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Schizophrenic psychology, associative learning and the role of forebrain dopamine.

It is suggested that schizophrenic thinking can be explained as a lowering of levels of significance for acceptance of conclusions based on inductive logic. The formal similarity between inductive logic and operant, or classical conditioning is pointed out. It is thus possible to explain the therapeutic effects of neuroleptic drugs by referring to the effect of these, and related drugs, and of lesions of ascending dopamine pathways, on acquisition of conditioned responses. It is tentatively suggested that recognition of association of related features of the environment, whether in humans or animals occurs in the basal ganglia by a dopamine dependent process. A role is suggested for neocortical noradrenaline in consolidaton of newly acquired associations. Implications and tests of this hypothesis are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Discontinuation of antipsychotic drugs in chronic schizophrenic patients. II. Psychological and psychopathological test differences between patients with and without relapse].

After the discontinuation of the neuroleptic treatment (open design), 10 out of 30 hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients showed before the end of 4 weeks a significant increase of their symptomatology. This deterioration made the application of neuroleptics necessary. Before the discontinuation of the neuroleptic treatment the group of patients with later relapse and the group without relapse showed only slight differences concerning psychopathological symptoms but significant differences concerning test performance. After 2 weeks without medication a pronounced impairment of performance was found in patients with later relapse. At this time the two groups showed no more significant differences in the psychological tests. At the same time significant differences concerning the psychopathological symptoms had developed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Experimental psychology study of certain aspects of reduced activity among schizophrenic patients].

Experimental psychological studies of some aspects of lowered mental activity, due to an increasing schizophrenic defect, were performed in 15 patients. Some traits of realization processes and goal selection as a reflection of certain aspects of activity were studied. The study included 2 groups of schizophrenic patients (with a continuous and shift-like development) with different degrees of a clinically pronounced defect. The results obtained indicate that along with a formation of a defect in this group there is also a change in some aspects of mental activity which is reflected in changed processes of goal realization and selection. The schizophrenic patients become less initiative, they are incapable of posing goals in compliance with previous levels of achievement, and as a result their activity becomes less productive.

Achievement↗
PubMed1979

Psychological test comparison of day hospital an inpatient treatment.

Tested hypotheses, empirically generated from rating scales, which predicted that patients treated in partial, day hospital settings improve more in intellectual efficiency and social interaction than patients treated in full-time, inpatient settings. Thirty matched pairs of day hospital and inpatient volunteers were administered a group psychological test battery at the beginning of treatment and then 5 weeks later. The day hospital sample differed significantly on 7 of 24 pre- and posttest measures, the inpatient sample on 2. Gains occurred primarily in increased intellectual efficiency and social interaction. Multiple discriminant function analyses yielded no significant pretest differences, but posttest differences approached significance (p less than .06); day hospital patients registered increased Extraversion (Eysenck Personality Inventory).

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Anton T. Boisen's "Psychiatric Examination: Content of Thought" (c. 1925-31): an attempt to grasp the meaning of mental disorder.

DURING the early years of PSYCHIATRY, the Rev. Dr. Anton T. Boisen (1876-1965) was among the journal's most regular contributors. Within 14 years he wrote eight articles and four book reviews for PSYCHIATRY, with many of these touching upon the psychosocial aspects of religious experience, empirically considered. Behind Boisen's fondness for PSYCHIATRY was his sense of special relationship to the founding editor, Harry Stack Sullivan. In some ways, this affinity to Sullivan and his world-view can best be appreciated by examining the hypotheses and research questionnaire Boisen used to develop the data for his articles. Likewise, a look at Boisen's detailed questionnaire may help us to understand how humanistic social scientists of an earlier era, the 1920s, attempted to grasp the meaning of mental disorder.

Clergy↗
PubMed1979

Consciousness, information processing and schizophrenia.

The symptoms of schizophrenia can be interpreted as the result of a defect in the mechanism that controls and limits the contents of consciousness. This defect can be understood as excessive self-awareness. Normally most of the complex information processing which is continuously required by even simple acts of perception, language and thought goes on below the level of awareness; whereas in schizophrenic patients some of this processing, or the results of this processing, not in themselves abnormal, become conscious. This excessive awareness can account for the typical symptoms of schizophrenia and explains many of the specific cognitive abnormalities found in schizophrenic patients.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1979

Social networks and schizophrenia.

This artical begins with an introduction to social networks research and its practical importance in the understanding and treatment of schizophrenia, and concludes with a consideration of the experience, the phenomenology, of schizophrenia, from a social network point of view.

Family↗
PubMed1979

Social alienation-personal disorganization assessment in disturbed and normal adolescents.

Two groups of adolescents seeking psychotherapy (N = 91 and N = 198) and a normative group (N = 112) provided 5-minute verbal behavior protocols which were content analyzed for social alienation-personal disorganization (SA-PD). The data supported the hypothesis that adolescents applying for help in 1974 to 1975 showed greater pathology than those seen in 1972 to 1973. The normative adolescents were significantly healthier than either of the two Adolescent Clinic groups. In the clinic samples, older adolescents were more disturbed than those in the younger ranges. The SA-PD scale is a useful addition to tools available for the assessment of emotional states of adolescents. The data support the idea that there appears to be an increasing severity in the problems presented by adolescents in very recent years.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Identification of specific neurological disorders using double discrimination scales derived from the standardized Luria neuropsychological battery.

The Standardized Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery has been validated in a number of studies and has shown its effectiveness in making basic neuropsychological discriminations. A major advantage of this battery, compared to other test batteries, is its structure. The test consists of 269 separate items, each of which is designed to measure a different neuropsychological skill. As a result, these items can be combined in a number of ways to form scales aimed at specific neurological processes. It is the purpose of the present study to investigate whether or not the Luria Battery can be successful in discriminating specific neurological disorders by the development of what is termed "double discrimination scales." Using this process, two scales are established to diagnose any given neurological process. The first represents items in which the patients with a specific disorder do worse than a general neurological control group while the second scale represents items in which the patients with a neurological disorder do better than the general neurological control group. For a patient to be diagnosed as having a given process, the patient must score in the proper range on both scales. This method was applied to a sample of 24 multiple sclerosis patients who were compared with 74 patients diagnosed as normal, 106 psychiatric patients, and 101 brain damaged patients. Using the double discrimination procedure, the accuracy of identification of 100% was achieved in all groups. The study supported the usefulness of the double discrimination approach with the Standardized Luria Neuropsychological Battery and opens up the possibilities for scales to be developed for a wide variety of diseases in specific lateralized disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Self-mutilation of the eye.

While the act of self-enucleation is rare, other self-inflicted eye injuries may be more common. Six patients are reported who have documented histories of ocular self-mutilation. Several common factors are observed in these patients and in other cases reported in the literature: (1) the patient was judged to be psychotic; (2) the patient had a tyrannical conscience; (3) a source of guilt was present; (4) this guilt was displaced to the eye; and (5) an attempt at self-inflicted eye injury was followed by relief from anxiety when completed or by frustration when injury was prevented.

Adult↗