade and high-grade spondylolisthesis in both a pediatric and an adult population. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The concept of pelvic incidence has been introduced into the literature. Its exact association with spondylolisthesis has not yet been clarified. METHODS: Forty patients with spondylolisthesis were identified and divided into two groups: low-grade (Meyerding I-II) and high-grade (Meyerding III and higher). Radiographic parameters measured included lumbar sagittal alignment (T12-S1), sacral inclination, slip angle, and pelvic incidence. The spondylolisthesis was classified according to the Meyerding-Newman classifications and the slip angle. Radiographic measurements were also done in two control groups; there were 20 pediatric and 20 adult controls (mean age 11.8 years and 60.0 years, respectively). Unpaired t test analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were then done. RESULTS: Mean pelvic incidence was 47.4 degrees in the pediatric control group, 57 degrees in the adult control group, 68.5 degrees in the low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis group, and 79.0 degrees in the high-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis group. Pelvic incidence was found to be significantly higher in the high- and low-grade spondylolisthesis groups compared with both control groups (P = 0.0001). Pelvic incidence was significantly higher in the high-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis group than in the low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis group (P = 0.007). A significant correlation existed between pelvic incidence and Meyerding-Newman scores (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Pelvic incidence was significantly higher in patients with low- and high-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis as compared with controls and had significant correlation with the Meyerding-Newman grades (P = 0.03).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Pathoanatomic mechanisms of degenerative spondylolisthesis. A radiographic study.

STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective case-control study was performed using the radiographs taken at the first hospital visit in two groups; in one group, spondylolisthesis developed after the first hospital visit, and, in the other, spondylolisthesis had not developed over 10 years. OBJECTIVES: To determine possible radiographic differences between these two groups to clarify the pathoanatomic mechanisms of anterior slipping. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The etiology of degenerative spondylolisthesis, for example, underlying pathoanatomic mechanisms such as dysfunction of the disc or horizontalization of the lamina and the facets, has been difficult to resolve, because radiographs taken before the occurrence of the slip have not been available in previous investigations. METHODS: Sixty-nine patients with spondylolisthesis in whom degenerative spondylolisthesis developed after the first hospital visit and for whom radiographs taken before the slip were available were studied retrospectively. In 63 patients slipping did not develop over 10 years, with or without intervertebral instability; these patients were studied as a control group. The radiographs taken before and after the occurrence of the slip in the patients with spondylolisthesis were examined and compared with those without spondylolisthesis. Dysfunction of the disc, horizontalization of the lamina and the facets, and the sagittal alignment of the facet joints were assessed in each group. RESULTS: Patients in whom anterior slipping developed had signs indicating that horizontalization of the lamina and the facets had occurred before the slip. However, the patients in whom spondylolisthesis did not develop had no horizontalization of the lamina and the facets at the first hospital visit or during the follow-up period. There was no significant difference in dysfunction of the disc between the cases with and without spondylolisthesis. Sagittal alignment of the facet joints was seen more frequently in the patients in whom slipping occurred than in patients with no spondylolisthesis, but approximately 40% of the patients in whom slipping occurred did not demonstrate sagittal alignment. CONCLUSION: Horizontalization of the lamina and the facets is a pathoanatomic risk factor that can predispose for the development of degenerative spondylolisthesis. If dysfunction of the disc occurs in addition to these conditions, spondylolisthesis may develop.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Sagittal plane configuration of the sacrum in spondylolisthesis.

STUDY DESIGN: A radiographic study of the sagittal sacral deformity in spondylolisthesis. OBJECTIVES: To characterize and classify the pathoanatomy of sagittal sacral deformation in spondylolisthesis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Spondylolisthesis has been extensively described and reviewed in the literature. Deformity of the entire sacrum in spondylolisthesis potentially could affect the natural history, treatment options, and outcome. The sagittal contour of the entire human sacrum has never been quantitatively studied in spondylolisthesis. METHODS: A literature search was performed and data was gathered retrospectively on patients with spondylolisthesis at the authors' institution. Cases of degenerative spondylolisthesis were excluded. Specifically those patients with L5-S1 spondylolisthesis were studied. The authors studied standing lateral radiographs and performed statistical analysis to understand morphologic relations. RESULTS: A broad range of global sacral kyphosis (37-188 degrees ) exists in spondylolisthesis. Increasing sacral kyphosis is significantly associated with increasing percent slip, sacral horizontal angle, Neuman's classification, lumbar lordosis, and lumbar index. A simple classification of the spectrum of sacral deformity in the sagittal plane is presented. CONCLUSION: The entire sacrum in spondylolisthesis can develop a significant kyphotic deformity in the sagittal plane, and this is associated with other abnormalities found in the lumbosacral spine. Sacral deformity is a significant factor in the assessment of the sagittal contour of the patient with L5-S1 spondylolisthesis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Scoliosis, spondylolysis and lumbosacral spondylolisthesis. A study of their association apropos of 82 cases in children and adolescents].

The authors have reviewed the charts of 82 patients who presented the association of a scoliosis and a spondylolisthesis. They insist upon the necessity to treat each abnormality for itself. 26 patients have been simply followed in the clinic, they required no treatment because of the modicity of the scoliosis and the spondylolisthesis. 23 patients were treated with orthosis because of the scoliosis progression. In this group the spondylolisthesis was not a major concern and remained stable. 15 patients had to be operated on because their scoliosis was threatening. The existence of a spondylolisthesis must not be a deterrent to the arthrodesis, and the orthotic treatment must not be carried on if inadequate. The risks to observe, below the spine fusion a progression of the slippage are extremely low (no case in our series). Although we tried to obtain a fusion of the lysis with an isthmic arthrodesis in two cases, we do not think that it represents a prerequisite to a spine fusion above the level of the lysis. 13 patients had a lumbosacral fusion for a great slippage spondylolisthesis. In this group the scoliosis had no relationship with the spondylolisthesis in four patients. But, in nine patients the scoliosis appeared to be directly related to the spondylolisthesis. The "Arthrodesis-reduction" of the spondylolisthesis enabled us to correct, at least partially, the scoliosis. At last 3 patients had a great slippage spondylolisthesis, and a threatening scoliosis. For these rare cases we propose the lumbosacral fusion with reduction of the spondylolisthesis and then, a few months later, an arthrodesis of the scoliosis as we have carried out twice successfully.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

The prevalence of isthmic and degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of 1376 patients.

INTRODUCTION: Typically, spondylolisthesis is an asymptomatic spinal condition that is often captured accidently in radiographic studies. The limited studies reviewing incidence primarily used lateral radiographs, which lack the granularity of advanced imaging. In response, computed tomography (CT) has been recommended to enhance the accuracy of spondylolisthesis diagnosis (degenerative versus isthmic). In the present study, we sought to determine the prevalence of isthmic and degenerative spondylolisthesis using CT imaging. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 1,680 patients who underwent abdominal/pelvic CT scans at a single level-1 trauma center from January 1, 2017, to January 31, 2017. RESULTS: A total of 1,680 CT scans were screened, of which 1,376 patient scans met the inclusion criteria of having undergone complete imaging (axial and sagittal images). The average age of the study population was 57.1 (standard deviation, 18.7) years; 51.1% were female, and 83.2% were Caucasian. The prevalence of isthmic spondylolisthesis was 5.4% (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;71): 3.6% of cases were at the L5-S1 level, 2.1% were at the L4-L5 level, and 0.6% were at the L3-L4 level. The female-to-male ratio was 0.73:1. The prevalence of degenerative spondylolisthesis was higher at 21.5% (n&#xa0;=&#xa0;285), and the level most commonly affected was L4-L5 (11.8%), followed by L5-S1 (9.7%) and L3-L4 (4.6%). The female-to-male ratio was 1.3:1. There was a higher prevalence of degenerative spondylolisthesis in women at L4-L5 (51.2% vs. 35.6%; P&#xa0;<&#xa0;0.001). CONCLUSION: We found that degenerative spondylolisthesis was more prevalent, occurring primarily in older women, between the L4-L5 vertebrae. On the other hand, isthmic spondylolisthesis more commonly occurred within male patients between the L5-S1 vertebrae. Our study is one of the first to recognize a high rate of degenerative spondylolisthesis within the L5-S1 region, highlighting the utility of CT scan to visualize spinal translation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Global spinal motion in subjects with lumbar spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: does the grade or type of slip affect global spinal motion?

STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective pilot study to investigate the global motion characteristics of the spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis populations. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the influence of a spondylolisthesis or a spondylolysis on global spinal motion and to establish whether this is dependent on the cause of the slip or the degree/grade of the slip. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The condition of spondylolisthesis has been extensively discussed in the literature with respect to its etiology and management. However, the mechanics and movement of the spine in relation to pathology and the effect of this condition on function have received scant attention. METHODS: The motion of the lumbar spine was investigated in 31 patients (19 men, 12 women, mean age 47.7 +/- 17.8 years) who were diagnosed as having either a lumbar spondylolysis or a spondylolisthesis. These patients were compared with a preexisting database of 203 normal subjects (100 men, 103 women, mean age 39.8 +/- 13.4 years). Patients were graded according to the type of spondylolisthesis or spondylolysis they had, and the extent of slip was rated using Meyerding's classification (1932) and measured directly using methods of Boxall et al (1979) and Wiltse et al (1983). RESULTS: Direct measurements of the extent of slip using Boxall et al (1979) and Wiltse et al (1983) methods were found to have no significant correlation with the resultant range of motion (ROM) or the speed of movement. This study suggests that motion parameters are influenced by the grade of slip in patients with spondylolisthesis, and the type of spondylolisthesis i.e., whether isthmic or degenerative. In the A-P flexion-extension plane, the results indicate that subjects with a defect only, i.e., a spondylolysis, and thus no slip present with a spinal hypermobility (P < 0.01). Subjects with an isthmic slip tend to be either slightly hypermobile or within the anticipated range of motion, whereas those subjects with a degenerative slip tend to be hypomobile (P < 0.05). Movements into lateral flexion were restricted in both the isthmic and degenerative spondylolisthesis patients, whereas rotation was only influenced by the level at which the defect occurred. In terms of degree of displacement, in higher grades of displacement, there was a trend towards hypermobility. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that the grade and type of spondylolisthesis do influence global motion parameters. This information may be useful in the clinical assessment of this patient group.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Foraminal encroachment syndrome in true lumbosacral spondylolisthesis: a preliminary report.

The source of pain in isthmic spondylolisthesis is uncertain. Some authors believe that spondylolysis and/or spondylolisthesis is not a predisposing factor to low back pain and that the mere presence of isthmic spondylolisthesis may, indeed, not be the cause of low back pain in the patient. This study explores a possible source of biomechanical dysfunction as an origin of pain in isthmic spondylolisthesis. One hundred and twenty lumbar intervertebral disc angles were measured, 60 of which had spondylolisthesis and the remaining 60 without spondylolisthesis for comparison of the effect that spondylolisthesis has on intervertebral disc angulation of the lumbar spine. The results reveal that the L4-L5 joint has the greatest biomechanical stress placed upon it by virtue that it had the highest intervertebral disc angulation when the component of spondylolisthesis was a factor at L5-S1. Therefore, due to increased intervertebral disc angles at L4-L5, a biomechanical stressing and resulting hyperextension of the facet articulation at L4-L5 may represent a source of symptomatology in isthmic spondylolisthesis of L5-S1.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Spondylolisthesis in the elite football player: an epidemiologic study in the NCAA and NFL.

Although spondylolisthesis in and of itself is not a contraindication to participation or successful performance in football, having spondylolisthesis may well predispose to symptoms and be associated with a worse prognosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the reported prevalence, treatment approach, outcomes, and perceptions regarding prognosis of elite football players with spondylolisthesis by their National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and National Football League (NFL) team physicians. A questionnaire regarding the prevalence, treatment, results, and perceptions regarding prognosis related to spondylolisthesis in football players was submitted to each team orthopaedic surgeon of the 28 NFL and the Final Associated Press ranked top-25 NCAA Division I teams at the conclusion of the 1993-1994 season. All questionnaires were returned for review. The prevalence of players with known spondylolisthesis currently participating in elite football was 1% in both the NCAA and NFL. Fifty-two percent of NCAA and 43% of NFL team physicians were aware of at least one athlete with spondylolisthesis currently playing. Only six college and two NFL team physicians were aware of athletes surgically treated for spondylolisthesis. Sixty-four percent of NFL team physicians and 36% of college team physicians believed that the presence of spondylolisthesis implies a poor prognosis. Ninety-six percent of professional team physicians downgraded the rating of players with known spondylolisthesis before the NFL draft.

Adult↗