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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Fungal contamination of the floors of swimming pools, particularly subtropical swimming paradises.

We compared the level of dermatophyte contamination of the floors of traditional swimming pools and of subtropical swimming paradises, a new type of indoor swimming pool introduced in Belgium in 1981. From the results of routine hygiene inspections over several years and of a comparative study, we can conclude that the floors of subtropical swimming pools are much more highly contaminated by dermatophytes than the floors of traditional swimming pools. This higher degree of contamination is due to the huge number of visitors, the complexity of construction, the choice of materials and the long opening hours. In both types of swimming pools, the predominant species was Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, followed by T. rubrum. Other dermatophytes, such as Microsporum canis and M. gypseum, were isolated sporadically.

Belgium↗
PubMed2003

[The study of contents of trihalomethanes in brine of a therapeutic swimming pool and in the swimming pool hall air].

The chlorination of iodide-bromide brines during exploitation of therapeutic pools at health resorts brings a hazard of generation of toxic trihalomethanes (THMs), especially bromide derivatives. The study was undertaken to establish the time changes of THM concentration in the pool brine and air in the pool hall. In the pool brine the concentration of THM increased from 40 mg/l at the beginning of the exploitation cycle up to 100 mg/l after 2 months of recirculating the pool water. In the pool hall air the concentration of THM varied from approximately 6 micrograms/m3 to 16.32 micrograms/m3. The values are the concentrations of total THMs per CHCl3, and fall within the range of limits currently admissible for drinking water (so in sport and recreational pools as well). However, they are from 2 to 5 times higher than the admissible level of THMs in indoor pools given in German standards DIN. An interesting finding was over 80% contribution of CHBr3 in the total THMs determined in the pool brine and its 55-59% contribution in the total THMs determined in the pool hall air.

Air↗
PubMed1997

[Potassium as an indicator of anthropogenic contamination of swimming pool water].

Swimming pool water is processed, filtered and disinfected repeatedly in order to maintain hygienic conditions. Additionally, fresh water is added. However, it cannot be avoided, that the concentrations of certain components of swimming pool water will increase in the course of time. DIN 19,643 regulates that fresh water supply can be measured by nitrate concentration. Nitrate is mainly formed by oxidation of nitrogen containing organic compounds. Oxidation reactions are complex and the amount of nitrate formed by this process depends on specific factors which may vary in swimming pools with different technical equipment. Therefore nitrate is only of limited reliability to estimate fresh water addition in public swimming pools. Main sources for nitrogen containing compounds in pool water are sweat and urine which contain inorganic compounds like potassium. Potassium is a direct indicator of contamination. Its concentration is not influenced by chemical reactions because it is an inert compound. The urine release into the water of indoor pools was estimated by this parameter to be 77.5 ml/person, in outdoor pools about 60 ml. Potassium concentration in swimming pools will reach an equilibrium concentration, depending on the size of the pool, the number of bathers and the amount of fresh water added. This equilibrium concentration is mathematically calculated in a general approach. In none of 36 swimming pools where potassium concentration was measured, this calculated value was exceeded. The results indicate that the potassium concentration is a new valuable parameter to assess the quality of swimming pool water under hygienic aspects.

Fresh Water↗
PubMed1980

Mutagenic activity of swimming-pool water.

Swimming pool water, being chlorinated and exposed to trace organics from use was investigated as a possible source of mutagens using the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test. Procedures previously described for the extraction of trace organics from water using XAD-2 macroreticular resin were modified to allow quantitative extraction of mutagens. These procedures were superior to freeze-drying and solvent-extraction. Using a base-pair histidine mutant, strain TA100, of Salmonella typhimurium significantly mutagenic responses were observed using concentrates from 3 variations of the extraction procedure. Acidified pool-water extracts eluted with ether or acetone were mutagenic, the former enhanced in the presence of the induced microsomal fraction from rat livers. Non-acidified pool-water extracts eluted with acetone were mutagenic without microsomal activation. These results indicate the presence of more than one mutagen in what is likely a complex mixture of organic molecules in swimming-pool water.

Drug Evaluation, Preclinical↗
PubMed2000

A cautionary note regarding drug and brain lesion studies that use swimming pool tasks: partial reinforcement impairs acquisition of place learning in a swimming pool but not on dry land.

Spatial tasks are used widely in neurobiological studies because it is thought that they provide an unbiased assessment of the integrity of neural structures that mediate spatial learning. For example, in the Morris swimming pool place task, animals are required to locate a hidden platform in a swimming pool in relation to environmental cues. Treatments that result in an animal's failure to find the platform are assumed to reflect defects in the function of neural systems involved in spatial learning. The present study demonstrates, however, that an animal's reinforcement history can contribute to its spatial performance. Animals were trained in the Morris place task with the platform present on 100, 75 or 50% of trials. Relative to the 100% group, the 75% group was impaired in place acquisition, and the 50% group failed to learn. Even placing the 50% group animals onto the platform at the completion of an unsuccessful trial failed to improve acquisition. Animals trained to search for food on an identical dry maze problem were not affected by similar reinforcement schedules. The present findings demonstrate that the Morris swimming pool place task does not provide an unbiased assessment of spatial learning: A treatment effect may be confounded with reinforcement history. The results are discussed in relation to widespread applications of the Morris place task to neurobiological problems.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

Occurrence of enteroviruses in community swimming pools.

Municipal swimming pools and wading pools were examined for the presence of human enteric viruses using a portable virus concentrator at the site to concentrate viruses from 100-gallon to 500-gallon samples. Ten of 14 samples contained viruses; three of these were positive for virus in the presence of residual free chlorine. Enteroviruses were isolated from two pools which exceeded the 0.4 ppm free residual chlorine standard. This study appears to be supportive of recent evidence that indicates a higher incidence of enterovirus infection among bathers. All seven wading pool samples contained virus. Coxsackieviruses B3 and B4, poliovirus 1, and echovirus 7 were isolated. Total coliform bacteria were not adequate indicators of the presence of virus, as six of the samples were positive for virus but negative for coliforms. Total plate counts appeared to provide a better indication of the sanitary quality of the pool water, but viruses could still be detected in samples that met currently recommended bacterial levels. It is possible that swimming and wading pools may serve as a means of transmission of enteroviral disease, especially in children, during summer months.

Enterovirus↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Urea as an indicator of anthropogenic pollution of water of swimming pools].

The sports swimming pools of Volgograd were examined for the levels of urea. All the study swimming pools were found to have a level of urea in the range of 28-80 micromol/l; which is about 10-15 times higher that its background level in the natural water reservoirs. Analysis of urea in the water of a swimming pool is proposed as a sensitive and simple test for fresh man-made water pollution.

Humans↗
PubMed1967

Effect of algicidal quaternaries on the germicidal activity of chlorine on swimming pool water.

The Swimming Pool Water Disinfectant Test Method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists was used to determine the effect of the accepted level of 2 ppm of some commercial quaternary ammonium algicides on the germicidal activity of chlorine. Accurate determinations on the amounts of residual available chlorine in chlorine-quaternary mixtures could not be made by the usual chemical methods. This made it necessary to base all comparisons on the starting concentrations of available chlorine rather than the final concentration as specified in the method employed. No evidence was obtained to support the use of lower concentrations of residual available chlorine for disinfection in the presence of algicidal quaternaries than those commonly recognized as effective by the American Public Health Association. The rate of kill against the gram-positive test organism Streptococcus faecalis was faster in quaternary-chlorine mixtures than in the sodium hypochlorite control solutions. The practical significance of this result in the bench method identified cannot be ascertained in the absence of more sensitive and precise chemical procedures for determining concentrations of residual available chlorine in the presence of quaternaries or in actual swimming pool tests.

Chlorine↗
PubMed2005

Detection and risk assessment of adenoviruses in swimming pool water.

AIMS: The role of swimming pool water as a source of human adenovirus (HAd) infection has previously been demonstrated. In this study, the risk of infection of HAds detected in a survey of swimming pool water from two indoor and one outdoor swimming pools over a period of 1 year was assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS: The HAds were concentrated from 1 l grab samples of swimming pool water using a silicon dioxide-based method. The extracted HAd DNA was amplified by means of a nested PCR method. Adenoviruses were detected in four of 26 samples (15.4%) from the indoor swimming pool A, eight of 38 samples (21.1%) from the indoor swimming pool B and three of 28 samples (10.7%) from the outdoor swimming pool C. Application of these results in an exponential risk assessment model indicated a daily risk of infection of 2.61 x 10(-3) for swimming pool A, 3.69 x 10(-3) for swimming pool B and 1.92 x 10(-3) for swimming pool C assuming a daily consumption of 30 ml of swimming pool water. CONCLUSIONS: No acceptable (tolerable) risk of infection has yet been recommended for swimming pool water. However, the quality of swimming pool water is generally expected to be similar to that of drinking water. One infection per 10 000 consumers per year has been recommended for drinking water. The risk of HAd infections calculated for the swimming pool water under investigation exceeded this acceptable risk. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The finding that swimming pool water which conforms to generally accepted specifications for treatment, disinfection and indicator organisms constituted a risk of HAd infection, has implications for the swimming pool industry. The formulation of acceptable (tolerable) risks of infection for swimming pool water may be essential. Specifications will, therefore, have to be formulated to ensure that swimming pool water conforms to the acceptable risk of infection.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1988

Extended wear contact lens movement under swimming pool conditions.

On site swimming pool studies have indicated that soft contact lenses adhere to the cornea when exposed to swimming pool water. It was the aim of this investigation to study, under controlled laboratory conditions, both the adherence of hydrophilic extended wear lenses and any changes in lens movement with exposure to swimming pool water. Normal saline and a hypotonic solution having a pH and osmolality identical to the pool water served as controls. Exposure to both swimming pool water and the hypotonic solution promptly caused both lenses to stop moving and adhere to the cornea. Notably, the instillation of normal saline also caused a dramatic decrease in lens movement for some subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

[Swimming-pool granuloma].

The swimming pool granuloma is a chronic granulomatous skin disease, caused by atypical quick growing mycobacteria in areas of minor injuries with high self-healing rate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chlorinated swimming pools.

Various types of swimming pools were investigated for the quantitative isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Incidence of the organism increased when the free chlorine residual dropped below 0.4 mg/L in pool water which ad a pH of 6.9-8.9. As the water pH became more alkaline the efficiency of disinfection decreased. Excessive slime production caused certain strains to become more resistent to chlorine treatment. Immunotyping and phage typing, used to study the dynamics of P. aeruginosa populations in swimming pool waters, demonstrated that high densities of the organism consisted mainly of single predominant strains.

Chlorine↗