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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Adrenal status assessed by direct radioimmunoassay of cortisol in whole saliva or parotid saliva.

We describe a direct radioimmunoassay for cortisol in 10-microliter volumes of parotid saliva or whole saliva. Binding proteins are absent from these fluids, as demonstrated by the excellent correlation between results for samples assayed directly and by a comparison procedure involving extraction with 1,2-dichloroethane. The direct assay is specific, precise, and had a lower limit of sensitivity of 4 pg per assay tube. Comparison of cortisol concentrations in plasma, parotid saliva, and whole saliva in persons undergoing investigations for assessing adrenal function, including stimulation with cosyntropin (Synacthen) and suppression with dexamethasone, indicated that changes in plasma cortisol concentration were accurately and immediately reflected in saliva from either the parotidgland or whole saliva. A marked circadian rhythm has also been demonstrated for cortisol in parotid-gland saliva and whole saliva. We had to modify the 1,2-dichloroethane extraction procedure for accurate determination of cortisol in parotid saliva and whole saliva of patients undergoing treatment with metyrapone.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determination of phenotypes of esterases (Set) in fresh saliva and saliva stains by disc electrophoresis and the distribution of Set phenotypes in the Japanese population.

A rapid and simple disc electrophoretic technique for the determination of saliva esterase (Set) types is described. The frequency of Set types was F 16.4%, FS 49.8% and S 33.8%. The estimated gene frequency of Set-1F was 0.413 and of Set-1S was 0.587. An accurate determination of Set types was possible in 5--7 week-old saliva stains. This system may be useful in medicolegal applications.

Electrophoresis, Disc↗
PubMed1977

Human saliva kallikrein. Biological properties of saliva kallikrein isolated by use of affinity chromatography.

Kallikrein purified from whole human saliva was studied for its influence on leucocyte migration and kinin generating capacity. The kallikrein had a leucotactic effect on neutrophil leucocytes in the presence of 2% serum albumin. This leucotactic effect could be inhibited by Trasylol. The study showed that kallikrein liberated kinin from the precursor kininogen in dog plasma. Maximal release of kinin was achieved after 4 min of incubation. The kinin generating capacity of the enzyme was studied at different concentrations of kininogen. A maximum kinin release at 11.2 mug bradykinin per mg enzyme per minute was found.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Interactions between drugs and saliva-stimulating parafilm and their implications in measurements of saliva drug levels.

The interaction between Parafilm and four tranquilizers in their neutral phosphate buffer solutions resulted in various degrees of loss of the drugs from the solutions. The values of loss ranged from 15 to 34% for chlorpromazine and 8 to 42% for butaperazine at the initial concentration range of 2 to 20 mug/ml at room temperature (22 +/- 1 degree C). Under the same conditions, the values of loss from saliva for these two drugs were fairly constant; about 25% and 17%, respectively. For diazepam and chlordiazepoxide, the losses from the buffer solution were below 5%.

Chlordiazepoxide↗
PubMed2026

Saliva-based RT-LAMP assays support heat shock protein 70 as a promising transcript marker for estrus identification in buffaloes.

Buffaloes do not exhibit overt estrus signs particularly during summer, leading to a significant economic loss to farmers. Previous studies have identified several candidate transcripts (HSP70, TIMP1, TLR4 and HSD17B1), abundant in buffalo saliva during estrus stage. However, there is no widely applicable technology for estrus detection targeting these transcripts. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assays for these candidate transcripts using buffalo saliva. Saliva samples were collected from 10 cyclic buffaloes and RT-LAMP assays were optimized for salivary RNA as well as direct saliva. Among the four candidate transcripts, HSP70 showed a statistically significant colour change (p-value = 0.0191) at the estrus stage compared to the diestrus stage. This abundance of HSP70 was also supported in large simulated population datasets (10,000 animals) generated using R. Further, the RT-LAMP assays were tested using direct saliva without RNA isolation, and the colour change in the samples during estrus suggested the feasibility of estrus identification using direct saliva, overcoming the tedious step of RNA isolation. The detection of HSP70 using either direct saliva or salivary RNA indicated its potential as a marker for estrus identification. Similarly, TLR4 appeared to be another potential biomarker for RT-LAMP reaction using direct saliva, but it needs further validation in both RNA and direct saliva samples. Overall, the proof-of-concept on RT-LAMP assays optimized for salivary transcripts in the present study would be useful for estrus identification in tropical production systems following further validation on a larger sample size.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Chronically reserpinized rat as a model for cystic fibrosis: Na+ transport inhibitory effect in submaxillary saliva.

The retrograde perfusion assay in the rat parotid gland was used to investigate the effects of salivary secretions from control and reserpine-treated rats on Na+ reabsorption. Results demonstrated that submaxillary saliva from the treated animals caused a 69% inhibition of Na+ reabsorption, accompanied by a 28% reduction in the volume of saliva secreted, and a 22% reduction in flow rate. By contrast, submaxillary saliva from control rats caused a 6% inhibition of Na+ reabsorption, a 6% reduction in volume, and a 5% reduction in flow rate. Parotid saliva from reserpine-treated rats also inhibited Na+ reabsorption to the extent of 39% and caused a 38% reduction in volume and a 33% reduction in flow. Parotid saliva from control rats only inhibited Na+ reabsorption to the extent of 2.7% and caused a 4--6% reduction in salivary volumes and flow rates. The inhibition of Na+ reabsorption and the reduction in salivary volume and flow rates caused by submaxillary saliva of reserpine-treated rats were either abolished or significantly reduced when the saliva was previously heated to 100 degrees C, frozen, and then thawed or kept in glass tubes at 4 degrees C for 24 hr. These results indicate that saliva from reserpine-treated rats have comparable effects in this assay system to those of saliva from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and further support its use as an animal model for this disease.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Saliva and salivary pellicle composition and proteomic profile in smokers vs. non-smokers and its effect on dental erosion.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the salivary composition and proteomic profile of saliva and the salivary pellicle in smokers compared to non-smokers, and to examine potential differences in the erosion-protective capacity of the salivary pellicle. METHODS: Twenty-five smokers and 25 non-smokers were included. Unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples were analysed regarding flow rate, pH, buffer capacity, calcium, phosphate, fluoride, and protein content. Saliva and salivary pellicle samples were analysed by data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) for proteome profiling. In an in situ experiment, intraoral splints were loaded with bovine enamel and dentine specimens for 120 min. Pellicle-covered specimens were extraorally eroded (HCl, pH 2.3, 60 s). Calcium release was determined photometrically and compared to pellicle-free controls. RESULTS: Except for phosphate in stimulated saliva (padj.=0.003), salivary parameters were not significantly different between smokers and non-smokers. Proteome profiling detected 1759±154 proteins (cumulative 1963) in saliva, and 4262±362 proteins (cumulative 4625) in the salivary pellicle. The relative abundances of 282 (unstimulated saliva), 338 (stimulated saliva), and 4 (salivary pellicle) protein groups differed significantly between smokers and non-smokers. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially abundant human proteins revealed biological processes such as coagulation, immune response, and carcinogenic reactive oxygen species processes to be impacted by smoking. The salivary pellicle had a significant erosion-protective effect in enamel compared to the control (41.4 ± 6.3 nmol/mm2), but no differences between smokers (33.2 ± 10.6 nmol/mm2, padj.=0.001) and non-smokers (32.7 ± 8.6 nmol/mm2, padj.=0.001) were found. CONCLUSION: The proteomic profiles of both unstimulated and stimulated saliva and the salivary pellicle differ between smokers and non-smokers. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Despite the different proteomic profiles indicating a significant impact of smoking on the oral cavity, the erosion-protective capacity of the salivary pellicle of smokers and non-smokers does not differ.

Dental Pellicle↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Distribution of ethanol between saliva and blood in man.

1. Forty-eight male subjects drank ethanol (0.72 g/kg) as neat whisky on a fasting stomach within 20 min and the ethanol concentrations in saliva and capillary blood were determined at 30--60 min intervals for the next 7 h. 2. The concentration of ethanol in saliva was generally slightly higher than in capillary blood, as expected from their relative water contents. The mean saliva/blood ethanol ratio between 60 and 360 min from the start of drinking was 1.082 (s.e.m. = 0.0059), (n = 336). Moreover, the saliva/blood ethanol ratio was remarkably constant throughout the absorption, distribution and elimination phases of ethanol metabolism. 3. The saliva (y) and blood ethanol (x) concentrations (mmol/l) were highly correlated (r = 0.976, standard error = 0.011, P less than 0.001). The regression equation was y = 0.109 + 1.071x. The saliva and blood ethanol concentrations reached zero nearly simultaneously, there being no appreciable time lag in the saliva. 4. The results indicate that saliva is a practical medium for ethanol determinations and that blood ethanol can be reliably estimated from analysis of a saliva specimen. Saliva ethanol analysis could well serve as supporting evidence in clinical and medico-legal diagnosis of ethanol intoxication.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Inhibition of ouabain-sensitive ATPase by the saliva of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.

A study has been made of the effect of saliva from children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CFP) on various components of the ATP hydrolyzing enzyme system. The ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity of erythrocyte membranes prepared from intact erythrocytes preincubated with CFP saliva was 35 +/- 4 nmol Pi/mg fry wt membrane suspension/hr, compared with 48 +/- 7 nmol Pi/mg dry wt membrane suspension/hr when the erythrocytes were preincubated with control saliva. A calcium-activated component of ATPase was decreased from 202 +/- 30 nmol Pi/mg dry wt membrane suspension/hr in erythrocytes preincubated with control saliva, to 151 +/- 17 nmol Pi/mg dry wt membrane suspension/hr when the incubation was carried out with CFP saliva. In a second series of experiments, ultrafiltered saliva was added directly to an ATPase assay. The saliva from children with CFP brought about a mean decrease in ouabain-sensitive ATPase of 16% compared with control saliva.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1978

Kinetics of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide, determined by use of plasma and saliva.

The concentration-time curves of carbamazepine (CBZ) and its metabolite (carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide; CBZ-epoxide) were determined in patients undergoing long-term antiepileptic drug treatment with the use of plasma and saliva data. Plasma and saliva samples were assayed concurrently for each patient by liquid chromatography. There was excellent linear correlation between CBZ levels in saliva and plasma (r = 0.991, p less than 0.001) over a large concentration range. The saliva/plasma ratio for CBZ concentration was 0.26 +/- 0.01 (SD). Since CBZ binding to plasma proteins is in the order of 76%, saliva CBZ concentration seems to reflect the unbound fraction of the drug in plasma. CBZ-epoxide has not been detected in saliva. The pharmacokinetic parameters of CBZ-epoxide were determined in 6 patients. The pharmacokinetic parameters of CBZ obtained from saliva concentrations were in excellent agreement with those obtained from plasma concentrations. Thus, CBZ determination in saliva is convenient for controlling blood levels in patients as well as for studying pharmacokinetics. The half-life, the relative body clearance of CBZ, and the metabolite concentration during steady-state, expressed as percent the parent compound, appear to be significantly different in patients on single and combined drug therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2026

Saliva versus lesion swabs for PCR diagnosis of acute-phase clade Ib mpox in Uganda: a prospective matched hospital cohort study.

BACKGROUND: As clade Ib mpox expands through HIV-affected populations in east and central Africa, diagnostic specimen selection should balance accuracy, accessibility, and operational feasibility in outbreak settings. Here, we aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of matched plasma, saliva, genital, anal, and skin specimens during the acute rash phase of clade Ib mpox to identify clinically practical and high-yield sampling approaches for outbreak response and clinical care. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 155 adults (median age 30 years, IQR 25-36) hospitalised at Uganda's national mpox referral hospital. The specimens were collected between March 3 and April 10, 2025, during the clade Ib outbreak. All participants were admitted with suspected mpox and were subsequently confirmed by MPXV PCR. We collected 836 clinical specimens (acid citrate dextrose plasma, saliva, genital swabs, anal swabs, and skin swabs) during the acute phase (visit 1; 14 days [SD 2] after systemic symptom onset) and at approximately 3 months (visit 2). A matched acute-phase subset (n=80) provided concurrent plasma, saliva, genital, and skin specimens for within-participant comparisons. MPXV DNA was quantified by F3L real-time quantitative PCR, and cycle threshold (Ct) values were compared using paired Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Whole-genome sequencing of selected acute specimens confirmed clade assignment. FINDINGS: In the matched subset at visit 1, PCR positivity was high in saliva (78 [98%] of 80), skin swabs (78 [98%] of 80), and genital swabs (77 [96%] of 80). Results for the saliva closely mirrored genital and skin swab results, supporting saliva as a high-yield alternative when lesion sampling is painful, operationally difficult, or unacceptable. Plasma had substantially lower sensitivity (34 [43%] of 80) and showed poor agreement with mucocutaneous compartments. At 3 months, persistent MPXV DNA was rare (ten [9%] of 109) and clustered among people with HIV, including the only two participants with persistent plasma positivity. All sequenced genomes clustered within clade Ib. INTERPRETATION: During the established rash phase (14 days [SD 2] after onset), saliva provides diagnostic yield similar to that provided by lesion swabs for clade Ib mpox in this hospitalised cohort. These findings are restricted to this sampling window; further studies are needed to define performance in prodromal, pre-rash, and asymptomatic infection. FUNDING: CEPI through its Centralised Laboratory Network.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Saliva zinc levels: potential indicators of zinc status.

Mixed saliva was collected from eight adolescent females participating in a metabolic study and from 59 adolescent females participating in a nutrition survey. Zinc concentrations, protein concentrations, and zinc:protein ratios of whole mixed saliva samples and of supernatant samples, which were prepared from the mixed saliva, were determined. Zinc analyses were performed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a graphite furnace. Significantly (P less than 0.05) lower levels of zinc were found in the supernant samples, but not in the whole saliva samples, when the same subjects were fed 11.5 mg zinc daily rather than 14.7 mg zinc daily during the metabolic study. The mean zinc concentrations of the whole saliva and the supernatant samples collected during the survey were 173 +/- 94 (SD) and 30.5 +/- 14.8 ng/ml, respectively. The levels of zinc and protein in the whole mixed saliva (r = 0.460, P less than 0.001) and the supernatant samples (4 = 0.486, P less than 0.001) were correlated. The levels of zinc in both types of saliva samples were not correlated to serum or hair zinc levels of girls in the survey.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Salivary fluoride and calcium concentrations, and their relationship to the secretion of saliva and caries experience.

Samples were collected from the stimulated saliva of 113 students enrolled in institutions of higher education. The students were divided into three "carries-diagnostic groups" on the basis of indications given by the Dentocult saliva test, which shows the frequency of lactobacilli and other aciduric microorganisms in saliva. The frequency of such microorganisms in 1 ml saliva in Group A was less than or equal to 103, in Group B greater than 10(3), less than 10(4) and in Group C greater than or equal to 10(4). The rate of secretion of saliva in Group A was significantly higher than in Group C (P less than 0.05). On the average, a rise was noted in the fluoride and calcium concentrations with increasing "caries activity". In the material as a whole, there was a negative and highly significant correlation between the secretion rate of saliva and the concentrations of fluoride and calcium. In the examination by groups, significant correlations were observed between fluoride concentration and rate of saliva secretion in Group A, and with respect to fluoride and calcium only in Group C. The results suggest that the extra salivary fluoride is likely to be derived from the enamel.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in plasma and saliva of man.

The excretion of carbamazepine in the saliva of six normal adults after receiving a single oral dose of 400 mg carbamazepine is described. There was a good correlation between carbamazepine concentrations in the plasma and saliva (r = 0.94, P less than 0.001). This indicates that the concentrations of carbamazepine in the saliva can be used to monitor carbamazepine therapy. The half-life of carbamazepine in the plasma was not significantly different from the half-life in the saliva. Thus areas under concentration-time curves, apparent volumes of distribution (Vd) and the total body clearances were significantly dependent (P less than 0.001) upon the distribution of carbamazepine between plasma and saliva. Calculated from saliva concentrations, 75% of the total carbamazepine plasma concentration is bound to protein while 25% is unbound in diffusional equilibrium with saliva. These figures are consistent with data in the literature.

Administration, Oral↗