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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Sex-role self-perceptions and sex-role stereotypes.

827 undergraduate students, 549 males and 278 females, responded to a set of 18 questions relating to individual self-perceptions. A second group of 35 males and 29 females responded to the questions in terms of population sex-role stereotypes for both sexes. It was hypothesized that the sexes would demonstrate convergence in self-perceptions when compared with their sex-role stereotypes. The results tended to support the hypothesis, with females demonstrating a greater deviation from the traditional sex-role stereotypes than males. The possible relationship to much publicized social movements was noted.

Behavior↗
PubMed1978

Self-perception of speaking pitch levels.

The literature has noted that speakers often perceive their own speaking pitch levels differently than listeners perceive them. However, little information is available regarding the specific characteristics of such perceptual differences. Speaking pitch level self-perception was explored in a group of 11 young adult males who served both as talkers and listeners. As a talker, each subject judged his own speaking pitch level in the process of speaking (live judgments) and during taped replay (taped judgments). The subjects' self-rankings in these two tasks and the rank order of taped voices as judged by listeners were compared to fundamental frequency rankings for the voices. The results indicated that the subjects judged their own taped voices in the same way that the listeners judged them, and the judgments corresponded to fundamental frequency rankings. During the live judgments, the subjects avoided extreme self-rankings, preferring to rank themselves closer to an average pitch level. The findings may have clinical significance in the remediation of certain voice disorders.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1979

Self-perceptions of the stigma of overweight in relationship to weight-losing patterns.

Preliminary, exploratory studies examine self-perceptions of the stigma of overweight in relatiopship to weight-losing patterns of female and male children of different ages. It is suggested that the concept of stigma may be a viable analytical tool in studying overweight as: an exclusive focus in interaction, related to a negative body image, overwhelming others with mixed emotions, clashing with other attributes of the person, an equivocal predictor of activities, and related to one's sense of responsibility for one's overweight. Female adolescents in the Slimnastics class in a high school and children and adolescents in an obesity clinic in a hospital were studied. Male children and female adolescents had more trouble losing weight than did female children and male adolescents. Youth who viewed overweight as both one's responsibility and as an illness that required the joint efforts of oneself and others, especially professional experts, were more successful in losing weight than those youth who believed that overweight was solely their responsibility or not at all their responsibility. Intensive focusing on one's overweight and one one's negative body image seemed to inhibit or deter weight losing for some youth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The effects of long-term psychotherapy on patients' self-perception.

A review of the literature regarding the effects of long-term psychotherapy indicates that it has rarely been examined purely from the standpoint of the patient. This study attempts to determine how the patients perceive attitudinal change in themselves and their therapists during the treatment process. Twenty patients who received dynamically oriented psychotherapy in excess of one year in a typical outpatient clinic participated. These patients were randomly assigned a therapist who was either a Clinic staff member or senior resident in psychiatry. Slightly more than half the patients included in the study had a diagnosis of psychoneurosis, while the remainder were viewed as possessing characterological or psychotic disturbances. Evaluation of patient attitudes was achieved through the use of a modified version of Osgood's Semantic Differential Scale. It was determined that patients perceived themselves as becoming significantly more like their therapists after one year of psychotherapy. They saw themselves as more active, independent, dominant, outgoing, realistic and happy. This "psychic shift" is discussed in terms of identification, transference and counter-transference phenomena.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The impact of chronic pain on the self-concept.

Compared self-concepts of three groups, medical patients, chronic low back pain patients and chronic head pain patients (N = 60) to determine (1) whether chronic pain patients have self-perceptions that differ from other medical patients; (2) whether changes in self-perception are limited to physical attributes and capacities; and finally (3) whether persons who suffer different types of chronic pain would have differing self-concepts. Significantly lower self-concepts were obtained from groups of head pain and low back pain patients. Self-concept patterns for the two pain groups were quite similar with the exception of two self-concept components that were significantly lower for the head pain group. Differences were explained in terms of loss of many normal functions and disruption of normal life-styles. Implications for treatment of pain patients and for training of health professionals were discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Depressives' cognitive appraisal of their mood states.

Assessed the self-perceptions with regard to depressive mood states among high depression scoring Ss and non-depressed Ss. Twenty high scorers and 20 low scorers on the MMPI D scale were selected from a larger group and were given three adaptations of the DACL: A present or "Now" version, an ideal-self or "Like to Be" version, and a new "Deserve to Be" form of instructions. Results showed significant differences between the two groups on the "Now" and the "Deserve to "Be" adaptations of the DACL, but not on the "Like to Be" adaptation. Results were discussed in terms of the cognitive theory of depression.

Cognition↗
PubMed1979

Interaction of cannabidiol and alcohol in humans.

Six male and four female healthy volunteers were given oral placebo (glucose capsule and orange juice), cannabidiol (CBD 200 mg capsule and orange juice), alcohol (1 g/kg in orange juice and glucose capsule), and CBD (200 mg capsule) plus alcohol (1 g/kg in orange juice) in a double-blind, crossover, randomized design. Treatments were spaced one week apart. Parameters measured were a finger tap test (motor performance), cancellation and differential aptitude tests (psychomotor performance), a 1-min time production task, subjective effects (66 item adjective-pair semantic differential), and breathalyzer estimations of blood alcohol levels. Compared to placebo, alcohol and alcohol plus CBD, but not CBD alone, produced significant impairments of motor and psychomotor performances, overestimations of time production and subjective responses indicating an accurate self-perception of their intoxication and deficits. The combination of alcohol plus CBD resulted in significantly lower blood alcohol levels compared to alcohol given alone, however, there were few differences observed between the pharmacological effects of the two alcohol conditions. Thus, the inactivity of CBD, a major marijuana constituent, on motor and mental performance and effects also extends to its interaction with alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Psychosocial aspects of craniofacial disfigurement. A "State of the Art" assessment conducted by the Craniofacial Anomalies Program Branch, The National Institute of Dental Research.

The psychosocial sequelae of craniofacial disfigurement may have as great an impact on the patient as the strictly physical aspects of the problem. Very little systematic work has been focused directly on these effects. The following broad recommendations would constitute initial research steps in this field: Development of satisfactory measures of physical attractiveness and their use in studies to explore the role of craniofacial features in over-all physical attractiveness. The establishment of valid metrics for assessing the severity of craniofacial anomalies through the use of both physiologic and behavioral measures, thus constructing a broader definition of what constitutes a craniofacial handicap. Studies of the relationships among physiologic and behavioral variables using recently developed statistical techniques and computer methods to determine the psychosocial consequences of craniofacial disfigurement. Studies of the process through which persons with various types of malocclusion decide to seek and complete treatment. The studies would include the patients' demographic characteristics, self-perceptions, perceptions of them by others, and the complex patient-clinician interactions during the treatment programs.

Body Image↗
PubMed1979

The stability of perceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa.

Patients with anorexia nervosa have previously been shown to display disturbances in visual self-perception and interoception. In the present investigation we wished to determine the stability of these disturbances and the effects of weight gain on them. We studied 29 females, 16 patients with primary anorexia nervosa and 13 controls, who had also been studied one year previously. Each subject took part in investigations of body image, using a distorting photograph technique, and interoception, using a satiety aversion to sucrose test. We found that some anorexic subjects tend to overestimate body size and have an absence of aversion to repeated sucrose tastes. Moreover, these disturbances were stable over the year and were not affected by weight change.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Subclinical depression and performance expectations, evaluations of performance, and actual performance.

Four hundred sixty-nine female and 311 male college students were administered a depression scale, an analogies test, and questions related to expectations and evaluations of performance. As predicted, significant negative correlations were found between subclinical depression and expectations and evaluations of performance. A significant negative correlation between depression and actual performance was apparent for females only. However, this correlation was much weaker than similar correlations previously reported for college student populations. It was concluded that low performance expectations constitute one dimension of subclinical depression. This suggests that Beck's theory of clinical depression, which holds that negative self-perceptions and other cognitions are importantly involved in depression, may be useful in understanding normal mood variation. The findings also suggest that some similarities exist between clinically and subclinically depressed groups in that both groups are reported to hold low performance expectations, but display minimal performance deficits.

Achievement↗
PubMed1978

Comparative psychologic effects of estrogen administration on institutional and noninstitutional elderly women.

Previous research on elderly women living in institutions has showm a postiive relationship between the administration of estrogen and improved psychologic status. In the current 12-month study, the effects of estrogen therapy were compared in 18 institutional women versus 21 noninstitutional women who volunteered to participate. Both groups received conjugated estrogens (Premarin, 0.3 mg daily) in interrupted courses. Throughout the year, the women were evaluated by means of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Profile of Mood States, the Lawson Morale Scale, and various self-perception items. Statistically, significant changes occurred in the areas of neuroticism, tension, morale, and subjective mood states, but the improvement was greater in the institutional subjects. The main conclusion was that estrogen therapy has a positive effect upon psychologic status, particularly for women who reside in an institution.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Perception of poor health in the healthy older adult.

A survey of 977 community subjects aged 65 or older identified 719 of them as not impaired in physical health. Of these, 104 (14 percent) perceived their physical status to be poor, whereas 615 (86 percent) accurately perceived it to be unimpaired. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to age, sex, race, social class, living arrangements and number of drugs used. The physically healthy elderly who perceived their physical status to be poor were more depressed, more hypochondriacal, and more dissatisfied with life. They tended to complain of multiple symptoms; activities of daily living were decreased, and they were more likely to visit their doctor frequently during the year (analysis controlled for physical health in each case). Mental health was slightly but significantly more impaired in these subjects; nevertheless, they were more likely to seek the help of a trained counselor. The findings suggest that a self-perception of poor health among the physically healthy elderly may represent a generalized request for attention from trained personnel in the social environment.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Dimensionality of the perceived self: the Tennessee Self Concept Scale.

The 12 indices of self-perception in the Tennessee Self Concept Scale, together with the Eysenck Personality Inventory, were factor analysed using data obtained from psychiatric day-care patients (n = 131). Separate item- and scale-level factor analyses revealed that: (1) the five external and three internal domains of self-concept, hypothesized as distinct, may be accurately viewed as lying in one-dimensional space; (2) the conflict, variability and distribution scores are unrelated to subtype of self-esteem; (3) extraversion and neuroticism form a bipolar factor that is orthogonal to self-concept; and (4) the emergence of 30 item-factors with a 30 per cent factorial overlap implies a good deal of spuriously shared variance, low inter-scale homogeneity and sizable redundancy in the TSCS scales. Owing to these results, the construct and factorial validity of the TSCS is seriously questioned. It is suggested that future researchers develop more sensitive, treatment-oriented (or idiographic) measures to compare man's less conspicuous and more private 'self-image feelings and cognitions' against his public self-disclosure in the interests of facilitating more rapid behavioural change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Response preference within the Rotter I-E Scale: perceived locus of control of self, average, and ideal others.

The Rotter I-E scale was administered to college juniors in education under five different instructional sets. Subjects were asked to complete it (a) as they would ordinarily (self-perception), (b) as they believed an average person of the same sex would, (c) as an average person of the opposite sex would, (d) as an ideal person of the same sex would, and (e) as an ideal person of the opposite sex would. As hypothesized, subjects saw the ideal person of both sexes as significantly more internal than themselves, while they saw the average person of both sexes as more external than themselves. These results suggest the general desirability of being perceived as internally oriented.

Female↗
PubMed1979

Microteaching: a model for employee counseling education.

An instructional model for the implementation and use of videotape simulation to improve dietetic students' skills in employee counseling was explored in the coordinated undergraduate program at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. A five-day intensive workshop was conducted for senior students in the program, utilizing the microteaching technique. Students and actors simulated an employee counseling session on videotape; then, a small group and a clinical instructor evaluated the session. Suggestions from these evaluations were used in a repeat of the situation on videotape. A team of experts randomly viewed all the situations, judging a significant improvement in composite scores for the workshop participants. The students indicated on a Self-Perception of Confidence (SPOC) scale that they felt a higher degree of comfort in handling potential employee counseling after completing the workshop. They were pleased with the workshop and suggested expansion of the technique to other phases of their dietetic education.

Counseling↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An objective method for forming diagnostic sub-groups of ulcer patients].

79 ulcer patients were arranged in 6 seb-groups by means of a Q-analysis. Relevant items of their self-images in the Giessen-Test selected through factor analysis were the basis of this sub-grouping. Description of the sub-groups was based on factor analysis of 5 dimensions and discriminance analysis of 3 dimensions obtained in the self-perceptions and self-images. The patient's view of his illness, his social status and his physical ailments were also included as dimensions of the 6 sub-groups. A clinically obtained typology of the characteristics of these sub-groups was checked and verified.

Conflict, Psychological↗