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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Evaluation of avian-specific probiotic and Salmonella enteritidis-, Salmonella typhimurium-, and Salmonella heidelberg-specific antibodies on cecal colonization and organ invasion of Salmonella enteritidis in broilers.

Salmonella Enteritidis colonizes the intestinal tract of poultry and causes foodborne illness in humans. Reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis colonization in the intestinal tract of poultry reduces potential carcass contamination during slaughter. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an avian-specific probiotic combined with Salmonella Enteritidis-, Salmonella Typhimurium-, and Salmonella Heidelberg-specific antibodies on the cecal colonization and organ invasion of Salmonella Enteritidis in broiler as well as on body weights. The treatment group was defined as chicks spray-vaccinated with Avian Pac Plus at the hatchery and given Avian Pac Plus for the first 3 days after placement. An intermediate treatment was given at 10 and 14 days, 2 days prior to vaccination and 2 days postvaccination. All birds were vaccinated with Newcastle disease vaccine, La Sota virus (one drop/eye) at 12 days of age. A final treatment was given 3 days preslaughter. The control group was defined as chicks not given Avian Pac Plus at any time. Six hours after oral administration of the probiotic suspension (treatment group) or water (control group) at placement, the chicks were challenged with Salmonella Enteritidis. All chickens were orally inoculated with 0.25 ml of Salmonella Enteritidis that contained 4 x 10(7) CFU/1.0 ml. Cecal colonization and organ invasion were evaluated for Salmonella Enteritidis on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, and 41. The probiotic-treated group had a significantly lower concentration of Salmonella Enteritidis cecal colonization at days 3, 7, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, and 41 when compared to the nontreated, control group (P < 0.05). Similarly, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the isolation of Salmonella Enteritidis from the internal organs (liver and spleen) when probiotic-treated and nonprobiotic-treated groups were compared. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mean body weight between the two experimental groups at each collection period. These results indicated that a combination of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus faecium, and Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Heidelberg-Specific antibodies have a beneficial effect in reducing the colonization of Salmonella Enteritidis in market-aged broilers.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Changes in susceptibility of Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella virchow to six antimicrobial agents in a Spanish hospital, 1980-1994.

To determine changes in the susceptibility patterns of Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella virchow over time, resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, gentamicin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and nalidixic acid was studied by the disk diffusion method in 1,024, 191, and 61 clinical isolates of these organisms, respectively. All isolates were recovered from 1980 to 1994 at a hospital in Madrid, Spain. Salmonella enteritidis isolates were less resistant (10.9%) than Salmonella typhimurium (43.5%) and Salmonella virchow (36.1%; p < 0.001). The incidence of resistance of Salmonella enteritidis to ampicillin increased from 2.7% during the period 1980-1982 to 15.6% during 1992-1994 (p < 0.001). The resistance of Salmonella typhimurium to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline increased from 15.2%, 7.6%, and 21.2% respectively in 1980-1982 to 73.3%, 46.7%, and 73.3% in 1992-1994 (p < 0.001). These marked increases in antimicrobial resistance suggest the need for public health interventions, several of which are discussed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Senftenberg by ultrasonic waves under pressure.

The resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis (ATCC 13076), Salmonella Typhimurium (ATCC 13311), and Salmonella Senftenberg 775W (ATCC 43845) to ultrasonic waves under pressure treatments, at sublethal (manosonication) and lethal temperatures (manothermosonication) in citrate-phosphate buffer and in liquid whole egg was investigated. The influence of treatment parameters on the inactivation rate of manosonication was also studied. Decimal reduction times (Dt) of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Senftenberg 775W corresponding to a heat treatment at 60 degrees C in pH 7 buffer and in liquid whole egg were 0.068, 0.12, and 1.0 min for buffer, and 0.12, 0.20, and 5.5 min for liquid whole egg. Those corresponding to a manosonication treatment (117 microns, 200 kPa, 40 degrees C) in both media were 0.73, 0.78, and 0.84 min, and 0.76, 0.84, and 1.4 min, respectively. When the amplitude of ultrasonic waves was increased linearly, the inactivation rate of manosonication increased exponentially. The inactivation rate also increased when pressure was raised. However, the magnitude of this increase was progressively smaller at higher pressures. The magnitude of the influence of the amplitude of ultrasonic waves and static pressure on the inactivation rate of manosonication was the same in the three serotypes investigated. Whereas a heat treatment at 60 degrees C only attained a 1/2-log cycle reduction in the number of Salmonella Senftenberg 775W survivors, a manothermosonication treatment (117 microns and 200 kPa) at this temperature attained a 3-log cycle reduction.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Growth and penetration of Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella heidelberg and Salmonella typhimurium in eggs.

Eggs and egg dishes are important vehicles for Salmonella infections. Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella heidelberg, which can be isolated from chicken ovaries and feces, have been implicated in approximately 50% of the foodborne salmonellosis outbreaks in the United States. In this study, the growth of these three organisms, inoculated into yolks and albumen, was compared at 4, 10 and 25 degrees C. Regardless of whether 10(2) cfu/g or 10(4) cfu/g was inoculated into the yolk or albumen, populations of all strains increased 3 logs or more in number in one day when incubated at 25 degrees C. Maximum numbers of Salmonella ranged from 10(8) to 10(10) cfu/g. All strains grew at 10 degrees C, but peak numbers were lower and occurred later than those at 25 degrees C. Populations of the three Salmonella strains inoculated into eggs stored at 4 degrees C grew sporadically; in some test groups populations declined. The potential for Salmonella in contaminated feces to establish in the interior of eggs was examined by monitoring shell penetration. At 25 degrees C, all three Salmonella strains penetrated the shell in 3 days, but at 4 degrees C, only S. typhimurium was found in one membrane sample. When hatchery conditions were simulated by incubating eggs at 35 degrees C for 30 min followed by storage at 4 degrees C, penetration was enhanced. Penetration was observed by day 1-3 when eggs were exposed to 10(4) cfu Salmonella/g feces. Increasing the inoculum to 10(6) cfu/g feces resulted in 50-75% of the contents of eggs to be contaminated by day 1. All Salmonella-positive samples were detected by enrichment. Results of this study indicate that S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, or S. heidelberg present in feces can penetrate to the interior of eggs and grow during storage.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Inactivation by ionizing radiation of Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella infantis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oysters (Crassostrea brasiliana).

Irradiation is considered one of the most efficient technological processes for the reduction of microorganisms in food. It can be used to improve the safety of food products, and to extend their shelf lives. Oysters are considered one of the most important vehicles for pathogenic bacteria because of their feeding characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a gamma radiation process on high levels of Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Infantis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus incorporated by oysters (Crassostrea brasiliana), as well as the effects of the process on the survival of the oysters and on their sensory attributes. The oysters were exposed to gamma radiation (60Co) in doses ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 kGy. A dose of 3.0 kGy was generally sufficient to reduce the level of Salmonella serotypes by 5 to 6 log10 units. A dose of 1.0 kGy was sufficient to produce a 6-log10 reduction in the level of V. parahaemolyticus. The highest irradiation dose did not kill the oysters or affect their sensory attributes. Hence, a dose of 3.0 kGy can be considered effective in inactivating Salmonella and V. parahaemolyticus in oysters without changing their odor, flavor, or appearance.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Invasiveness and persistence of Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, and a genetically defined S. enteritidis aroA strain in young chickens.

Newly hatched chicks were dosed orally with a Salmonella typhimurium wild-type strain, an S. enteritidis wild-type strain, and a genetically defined S. enteritidis aroA vaccine candidate, strain CVL30. The S. typhimurium strain, 2391 Nalr, was virulent in newly hatched chicks and caused deaths in 7 of 20 chicks after an oral dose of 10(5) organisms. The S. enteritidis wild-type strain, LA5, caused death in 1 of 25 chicks and gross pathology including pericarditis and perihepatitis in 6 of the 24 survivors after an oral dose of 10(9) organisms. S. enteritidis aroA CVL30, attenuated by ca. 6.5 log10 in BALB/c mice, was nonvirulent when administered orally to chicks and did not cause morbidity. When newly hatched chicks were dosed, the pattern of invasion and colonization of the reticuloendothelial system by strain CVL30 was similar to that of its parent strain, LA5, irrespective of the dose. Oral inoculation of newly hatched chicks with < 10 organisms of S. enteritidis LA5 or CVL30 was followed by multiplication in the cecal contents. Within 3 days of hatching, the pH of the cecal contents was reduced from ca. 7 to 5. Samples of gut contents were inoculated in vitro. The S. enteritidis strains multiplied in samples taken from the ileum and duodenum irrespective of age but multiplied in the cecal samples from newly hatched chicks only. Invasion from the gut by S. enteritidis LA5 and CVL30 was both age and dose dependent.

3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase↗
PubMed2006

[Postoperative meningitis caused by an unusual etiological agent: Salmonella enteritidis].

Salmonella intracranial infections are unusual in adults, and particularly after neurosurgical procedures. We report a case of post-operative meningitis owing to Salmonella enteritidis. A 72-year-old man with type 2 diabetes was admitted to our unit for postoperative evaluation and management after neoplasic intracranial surgery. On the third day of admission, the patient developed infectious signs and diagnosis of postoperative meningitis was evoked. The cultivation of cerebrospinal fluid revealed Salmonella enteritidis which was also identified in several blood cultures. The treatment consisted of third-generation cephalosporin and quinolone to which Salmonella enteritidis was susceptible. However, the clinical course was poor and the patient died on day 8. This case demonstrates that postoperative meningitis can be caused by an unusual agent like Salmonella enteritidis.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Survival of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in chicken manure at different levels of water activity.

Survival of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in chicken manure at different levels of water activity (aw) was determined. The aw was adjusted by means of saturated salts with defined equilibrium relative humidity and the manure samples were stored aerobically at 20 degrees C. At aw levels higher than 0.93, a moderate increase in colony-forming units over 8-9 h was found for both strains; at aw levels of 0.89-0.75, there was a thousand-fold reduction. Extended storage resulted in a million-fold reduction of Salmonella enteritidis in 8 days at an aw of 0.89. At higher and lower levels of aw, the reduction was less extensive.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The relationship between the duration of fecal shedding and the production of contaminated eggs by laying hens infected with strains of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella Heidelberg.

Egg contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis has remained a significant public health problem for nearly two decades, and Salmonella Heidelberg has also been recently implicated in egg-transmitted human illness. Colonization of the intestinal tract is a necessary precursor to the invasion of reproductive organs and subsequent deposition inside eggs laid by infected hens, but the relationship between the persistence of Salmonella in the intestinal tract and the likelihood of egg contamination has been uncertain. In this study, groups of laying hens were inoculated with large oral doses of strains of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Heidelberg, including variants of the original parent strains that had been reisolated from eggs laid by infected hens in a prior study. The shedding of Salmonella in voided feces was monitored for 6 wk postinoculation, and all eggs laid by infected hens between 5 and 22 days postinoculation were cultured for Salmonella in their contents. The mean duration of fecal shedding was significantly longer for the previously passaged Salmonella strains (26.7 days) than for the original parent strains (17.5 days), and the passaged strains caused a significantly higher frequency of egg contamination (6.4%) than did the parent strains (3.3%). However, the duration of fecal shedding and the frequency of egg contamination were not correlated for any of the Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Heidelberg strains.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Molecular phylogenetic typing of pandemic isolates of Salmonella enteritidis.

Salmonella enteritidis is now the most common Salmonella serovar in many countries. We have used cloned DNA probes to analyze genome interrelationships between strains chosen to represent the current S. enteritidis pandemic, and included designated type strains of the seven subspecies of Salmonella in order to compare the levels of discrimination of probes. DNA sequence divergence and rearrangements were analyzed in and around the rfa, fim and umuDC loci, and around insertion sites of the Salmonella-specific DNA insertion element, IS200. The S. enteritidis isolates showed a high degree of genome homogeneity. Chromosomal genetic loci exhibited characteristic DNA sequence divergence between subspecies of Salmonella, but no intraserovar divergence or difference with the subspecies I type strain was observed for S. enteritidis. The locus umuDC was not found in S. enteritidis. S. enteritidis contains a conserved and a variable site of insertion of insertion sequence IS200 and the analysis of DNA rearrangements around the second of these sites showed that three distinct evolutionary lines or races exist within pandemic isolates associated with human gasteroenteritis. IS200 profiles of a range of U.K. isolates of the epidemic phage type PT4 showed that all belonged to a single clonal line.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The relationship between glycogen synthesis, biofilm formation and virulence in salmonella enteritidis.

Salmonella enteritidis accumulated large quantities of intracellular polysaccharide when grown in unrestricted nutrient conditions. Dense, abundant cytoplasmic granules were observed by electron microscopy in sections stained by the periodic acid-chlorite technique, indicating that the polysaccharide was of the glycogen type. When biofilm-producing S. enteritidis was pre-incubated in media containing increasing levels of glucose concentration, the levels of both cytoplasmic glycogen and biofilm rose correlatively to a point where a ceiling effect was observed. Studies carried out with activators and inhibitors of glycogen biosynthesis confirmed that biofilm was formed from glycogen cell stores. On the other hand, the virulence of the biofilm-producing strain in infected chickens increased proportionally to the amount of stored glycogen, suggesting a possible role of the glycogen depot in the virulence of S. enteritidis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Antibody responses in the serum and gut of chicken lines differing in cecal carriage of Salmonella enteritidis.

Salmonella frequently causes human foodborne infections. Contaminated products from poultry infected with Salmonella enteritidis are mainly involved. This serovar is able to colonize the gastrointestinal tract and generally produces a chronic asymptomatic carrier state in poultry, except in very young birds. We have developed a model of S. enteritidis carriage in chicks and found that four chicken lines, B13, L2, PA12 and Y11 differ in their cecal colonization by S. enteritidis, whereas their systemic organs are similarly infected. We have monitored the serum and gut antibody responses of these four lines to S. enteritidis for 9 weeks post inoculation (pi). We confirm that S. enteritidis infected the spleens of the four chicken lines similarly, and that it often colonized the ceca at levels significantly higher in B13 and L2 chicks than those of the PA12 and Y11 chicks. The serum IgM and IgG antibody responses were high and the serum IgA antibody responses low. In contrast, the intestinal secretions contained mostly IgA antibodies. The serum IgM antibody values of the four chicken lines were similar. However, the B13 and L2 chicks often had significantly higher serum IgG and IgA antibody responses than PA12 and Y11 chicks. Only the B13 and L2 chicks showed high, persistent levels of IgA antibody in intestinal secretions. These results suggest that most antibody responses are related to cecal colonization by S. enteritidis. They also indicate that factors other than the antibody levels are involved in the control of this colonization.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Cytotonic enterotoxins and cytotoxic factors produced by Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium.

Strains of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolated from human diarrheal cases produced heat-labile enterotoxin(s) and cytotoxic factor(s) which elongated, lysed or deformed Chinese hamster ovary cells in tissue culture. The toxin(s) caused fluid accumulation in ligated rabbit gut loops and produced increased skin permeability. Salmonella toxin produced by these strains does not cross-react immunologically with high titer Vibrio cholerae toxin antisera or heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin antisera used in this study and does not bind to galactose--Sepharose gel. The activity of the toxin was not inhibited by GM1-ganglioside.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Adenylates and adenylate-energy charge in submerged and planktonic cultures of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium.

Adenine nucleotide values and adenylate energy charge (AEC) were measured during the growth of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium as submerged colonies in agarose gel and gelatin gel, and as planktonic cells in broth. Growth in all three systems showed similar trends with a ten-fold decrease in total adenylate pool during exponential growth, before attaining a fairly stable value throughout stationary phase. AEC values were generally low, (approximately 0.66), but did rise slightly during stationary phase. The large proportion of dead cells during early exponential phase may have contributed to the adenosine diphosphate and adenosine monophosphate pools, through cell lysis or excretion, and it is suggested that this was likely to account for the low values of AEC. In agarose and gelatin gelled cultures the percentage of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in relation to the total adenylates showed random fluctuations. This was contrary to the broth culture where percentage ATP was highest after 12 h and the data formed a smooth curve. These data demonstrated that considerable physiological heterogeneity exists within a colony of bacteria growing in a gel matrix and by analogy a food material also, and that AEC is a poor indicator of cell viability in such systems.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1999

Evaluation of a multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous identification of Salmonella sp., Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium from environmental swabs of poultry houses.

A Multiplex PCR-based assay (m-PCR) with three sets of primers was developed for the detection of all serotypes of Salmonella enterica and the identification of Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium. This method was evaluated against a bacteriological method for the analysis of environmental swabs of poultry houses. Samples were preenriched in phosphate-buffered peptone water for 24 h and subjected to three different protocols prior to PCR: (i) an immunomagnetic separation using Dynabeads anti-Salmonella (Dynal); (ii) a DNA extraction procedure using the Instagene matrix; (iii) an additional step of culture on an MSRV medium. With protocols 1 and 2, eight positive results were found by PCR and 20 with the bacteriological method. Protocol 3 combining MSRV and PCR gave similar results to those obtained from bacteriological methods and allowed Salmonella detection within 2 days.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Automated ribotyping and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis for molecular typing of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium strains isolated in Italy.

AIMS: The ability of automated ribotyping and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to differentiate Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium isolates in relation to their origin was evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS: The restriction enzymes EcoRI, PvuII and PstI, and the random primers OPB17 and P1254, were tested for ribotyping and RAPD analysis, respectively. Seventeen subtypes were identified among the isolates of the two pathogenic Salmonella serovars using the RiboPrinter, and 25 subtypes using RAPD. CONCLUSIONS: The greatest degree of genetic diversity was observed among Salm. typhimurium isolates using both automated ribotyping (Simpson's index of discrimination 0878) and RAPD (Simpson's index of discrimination 0886). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: According to the results of this research, automated ribotyping and RAPD are two useful genotyping techniques for identifying unique and common subtypes associated with a specific source and location, and provide powerful tools for epidemiological investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Fate of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium during the fermentation of ergo, a traditional Ethiopian sour milk.

The growth potential of Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium in milk in smoked and non-smoked containers and their inhibition by lactic acid bacteria was determined. In the absence of lactic acid bacteria, both Salmonella strains could grow to the level of 10(8) cfu/ml within 12 h. Smoking of containers significantly retarded Salmonella growth only until 12 h. Growth of lactic acid bacteria in souring milk retarded growth of Salmonella strains and complete inhibition was observed between 48 and 60 h at pH and titratable acidity values of 3.7 and 0.70%, respectively. The synergistic effect of lower pH, acids and smoking was important in the complete inhibition of the test organisms. Although ergo was preferably consumed after 24 h of fermentation, the Salmonella strains were not completely inhibited at this time. Thus, traditional making of ergo by the natural fermentation of raw milk could be hazardous to health. The use of a three-day old ergo as a starter for boiled milk is recommended to ensure the wholesomeness of ergo.

Animals↗