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Scapegoating among professionals.
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Theory and practice of scapegoating.
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The military family: who has been scapegoated?
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[The phenomenon of "scapegoating" within the family].
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Self-chosen victims: scapegoating behavior sequential to battering.
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The biological impact of social responses to the AIDS epidemic.
This paper examines the extent to which social responses to the AIDS epidemic contribute to the continued transmission of the virus, thereby exacerbating the biological impact of the epidemic. Following the model of McGrath (1991), social responses to AIDS are examined in terms of their impact on potential transmission of HIV. Responses are evaluated using established criteria for decreasing disease transmission: eliminating the source of infection, eliminating contact necessary for infection, decreasing susceptibility of hosts, or decreasing the infectivity of infectious persons. The most frequent responses to AIDS have been scapegoating, resulting in ostracism, stigma, and blame; resignation; use of alternative therapies; political mobilization; and research. With the exception of political mobilization in some communities, the social responses to AIDS have not decreased the biological impact of the epidemic, and, therefore, may not be "biologically appropriate".
A stepfamily in formation.
The increasing incidence of stepparenthood requires that mental health clinicians develop skills for helping members of two families form a viable new family unit. This paper conceptualizes stages in the development of the reconstituted family. Case material describes a scapegoated child as the focus of conflict in one family's progression through these stages.
The role of cognitive and situational variables in aggression toward homosexuals.
The relationship of several antecedents of aggression toward homosexuals was investigated. Attitudes toward homosexuality, perceived similarity to the target homosexual, and type of prior contact with the target homosexual were found to interact in influencing such aggressiveness. The implication of these findings to the "personal threat" and "scapegoating" hypotheses of aggression toward homosexuals is discussed.
The "cooling out" process in a complex organization.
In a sequence of events described as the "cooling out" process, an administrative conflict snowballed to an irrevocable stage resulting in an employee's dismissal. Such scapegoating reduces friction in the organization structure, but does not identify and resolve problems.
Self-destructive behavior on an inpatient ward.
Suicidal and self-destructive behavior on a psychiatric inpatient service are said to be related to the degree of staff demoralization and dissension. Staff factors that may permit or encourage self-destructive acts include poor communications, staff disagreements, scapegoating of patients, poor staff judgment, staff self-preoccupation, and reversal of staff-patient roles. However, it is also possible that a major contributory factor is not individual patient or staff psychopathology, but rather the destruction of the underlying traditions and values of the ward which occurs at times of major change. The thesis is presented that the ritualization of ward values, when operative, provides a coherent world-view which renders the therapeutic activities, and life itself, meaningful, and that such ritualization can provide a framework of stability in times of critical staff turnover. Without such tradition and ritualization, however, therapeutic activities become hollow and meaningless, and fail to provide self-destructive patients a reason to view their life more positively.
Racism as a response to change. The introduction of residents onto a psychiatry ward.
An outbreak of violence among inpatients coincident with the beginning of a residency training program is described. The phenomenon is viewed as an example of covert staff disagreement resulting in the scapegoating of black patients. Suggestions are made as to how to avoid the occurrence of similar phenomena through a process of re-education of ward staff.
An exploratory multi-level attempt to investigate intrapersonal and interpersonal patterns of 20 Athenian families.
The present study is an attempt to explore patterns of family relationships in the context of milieu specific value and role assumptions and to capture the trends in relation to social change. Information collected includes intrapsychic as well as interpersonal material elicited by a combination of tools administered individually and conjointly. The revealed patterns -- extreme emphasis on the future achievement of the child as a shared family goal, the mother's central role which was shown to inhibit constructive processes, the distant marital relationship, and scapegoating of the child because of denied marital difficulties -- are shown to create conflict and tension in all members and render cooperation and decision-making difficult. It is attempted to interpret the above-mentioned patterns in the light of traditional value and role assumptions. The analysis seems to indicate that the adherence to the dysfunctional patterns appears to serve the function of preserving stability of the family in a period of transition.
On the classification of families. A progress report.
A review of the literature over the last 20 years on family classification is presented with an aim toward integration of existing approaches. Family schemas are organized into the following groups: (1) style of adaptation, (2) developmental family stage, (3) initial problem or diagnosis of the identified patient, (4) family theme or dimension, and (5) types of marital relationship. Six family types are presented based on a descriptive comparison of the schemas as grouped above, and implications for clinical course and prognosis are summarized. A multidimensional as opposed to a typological model for family classification is suggested.
Parent Attitude Research Instrument (PARI): clinical vs. statistical inferences in understanding abusive mothers.
Attitudes toward child rearing and early experiences in childhood traditionally have been regarded as psychodynamic factors that influence adult behavior. The present study assessed the capacity of the Parent Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) to differentiate between court-identified abusive mothers and a control sample of nonabusive, well-baby clinic mothers of comparable socioeconomic status. While univariate t-tests showed statistical significance for 3 of the 23 PARI scales, more sophisticated and appropriate multivariate tests (Discriminant Function Analysis) demonstrated that the PARI correctly classified the experimental and control Ss only 65% of the time. It appears that the PARI alone should not be used to identify potentially abusive mothers. Even more important, the results caution and alert non-statistically informed clinicians and researchers to the pitfall of over-interpreting clinical data that are based on the more simple univariate tests of statistical significance.
The family as a system: fact or fantasy?
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A psychodynamic approach to the study and treatment of child-abusing parents.
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Family therapy as a defense.
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