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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

The Odyssean personality. A survival advantage for carriers of genes predisposing to schizophrenia?

To explain the persistence of schizophrenia in human populations at relatively high and constant rates, it is proposed that the schizoid-paranoid personality (designated as the Odyssean personality) which characterizes so many nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenics, represents a selective advantage. It is assumed that odyssean relatives carry the gene or genes predisposing to schizophrenia, but not in sufficient quantity for the development of the psychosis. It is suggested that because of their schizoid-paranoid out-look, Odysseans have an increased probability of contributing to the gene pool of succeeding generations since, in a world plagued by terror, strife, and war, they, rather than their trusting peers, are the ones more likely to survive long enough to ensure the survival of their progeny.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1977

[Relationship between thinking activity and typologic characteristics of personality (material from a study of schizophrenic patients and their relatives)].

The paper presents an analysis of relationships between the expressivity of the change in thinking selectivity and premorbid personality characteristics of schizophrenic patients (242 patients) and the types of personality anomalies in the relatives of the probands with schizophrenia (203 patients). The authors reveal correlation of the expressiveness of the above-mentioned thinking anomaly with definite types of personality anomalies (sthenic, hyperthymic and mosaic schizoids). The circle of the marked personality types according to the analyzed indices are limited both from representatives of the normal population and representatives of other personality types ("model", "deficient", cycloids). The obtained data permit to consider the studied thinking anomaly in the system of typological peculiarities of mental activity.

Cyclothymic Disorder↗
PubMed1976

Serum creatine phosphokinase activity in psychiatrically hospitalized children.

Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity was determined in a series of 101 sequential admissions to the Pritzker Children's Hospital, an inpatient psychiatric facility. Black children had significantly higher serum CPK levels than whites, and males had significantly higher levels than females, as is the case with adults. There was a higher incidence of CPK elevations in children with organic brain pathology than in children with personality disorders or schizoprenia. Children with chronic symptoms of a psychotic nature did not have increased serum CPK activity, which is similar to the findings in adults. There were no children in the sample with acute psychotic symptoms, so it was not possible to determine whether acute psychosis in children is accompanied by increased serum CPK activity, as it frequently is in psychotics over the age of 17.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Mental illness in the biological and adoptive families of adopted individuals who have become schizophrenic.

In a sample of 5483 adults who had been legally adopted early in life by persons not biologically related to them, 33 were identified, from mental hospital records for whom a diagnosis of definite schizophrenia (chronic, latent, or acute) could be agreed upon by four raters. An equal number of matched controls were selected from the sample of adopted individuals who had never been admitted to a mental hospital. Ninety percent of the living parents, siblings, and half-siblings, biological and adoptive, cooperated in an extensive psychiatric interview permitting a consensus diagnosis by three blind raters. Schizophrenia and uncertain schizophrenia were found to be significantly concentrated in the population genetically related to the schizophrenic adoptees. Their adoptive relatives did not differ from the control populations in the prevalence of schizophrenic illness.

Adoption↗
PubMed1977

Anhedonia and schizophrenia.

The authors administered semi-structured interviews to 187 psychiatric inpatients to determine the role of anhedonia in schizophrenia. The interviews were taperecorded and then given blind ratings for anhedonia on a 7-point scale. Schizophrenic patients had significantly more anhedonia than nonschizophrenics, although many of the latter group had anhedonic tendencies. Most of the difference between the groups resulted from high anhedonia scores for chronic schizophrenics; less anhedonia was found in the acute schizophrenic patients. The data indicate that anhedonia is not necessary or unique to schizophrenia but is a prominent factor in chronic schizophrenia.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Borderline diagnoses.

The author describes the development of the borderline concept and the apparent inaccuracy of the original hypothetical framework. The signs and symptoms used to describe a "borderline syndrome" are often shared with other psychiatric illnesses. The author recommends that clinicians consider patients with only those features as "undiagnosed" until further research determines whether a distinct syndrome exists.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

[Pathomorphosis of classical forms of psychopathies].

The paper deals with questions concerning the modification of classical forms of psychopathy. The forms of psychopathy are not invariable, rigid. They can change during the life span of one psychopathic personality and be expressed in an interchange of obligatory (main) and facultative (supplementary) personality traits, as well as in different variations of the facultative traits of a psychopathic personality. Besides, the forms of psychopathy may gradually change during separate periods (if comparing the structure of separate forms), which indicate the dependence of the structure and dynamics of psychopathy from the changing environment, home conditions, urbanization, cultural level, etc. This should be held in mind in selecting methods of treatment in psychopathy, in recommendations of rehabilitative measures and in forensic-psychiatric exminations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Monozygotic and dizygotic twins discordant with regard to manifest schizophrenia].

The author describes psychotic conditions of co-twins who were not seen by a psychiatrist before, in 12 MZ and 62DZ pairs, where the probands suffered from manifest schizophrenia. Among MZ, one half of the examined patients was classified as "mildly expressed schizophrenia" and the other as schizoid personality abnormalities. The probands of MZ pairs displayed the prevalence of slow progressive variants of schizophrenia within the framework of both continuous and attack-like forms. DZ co-twins of schizophrenic probands according to the psychotic state formed a range of transitions from mildly expressed schizophrenia through personality abnormalities to accentuated personalities and norm.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

[Concepts of psychiatric diagnoses: a further investigation of the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses (author's transl)].

A total of 128 physicians and psychologists, working in six psychiatric hospitals, were asked to allocate 10 psychiatric diagnoses on the basis of typical clinical criteria (symptoms, course of illness, etiological and anamnestic data), with which they were supplied. The correct diagnosis was made in 45.3%, while in 82% the broad diagnostic group was correctly ascribed. The respondents were divided into two groups, according to the amount of diagnostic data they had been given (though in fact the information necessary for differential diagnosis was given equally to both groups). The group which made diagnosis on the grounds of more comprehensive data (ten characteristic diagnostic items) did significantly worse them the group which had few data (six characteristic items). The stereotypes for mania, endogenous depression, obsessional-compulsive neurosis, and antisocial personality disorder were correctly defined by 75% of more of the respondents. The profiles of the remaining six diagnostic groups were associated with the corresponding diagnoses by 50% or fewer of the respondents.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1979

Psychopharmacological perspectives in childhood psychoses.

1. Neuroleptic drugs are still widely employed in childhood psychoses, but new experiences on a large number of cases in this field, have shown the usefullness of antidepressive drugs, either alone or associated with neuroleptics, also when depressive symptoms are not clearly evident. 2. This peculiar aspect, still noticed in pathological situations of less gravity, calls again attention to childhood depression and to the difficulty of identifying it. 3. The problem is developed and discussed as follows: a. The psychopathological features regarded from the psychodynamic point of view; b. The neurofunctional background in various ages; c. The pharmacodynamic characteristics of the drugs; d. The good results with lithium treatment in several cases allow the authors to outline some clinical pictures as well as biochemical markers as to recognize endogenous depression in childhood.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed1976

A comparison of deaf and non-deaf patients with paranoid and affective psychoses.

A comparison was made of the social and domestic background, prepsychotic personality and symptomatology of deaf ('hard of hearing') and non-deaf patients aged 50 or over with paranoid or affective psychoses. The deaf patients were found to be a very heterogeneous group in respect of age of onset, duration, severity and pathological basis of their deafness, but there was a substantial subgroup of paranoid patients with deafness beginning before the age of 45 in whom the personality appeared to have been less deviating than in the remainder. It was thought that the deafness in this subgroup had possibly played a relatively specific role in causing the psychosis. Some problems in identifying deafness and assessing its significance are discussed.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1977

[Premorbid personality of patients with adolescent seizure-like schizophrenia].

The premorbid personality, features of early ontogenesis and childhood crises periods were studied in 226 patients with attack-like forms of schizophrenia, manifesting itself in adolescence with florid psychotic attacks. The authors describe 8 types of the premorbid personality: 1) hyperthymic; 2) sthenic; 3) sensitive; 4) dissociated; 5) passive; schizoid; 6) explosive; 7) model and 8) deficitary personalities. A clinical analysis of the studied cases deomnstrated that the premorbid type of the patient, along with some other factor may be considered as one of the important indices when making a probability prognosis of the development of the disease.

Child Development↗
PubMed1977

Schizophrenics' adopting parents. Psychiatric status.

With the exception of one finding in one experiment, adoption studies have demonstrated that genetic and not rearing factors play an etiological role in the schizophrenias. In that one study, clinical evaluations showed the biological parents of schizophrenics as more disturbed than the adopting parents of schizophrenics, who were, in turn, slightly more disturbed than the adopting parents of normal persons. Both the biological and the adopting parents of schizophrenics showed an equivalent degree of Rorschach pathology, suggesting the possible role of a learned communication disorder in the schizophrenic disorders. A replicative study were performed, employing the same design but utilizing a systematic sample. Structured interviews and tests were administered to the biological parents of nongenetic retardates. Structured clinical evaluation showed the biological parents of schizophrenics to be more disturbed than the other two groups, between whom there was no difference in psychopathology. With analysis of the Rorschach tests, the biological parents of schizophrenics showed significantly more Rorschach pathology than found in the other two groups, whose degree of disorder was the same. This study again confirms the role of genetic factors and fails to show an environmental component in the etiology of the schizophrenias.

Adoption↗
PubMed1975

Minor tranquilizers in the treatment of aggression.

Clinical trials designed to evaluate the efficacy of drugs in human aggression have been scarce until recent years. The potential antiaggressive action of minor tranquilizers in humans has received little attention in spite of the claimed "taming effect" in some animal studies. A recent report examining the literature regarding the effects of benzodiazepines on animal models of aggressive behavior has pointed out the lack of consistency in such findings. Similar observations have been noted in humans where reduction in aggressive manifestations is contrasted with an increase in hostility in a few studies, as well as with the appearance of "paradoxical" rage reactions. Some variables that could account for such discrepancies have been advanced. They include, among others, dosage, acute vs. chronic drug administration, and possible qualitive differences among this group of agents. Individual variations as to presenting clinical picture, initial levels of anxiety and hostility, and personality types have also been mentioned. Implications of some of these findings for future clinical research are discussed. At present, a study designed to test the efficacy of two benzodiazepines, at dosages higher than those usually recommended, is being carried out in a population of anxious, aggressive-prone individuals with poor impulse control. Thus far, and in agreement with our previous clinical experience, we have not seen "paradoxical" rage and such high dosages have been well tolerated.

Aggression↗
PubMed1976

The genetics, if any, of infantile autism and childhood schizophrenia.

A critical examination of the data for and against genetic factors in early infantile autism and childhood schizophrenia is presented. The extreme rareness of both disorders made analysis difficult. No strong evidence exists implicating genetics in the development of childhood psychoses that begin before the age of 5. Family pedigree data fail to support psychogenic transmission because very few siblings of early onset cases are affected. Biological but not genetic etiological agents are more likely. Genetic factors are implicated in the development of psychoses that begin near pubescence and such factors appear to overlap with those for adult schizophrenia. Reevaluation of the minimum age of onset for adult-type schizophrenia is suggested.

Adoption↗