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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

A comparison of quinacrine sterilization (QS) and surgical sterilization (TL) in 600 women in Guizhou Province, China.

OBJECTIVES: Compare the safety and efficacy of quinacrine sterilization (QS) and surgical sterilization, also known as tubal ligation (TL). METHODS: 300 women accepted QS in Guiyang, China during the period from July 1995 to September 1997. Each patient was scheduled for follow-up at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. In March 1998, a comparison group of 300 women electing TL during the same time period was systematically chosen. Researchers visited the village of every woman and conducted a structured interview. Each candidate was given a general health and pelvic exam at a clinic in her village. All interviews and exams were completed in August 1998. RESULTS: Of the 289 QS patients interviewed (a follow-up rate of 96.3%), 265 had had 2 insertions. There were 3 pregnancy failures for a cumulative life table failure rate of 1.2 per 100 women at 24 months. The 299 TL patients (a follow-up rate of 99.7%) had a similar rate of 0.7. There were no life-threatening side effects or deaths in either groups. QS was less disruptive, more easily tolerated, required fewer resources and was viewed more favorably than TL by women and their spouses. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods were found safe and very effective. However, QS was considered to be more acceptable than TL.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Influence of male surgical sterilization on social behavior of Brandt's vole].

Using the method of surgical sterilization, this paper studied the influence of sterilized male on the social behavior of Brandt's vole. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the frequency of amicable and agnostic behaviors between male surgical sterilization group and control, and between intact and sterilized males in the same group. It could be concluded that male surgical sterilization had no influence on the social behavior of Brandt's vole.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Surgical sterilization among women and use of condoms--Baltimore, 1989-1990.

Since 1980, surgical sterilization among women has become the most common contraceptive method used among women aged greater than 30 years in the United States and is used by 28% of women aged 15-44 years. A previous report of women in drug treatment suggested that women who have been surgically sterilized were less likely to report condom use--an effective measure for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)--than were nonsterilized women. This report summarizes a study of the relation between surgical sterilization, risk status for STDs and HIV, and use of condoms among women who reside in two inner-city, minority neighborhoods in Baltimore.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Surgical sterilization in the United States: prevalence and characteristics, 1965-95.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents national data on the prevalence of surgical sterilization from 1965 to 1995 among women 15-44 years of age. Data are shown by type of sterilizing operation and demographic characteristics of the women. For the 1995 survey data, reasons for the three most common sterilizing operations (tubal ligation, vasectomy, and hysterectomy) are shown, as well as the desire for reversal among those with potentially reversible operations. METHODS: Data are based on nationally representative samples of women 15-44 years of age: the 1965 National Fertility Study (NFS), and the 1973, 1982, 1988, and 1995 cycles of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). RESULTS: After rising from 16 to 42 percent between 1965 and 1988, the prevalence of surgical sterilization among married women 15-44 years old remained stable at 41 percent in 1995. Age, parity, religious affiliation, and education continued to be strongly associated with overall surgical sterilization levels. Tubal ligation and vasectomy were equally prevalent in the 1965 and 1973 surveys, but since 1962, tubal ligation has been more prevalent than vasectomy. CONCLUSIONS: Several factors contributed to the rise in reliance upon surgical sterilization among women 15-44 years old over the last 3 decades: (a) aging of the post-World War II Baby Boom women (and their partners) through the primary reproductive years; (b) relatively high contraceptive failure rates, particularly among socioeconomically less advantaged women; and (c) higher expectations for contraceptive effectiveness, safety, and convenience. Overall sterilization prevalence may be leveling off among women 15-44 years old, in part due to greater delay of first and subsequent births, thus making sterilization less of a concern while women are in this age range.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Acute pelvic inflammatory disease after surgical sterilization.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Physicians are very cognizant of the possibility of pregnancy after surgical sterilization, but the potential for acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is thought to be rare. This study was undertaken to determine if upper tract PID occurred more frequently than previously reported in patients remote from surgical sterilization. DESIGN: Retrospective review of hospitalized patients with the primary discharge diagnosis of PID. SETTING: Urban, university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred sixty-four hospitalized patients with the primary discharge diagnosis of PID over a six-year study period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patients' age; gynecologic histories and diagnoses; and laboratory, clinical, and surgical findings were noted. Twenty-three cases of acute PID were identified in 21 patients previously sterilized (6%). Nine of the 23 cases had systemic toxicity warranting surgical evaluation; 18 of the 23 cases were admitted from the emergency department. Mean statistical characteristics of the study group were age, 27.3 +/- 0.8 (SE) years; time interval from sterilization, 49.8 +/- 7.4 months; WBC 15,000 +/- 1,200; and temperature, 38.0 +/- 0.2 C. CONCLUSION: We conclude that acute PID may occur more frequently than previously reported in patients with prior surgical sterilization. An increased awareness of this entity is warranted.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

A survey of infertility, surgical sterility and associated reproductive disability in Perth, Western Australia.

Infertility, surgical sterility and associated reproductive disability were studied in a stratified cluster sample of 1,511 couples with women aged 16 to 44 years resident in metropolitan Perth in 1988. Sixteen couples were omitted from analysis because of missing data. The proportion of couples affected by current infertility was 3.5 per cent (53 of 1,495), and 67.9 per cent of these (36 of 53) had a reproductive disability, meaning that they were unable to achieve their desired level of reproductive function. Those affected by surgical sterility accounted for 37.1 per cent (555 of 1,495), and of these couples 2.0 per cent (11 of 555) had a reproductive disability. Empirically, the prevalence of both infertility and reproductive disability peaked at ages 30 to 34 years in the female partner. Of the factors studied, infertility was associated with surgery for a ruptured appendix, a history of pelvic inflammatory disease and number of sexual partners. In 10 of the 47 couples with reproductive disability, contraceptive sterilisation had been a cause of later regret. Most other cases were due to infertility. Almost one half of couples with reproductive disability had sought treatment. The affected couples had at least one child from the current union in 23 of the 47 cases of reproductive disability. The results support the need for development of a strategy to prevent infertility and other causes of reproductive disability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Surgical sterilization of free-ranging wolves.

The objective of the study was to determine whether surgical sterilization of both males and females in wolf pairs alters basic wolf social and territorial behaviors. Wolves were located from the air by snow-tracking methods and were tranquilizer-darted from a helicopter. Surgeries were performed either in a tent at the capture site or in a heated building in a nearby village. Six vasectomies and seven uterine horn ligations were performed in January and February of 1996 and 1997. Two females died: one likely related to the capture procedure, the other of a peritonitis unrelated to the surgery. One wolf had a litter. None of the wolves have shown changes in behavioral patterns. Surgical sterilization can be effective, but other, less invasive, fertility control techniques should be investigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Abdominal hysterectomy for surgical sterilization in the mentally retarded: a review of parental opinion.

Between the years 1950 and 1973, 152 abdominal hysterectomies were performed for surgical sterilization in patients who were mentally retarded. A retrospective follow-up study was performed to ascertain the opinions of parents, guardians, and institutional care workers charged with the care and responsibility of these patients since the time of the original operation. In the categories evaluated, over 90 per cent of those charged with the care of the patient were enthusiastic for the benefits achieved by hysterectomy rather than tubal ligation for the purpose of surgical sterilization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Electrocoagulation in a sterile surgical field.

A useful technique for the electrocoagulation of bleeders while maintaining a sterile surgical field is outlined. The method is fast and efficient, and no special equipment is required.

Dermatologic Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed1982

Cumulative prevalence rates and corrected incidence rates of surgical sterilization among women in the United States, 1971--1978.

The authors used data from the 1970 National Fertility Survey and Centers for Disease Control surveillance of surgical sterilizations to estimate the cumulative prevalences of hysterectomy and tubal sterilization among women of reproductive age in the United States between 1971 and 1978. In 1978, the cumulative prevalence rate of tubal sterilization was more than twice as high for women aged 15--44 years as it was in 1971 and at least three times as high for women under 30. Although the increase in the cumulative prevalence rate of hysterectomy was not as marked, by 1978, 19% of women aged 40--44 had undergone hysterectomy. The authors used the cumulative prevalence rate to estimate the population at risk for surgical sterilization, and calculated the corrected incidence rates for these procedures. While corrected incidence rates of tubal sterilization among women aged 15--44 doubled between 1971 and 1978, corrected hysterectomy rates remained stable. The largest age-specific increase in incidence rates of tubal sterilization was among women 40--44, with rates six times higher in 1978 than in 1971. These findings can be used to recompute incidence rates of endometrial and cervical cancers, abortions, and ectopic pregnancies, allowing more precise analysis of related trends.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Female surgical sterilization at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi.

BACKGROUND: Tubal ligation for sterilization is one of the common methods of contraception practiced by women in developing countries like Pakistan. This study was undertaken to study characteristics of couples undergoing surgical sterilization, and to identify ways of improving utililization of contraceptive services. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Details of 1148 women who underwent tubal ligation at the reproductive health center Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center Karachi from January to December 2002 were recorded on a special proforma. The woman's age, duration of marriage, number of living children and the couple's educational status were recorded. Contraceptive use and duration, and associated medical conditions were documented. Data was entered in SPSS, frequency tables, means and standard deviations were obtained and comparative evaluation undertaken using non parametric methods, as indicated. RESULTS: Out of the 4210 initial clients, 1163 (27.62%) underwent surgical sterilization. This included 1148 (98.69%) tubal ligations and 15 (1.31%) vasectomies. Of these, 608 (52.96%) were carried out in the immediate puerperium. The mean age of women was 33.1+/-3.55 years, they had been married for 14.84+/-4.22 years and 44.34% had already had 6 or more children. CONCLUSION: Tubal ligation performed after careful selection and counseling, by experienced personnel under local anaesthesia is a safe procedure with very few complications. However older women with no history of contraception, who have already had 6 or more children, seem to avail it. Promotion of temporary contraceptives for birth spacing among younger couples is more likely to improve maternal and newborn health in addition to limiting the family size.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Non-surgical sterilization using phenol-mucilage: acceptability versus efficacy.

Sterilization has become a popular means of birth control and many methods have been developed to meet the needs of different groups of women. In a pilot study, non-surgical sterilization using phenol-mucilage was found to be extremely acceptable to a group of Chinese women despite its failure rate. The method is simple, safe and inexpensive. It is suggested that this method would be suitable for women who are afraid of surgical sterilization.

Adhesives↗
PubMed1994

[The psychological factors that affect the making of a decision for surgical sterilization and the likely later changes].

The practice of female surgical sterilization in Panama during the past decades, motivated the realization of this study, to determine the factors which caused women to use this permanent contraceptive method, and to see if regrets later occurred after that decision, in the sterilized women. A sample of 151 women were selected, between the ages of 28 and 45 years, concurrently pregnant and with 2 or more living children at the moment of the study. Psychological tests were applied during three different phases (pre-operatively and subsequently 12 and 24 months, post operatively). Results showed that female sterilization did not cause long term complications, and amongst the majority of women conforming the sample, a stable psychological profile was found up to 24 months after the interventions, with a significant improvement in the last evaluation of the social adaptation variable, in comparison to the pre-operative assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Estimation of the proportions of dogs and cats that are surgically sterilized.

OBJECTIVE: To determine an estimate of the proportions of dogs and cats in Texas that are surgically sterilized and whether those proportions differed according to species and sex of the animal, level of responsibility of the owner, or geographic location. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 43,831 dogs and cats > or = 6 months old. PROCEDURE: Information on sterilization rates was provided by 14 licensing agencies and 16 animal shelters in diverse regions of Texas. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare sterilization rates among subpopulations of animals (dogs vs cats, males vs females, sheltered vs licensed, rural vs urban location). RESULTS: Overall, 12,893 (29.4%) of the animals (26.9% of dogs and 32.6% of cats) were sterilized. Proportions of animals sterilized were significantly different among subpopulations. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although the cause of pet overpopulation is multifaceted, failure of owners to spay and castrate their animals is a major contributing factor. Significant differences in sterilization rates among subpopulations of dogs and cats suggest that organizations encouraging spaying and castration should use motivational techniques specific for the pet owners they are targeting.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Characteristics of candidates for surgical sterilization and factors associated with type of procedure].

In 1999 the Municipal Health Department in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, implemented the provision of surgical contraceptive methods according to prevailing legal requirements. This study aimed to characterize the candidates for surgical sterilization and study the variables associated with the type of procedure. A total of 95 candidate patient records were studied, and statistical logistic regression analysis and Fisher's exact test were performed considering a significance level of ? = 0.05. Most candidates had stable partners, low schooling, and low income, were satisfied with their number of children, and had already tried to limit the number of children using reversible contraceptives. Mean age was 34.2 years, 45.3% underwent female sterilization, 35.8% underwent vasectomy, and 18.9% did not submit to any procedure. The odds of a man older than 35 having a vasectomy were 6.1 times that of a younger man (OR = 6.1; 95%CI: 2.4-16.4). More married men submitted to vasectomy than men who cohabited (OR = 4.0; 95%CI: 1.5-12.4). Women with four or more children were more likely to undergo sterilization than those with fewer children (OR = 3.1; 95%CI: 1.1-8.5).

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Lunelle monthly contraceptive injection (medroxyprogesterone acetate and estradiol cypionate injectable suspension): steady-state pharmacokinetics of MPA and E2 in surgically sterile women.

The steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and estradiol (E2, released from E2C by esterase enzymes) were characterized after administration to surgically sterile women. This report describes the pharmacokinetics of this multiple-dose and open-labeled study (pharmacodynamics are reported in a subsequent article in this issue). Women with regular menstrual cycles were studied for one control cycle, 3 consecutive treatment months, and 3-5 months of follow-up. Blood samples were drawn before each monthly dose and at specified time points after the third monthly injection. A total of 16 women were enrolled, 14 of whom completed the study. These 14 women (13 white, one black) ranged in age from 28 to 43.4 years, in body weight from 47.6 to 68.9 kg, and in height from 150 to 175 cm. Mean serum MPA concentrations peaked in the first week after administration of MPA/E2C (Lunelle Monthly Contraceptive Injection). The mean MPA Cmax and AUC0-t(last) were 1.25 ng/mL and 32.13 ng.day/mL, respectively. Serum MPA concentrations declined with a mean terminal half-life of 14.7 days, indicating that absorption from the injection site is prolonged after administration of MPA/E2C. The time for MPA concentrations to fall below the lower limit of quantitation (i.e., < 10 pg/mL) after the third injection ranged from 63 to 84 days. The average MPA trough (Cmin' day 28) concentrations for the three consecutive monthly injections ranged from 0.44 to 0.47 pg/mL, indicating that steady-state conditions were achieved after the first injection. The MPA Cmin values were well above threshold levels required to suppress ovulation throughout the injection interval. Absorption of E2 from the injection site was also prolonged after injection of MPA/E2C. Mean concentrations of E2 peaked at approximately 2 days after the third injection, and the average Cmax was 247 pg/mL. Serum E2 levels declined with a terminal half-life of approximately 8 days; E2 levels returned to baseline (typically, approximately 100 pg/mL) by 14 days after each injection. The average trough (Cmin' day 28) levels for E2 ranged from 40 to 55 pg/mL. The results of this study demonstrate that steady-state conditions are achieved after the first injection of MPA/E2C; no further MPA or E2 accumulation occurs beyond the first injection. Furthermore, the E2 peak observed after injection of MPA/E2C is similar to the nontreated preovulatory E2 range and returns to baseline levels by approximately 14 days after injection.

Absorption↗