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A self-report measure of being scapegoated in one's family was given to a non-clinical sample of 403 adolescents. Reports of scapegoating varied more with the type of family conflict scapegoated than with the family member(s) engaged in scapegoating. Scapegoating was also related to parental support, family conflict and adolescent adjustment problems.
The social constructs of the group, the group self of an individual member, and the moral order of the group as a whole are described as basic, interrelated concepts essential to our understanding of scapegoating. Two patterns of scapegoating are then introduced: one concerns antagonistic, the other, agonistic relations of scapegoat to scapegoaters. A series of case examples are presented, one involves an advocacy group of socio-cultural "outsiders;" the other three pertain to scapegoating in therapy group settings. The case materials illustrate the meaning and usefulness of an intersubjective/social constructivist perspective on the problem of scapegoating.
What are the contributing factors to the process of scapegoating among nurses and how can nurse executives identify and reverse this process? The author describes several factors that contribute to this phenomenon, the interaction of these factors, and some of the functions that scapegoating serves. Signs of scapegoating in an organization are described. Strategies for reversing this process are discussed both from the perspective of the scapegoat and the scapegoaters. Ways that nurses in leadership positions can prevent this practice are proposed.
This article proposes an indirect route to role suction and scapegoating via projective identification (PI) of members' split-off feelings into the group. For these members, the group is a good, soothing mother. Other members, sensitive to a projected feeling, introject it from the group and may become scapegoats. For them the group is the bad, invasive mother. This model provides a unifying explanation for the literature's contrasting depiction of the group as either a good or a bad mother. By fostering the containment and holding functions of the group and exploring and interpreting the interrelated phenomena of PI, the mother group, and indirect scapegoating, the therapist can facilitate the development of more realistic, integrated, internal-object-relations, which in turn fosters improved interpersonal relations.
It is recognized that AIDS involves multiple epidemics. As well as an epidemic of HIV, we are experiencing epidemics of fear and of stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination associated with AIDS. In this paper, we investigate the nature of these reactions and the links between them. In doing so, we identify some of their causes. We likewise investigate counter-reactions, pre-eminent among which is the promotion of concepts of respect for persons and for human rights. We also examine the 'tools' used to elicit and manifest both these reactions and counter-reactions. In all cases, these 'tools' include choice of language--especially in the form of metaphor and rhetoric--and the use of symbolism. We conclude that in order to deal humanely and compassionately with AIDS and persons with AIDS, and, ultimately, to protect society (including, the fundamental principles and rules on which it is based), a primary requirement is to recognize that we are all living with AIDS, whether infected or affected by it; that is, in the context of AIDS, it is imperative that we overcome any divisions into 'them' and 'us'.
The ideology and process of victim blaming have undergone profound changes as a consequence of recent sociopolitical developments. This paper examines a newer and more pernicious form of victim blaming, with particular attention to the ways it has been directed at the elderly in American society. Several contexts are presented within which we may view recent budget cuts affecting the elderly in order to analyze the scapegoating of the aged as a primary "cause" of the fiscal crisis. These contexts include the cyclical nature of social problems, which expand or contract in accordance with the dominant needs of the economy; the "fiscal crisis mentality"; the philosophy and tactics of decentralization; and the Reagan Administration's move toward an "ideological definition of reality." Each of these contexts is seen as fitting within the overarching context of the current economic crisis and the intensified class conflict and related outcomes which it has generated. Unlike the victim blaming of the 1960s and early 70s, which defined "the elderly" as a social problem and devised solutions (e.g. expanded Social Security benefits, Medicare and Medicaid) for dealing with that problem, the victim blaming of the 1980s is seen as defining these earlier "solutions" as part of the problem. Not only are the aged problematic, but ameliorative programs are seen as "busting the federal budget" and in need of dismantling and/or shifting to other levels of government and the private sector. Education grounded in political-economic analyses of the "aging problem," aimed in part at overcoming structurally induced divisiveness among oppressed groups, is suggested as an important deterrent to the increased polarization which the current fiscal crisis mentality has nurtured.
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This article presents Karen Blixen's concept of the family scapegoat as it was elaborated in a number of her tales. This recurrent theme in her fictional writing is linked to events in her own family life, in particular her own assumption of a scapegoat-prodigal child role during the "African period" of her life. Furthermore, her assumption of this role and her particular view of her destiny, pitting her against the rest of her family, was related to her strong identification with her father, intensified following his suicide when she was a child.
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