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Relationship of neurological function and age in older women. The study of osteoporotic fractures.
The decline of neurological and neuromuscular function with age in older women and in subgroups of older women with selected risk factors for poor function is described using cross- sectional analyses of data on 8,080 women from the multicenter Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. All twelve performance-based tests of muscle strength, balance, gait, somatosensory discrimination and reaction time declined with increasing age. On a percentage scale, vibration threshold declined the most rapidly with age. Participants who were smokers, physically inactive, nonconsumers of alcohol, diabetics and more frequent fallers had poorer age-adjusted performance than those without these attributes. However, with a few exceptions, the rate of decline in performance with age for those with and without these characteristics did not differ significantly.
Structural studies of spider silk proteins in the fiber.
Although spider silk has been studied for a number of years the structures of the proteins involved have yet to be definitely determined. X-ray diffraction and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to study major ampullate (dragline) silk from Nephila clavipes. The silk was studied in its natural state, in the supercontracted state and in the restretched state following supercontraction. The natural silk structure is dominated by beta-sheets aligned parallel to the fiber axis. Supercontraction is characterized by randomizing of the orientation of the beta-sheet. When the fiber is restretched alignment is regained. However, the same reorientation was observed for wetting of minor ampullate silk which does not supercontract. Thus, the reorientation of beta-sheets alone cannot explain the supercontraction in dragline silk. Cocoon silk showed very little beta-sheet orientation in the natural state and there were no changes upon wetting. NMR and X-ray diffraction data are consistent with the beta-sheets arising from the poly-alanine sequences known to be present in the proteins of major ampullate silk as has been proposed previously.