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Results for “Self-selection”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Self-selected goals outperform assigned goals in reducing mobile phone usage: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial.

Excessive smartphone use is increasingly recognized as a public-health concern, yet scalable approaches to help individuals regulate daily use remain limited. We examine whether allowing individuals to self-select reduction goals improves behavioral and psychological outcomes when incentives and average goal levels are held constant across conditions. In a twelve-week randomized controlled trial, (N = 149; over 9000 person-day observations), participants were assigned to (i) a self-selected condition (choosing a 10%, 20%, or 30% reduction in daily phone use), (ii) an assigned condition (assigned a 14% reduction goal), or (iii) a no-goal control condition. Participants who selected their own goals reduced phone use by 26 min more per day (73% larger reduction) and achieved their goals 11 percentage points more often than those assigned goals, despite identical incentives and average goal levels. Reductions in phone use and higher goal achievement were associated with improvements in perceived addiction, depressive, and anxiety symptoms. These psychological outcomes were secondary endpoints. Although the between-group estimates generally followed the same directional pattern as the behavioral outcomes, the sample size for these analyses was limited and the between-group differences were not statistically significant. These findings should therefore be interpreted with caution. Overall, the results provide causal field evidence that self-selection under this goal-setting design can improve behavioral outcomes. Allowing individuals to choose their own goals may strengthen engagement and support healthier digital behavior. Incorporating opportunities for goal-selection may represent a simple addition to digital-health and public-health interventions aimed at helping individuals moderate smartphone use and improve well-being.

Humans↗
PubMed1978

Maternal smoking, birth weight, infant death, and the self-selection problem.

Several aspects of the relationship between maternal smoking and birth weights of infants are discussed. No satisfactory explanation for Yerushalmy's results has been given other than that low birth weight appears to relate more to the smoker than to the smoking. Recent studies by Silverman support this position. The possibility that nicotine may induce a physiologic response that serves to alleviate bioenergetic deficiency in some individuals should not be overlooked. In this view, both smoking and low birth weight are symptoms of deficient maternal bioenergetic systems.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1976

Effects of parachlorophenylalanine on ethanol self-selection in the rat.

The efficacy of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) in producing conditioned taste aversions and unconditioned avoidance of ethanol was investigated in two experiments. It was found that administering PCPA to rats having free access to a saccharine solution and water produced robust aversions to saccharin that extinguished within 6 days after termination of the PCPA treatments, thereby indicating that PCPA can produce conditioned aversions to substances consumed during its administration. In a second experiment, intraperitoneal injections of PCPA and/or ethanol given to rats not having access to ethanol were found to produce no change in their subsequent ethanol preferences. The results support the contention of earlier investigators that the reported of PCPA on the rat's preference for ethanol may have been due largely to the animals acquiring conditioned aversions to ethanol during PCPA treatments.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1978

Relationships between spontaneous food intake and metabolic activities in the dormouse (Glis glis L.).

1. The relationships between food intake self-selection and liver substrates (glycogen, fat) or activities of pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, acetyl CoA carboxylase, glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were determined during the spontaneous variations of body weight in the dormouse. 2. The results show that during the phase of increasing body weight, carbohydrate intake and enzyme activities involved in lipogenesis are on a high level. 3. On the last part of the body weight increasing phase, when lipid intake occurs, lipogenesis is depressed and a gluconeogenetic activity is set on, while total caloric intake is important and body weight is still increasing. 4. These metabolic changes are interpreted as a preparation to hibernating conditions in the dormouse.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Data-centric, robust, and explainable multimodal deep learning for clinical decision support: A systematic review.

PURPOSE: Multimodal deep learning is increasingly proposed for clinical decision support (CDS) under a "data-centric" framing that prioritizes label quality, missing-modality robustness, distribution shift, calibration, and explainability. Prior reviews have examined multimodal medical AI, CDS, and data-centric methods separately, but none address their intersection. We mapped the modalities, fusion strategies, and data-centric and explainability techniques used in this recent literature, quantified how often each is implemented rather than merely mentioned, assessed deployment-relevant evidence (external validation, clinical-outcome measurement, equity), and formally appraised study-level risk of bias. METHODS: Following the PRISMA 2020 statement (PROSPERO CRD420261427815; registered retrospectively), we screened 150 records and included primary, clinical, multimodal studies that applied machine or deep learning to a decision-support task and reported at least one quantitative result. Two reviewers screened and extracted data with consensus adjudication. Each study was coded against pre-specified operational definitions, separating implemented or empirically evaluated techniques from those only mentioned. Study-level risk of bias was assessed with PROBAST + AI. Synthesis was narrative. RESULTS: Thirty-one studies met inclusion; 30 (97%) were published between 2024 and 2026, with a median of three modalities (range 2-6), most commonly structured EHR (71%) and imaging (39%). Data-centric techniques were frequently reported (74-84% across label-noise, distribution-shift, calibration, missing-modality and class-imbalance handling; equity 61%). However, external validation was reported in only 4/31 studies (13%), a clinical or provider outcome in 3/31 (10%), and no study reported routine deployment. Overall risk of bias was high in 27/31 studies (87%), driven by the analysis domain. CONCLUSION: Within this recent, self-selected slice of the field, technical robustness and explainability techniques are widely reported but rarely validated out-of-distribution or against clinical outcomes, and the underlying evidence is at high risk of bias. Progress requires external multi-site validation, clinical-outcome measurement, formal bias appraisal, and adherence to AI reporting standards (e.g., TRIPOD + AI) before deployment can be justified.

Deep Learning↗
PubMed2026

A Qualitative Analysis of Cancer Survivors' Experience in a Time-Restricted Eating vs Control Clinical Trial to Address Cancer-Related Fatigue.

PURPOSE: To describe cancer survivors' lived experiences in a clinical trial that tested an individualized nutrition counseling with or without time-restricted eating to address cancer-related fatigue. METHODS: The Fatigue REDuction After cancer study was a two-arm, randomized controlled trial. Participants were adult cancer survivors who were 2 months to 2 years post-treatment. All participants received individualized nutrition counseling; those in the time-restricted eating group self-selected a consistent 10-hour eating window for 12 weeks. After the study, semi-structured exit interviews were conducted to gauge participants' experiences in the trial. Interviews were transcribed and two independent coders thematically analyzed the interviews using inductive and deductive coding. NVivo software was used for data organization and analysis. RESULTS: Participants (n = 24; TRE = 11; Control = 13) were 55 ± 13 years old, 75% were female, and they had a variety of cancer types. The majority of participants found that being in the study helped them to set and achieve lifestyle goals and would therefore recommend the study to others. Participants in the time-restricted eating group noted that time-restricted eating helped them set a better routine, providing a positive sense of control. However, some noted difficulty switching to a 14-hour fasting schedule, as it can interfere with their regular routine or employment schedules. Many participants noted they were happy that cancer-related fatigue was gaining more attention, hoping to find solutions for persistent cancer-related fatigue. CONCLUSION: The majority of participants found the study useful and, regardless of their group assignment or the intervention's impact on their fatigue, found the study helped them to gain better control of their dietary habits.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inner-city housing and respiratory disease in children: a pilot study.

This cross-sectional pilot study, designed to examine problems and methodology of studies on the relationship of housing and health, focused on respiratory disease in inner-city black children in Baltimore. Public housing was contrasted to the older row private housing. History of illness, familial, and demographic characteristics were obtained by questionnaire, and a small subsample of children received physical examinations. The condition of the indoor environment was evaluated and measurements of indoor temperature, volume, relative humidity, and carbon monoxide were made. Children in public housing had higher illness rates than those in private housing. Evidence of self-selection into housing type was found. Carbon monoxide levels were found to be greater inside than outside the homes. Preliminary analysis suggests public housing-private-housing classification is less important than other variables, including socioeconomic variables.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1979

The retention of calcium, iron, phosphorus, and magnesium during pregnancy: the adequacy of prenatal diets with and without supplementation.

Vitamin and mineral supplementation is often prescribed by physicians to meet the additional nutrient requirements of pregnancy. In order to partially ascertain the effectiveness of these prenatal supplements, the retention of calcium and iron was determined in pregnant women consuming supplemented or unsupplemented self-selected diets. The retention of phosphorus and magnesium, minerals not included in the prenatal supplements, was also determined. Seven-day metabolic balance experiments spaced periodically throughout the pregnancy were conducted on 10 healthy pregnant white women. The retention of calcium by the supplemented group was comparable to that of the unsupplemented group, while the retention of iron was more dependent on the magnitude of the iron intake than on its source. Although no supplement contained phosphate, the intake of phosphorus met the recommended allowances for this mineral. Significantly related to the intake of dietary calcium, the adequate phosphorus intakes reflected diets providing adequate calcium. The mean magnesium intake was only 60% of the recently established recommended dietary allowance. Although the calcium and iron salts provided by the prenatal supplements were well utilized, the intakes of phosphorus and magnesium indicate that the reliance on the effectiveness of mineral supplements should not lessen the emphasis by the physician on the importance of a good prenatal diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The meaning of voluntary association participation to older people.

Studies have indicated little association between participation in voluntary associations by older people and well-being. This may reflect self-selection by well-to-do older people who are "joiners" or a lack of truly involving group roles. From interviews with 323 persons over 60, it was found that active group participation yielded more "meaningful" reasons for enjoyment, and card-playing less meaningful reasons. Such reasons for group participation as contacts with others and passing the time were associated with lower satisfaction. On the whole, however, type of activity and reasons for participation had little relationship to life satisfaction, since they largely reflected health and socioeconomic status differences.

Aged↗
PubMed2026

A reanalysis of the Hitachi cohort study evaluating the effectiveness of low-dose CT screening for lung cancer.

The effectiveness of low-dose thoracic computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancer for non-smokers or light smokers has been unclear. The results of the Hitachi cohort study performed by the conventional multivariable analysis suggested the reduction of lung cancer mortality by thoracic CT screening, but also revealed the lower all-cause mortality in the CT group, which indicated the existence of self-selection bias. Because the background of the subjects in the CT screening group and that in the X-ray screening group were very different, it is critical to adjust appropriately the confounding factors. In this brief report, we describe a re-evaluation of the results of the Hitachi Cohort Study performed by using more flexible methods, propensity score matching and inverse probability weighting.

epidemiology/public health↗
PubMed1975

Comparison of male and female physician's associate program applicants.

Using personality measures, the author examined Physician's Associate Program applicants at the Duke University School of Medicine, comparing male and female applicants and the outcome for these applicants in terms of acceptance into paramedical training. The perecentage of women accepted into training was similar to the percentage who applied for training. However, women invited for interview were more aggressive, autonomous, impulsive, playful, and flexible than the males invited to interview, suggesting self-selection by women in applying for paramedical training. Women accepted for training were more "feminine" in the conventional sense, and bias against female applicants less accepting of social mores and the traditional female role was revealed. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Personality Inventory↗
PubMed1979

Sibship asymmetries of rhesus blood groups in the presence of maternal antibodies.

The genotypes of the children of R1r, R2r, and R1R2 fathers, and Rh-immunized rr mothers, were examined. R1r fathers had an excess of R1r over rr children, and R1R2 fathers had an excess of R1 r over R2r children. These asymmetries confirm the findings of a previous study. The possibilities of artefactual self-selection, of genotyping errors, and of errors in assigning paternity, were examined and excluded. Alternative models of genetic transmission and of antigenic structure were studied, but no basis for explaining the findings was found or formulated. Three possible biological explanations were formulated including (a) asymmetric segregation of the rhesus genes, (b) selective early fetal loss, and (c) a selective effect upon the performance of sperms bearing different haplotypes. The first of these three appeared unlikely. The data did not provide a basis for supporting or rejecting or differentiating the other two.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1977

Marathon running and immunity to atherosclerosis.

This is an interim report of an on-going study of deaths in 42-km men. The absence of fatal ASCVD in these athletes can not be construed as evidence for the protective role of exercise alone. The ability to run 42 km depends on many factors. Exercise is only one. Avoiding tobacco is another. Dietary factors also play a role. It has not been feasible to remove one of these factors while maintaining the ability to cover the 42 km distance. Some 42-km men claim that megadoses of ascorbic acid protect them from collagen injury. This is supported by animal studies that show increased collagen synthesis proportional to ascorbic acid intake up to dosage levels that would equal 10 grams per day for humans. Their self-selected macrobiotic diet contains a high ratio of peanuts:steak resulting in a high P/S ratio (polyunsaturates/saturates). Dietary manipulation quickly effects their ability to train. Smoking is so rare among these runners that it must be related to specific effects, such as a catalytic agent in tobacco smoke converting linoleic acid into a toxic lipid oxide. Noakes and Opie recently confirmed again (May, 1976) that no cases of "death due to coronary atherosclerosis" have been recorded in marathon finishers. If this holds true for the second 10-year period of this study, then marathon runners will have joined the longshoremen by earning life-long protection against ASCVD. These longshoremen burned 1,876 kcals on the job, equivalent to a 30-km run. Roberts and Straus suggest that many factors can cause atherosclerosis. Only time will tell whether the marathoner is protected from all of them.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of respiratory variables in grain elevator workers and civic outside workers of Thunder Bay, Canada.

We compared respiratory variables in 441 grain elevator workers with 180 civic outside laborers in Thunder Bay. The grain handlers had a lower frequency of both positive skin reactions to pollens and molds and a family history of asthma, which suggests that they may have been self-selected for a decreased tendency to develop allergic respiratory disease. There was a higher frequency of cough and rales and a small decrease in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one sec among the grain handlers, as compared to the civic workers matched for smoking. However, these differences between grain and nongrain workers were small in comparison to those between smokers and nonsmokers. There was no clear indication of a worsening of respiratory functions that could be attributed specifically to duration of employment as a grain elevator worker.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Analysis of clinically occult and mammographically occult breast tumors.

Findings by xeromammography and clinical examination were compared in 16,000 self-selected women aged 45-64 who participated in a voluntary breast cancer screening program. A total of 138 malignancies were detected: 108 (78%) by mammography and 78 (57%) by clinical examination. Mammography was more effective for large breasts, fatty breasts, and in older women. Conversely, clinical examination was more effective for small breasts, dense breasts, and retroareolar lesions. Clinical detection decreased strikingly for lesions with negative lymph nodes, in situ and microinvasive lesions, deeply situated lesions, and lesions where microcalcifications were the sole mammographic finding.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Serological evidence for a high incidence of transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in two Orang Asli settlements in Peninsular Malaysia.

Two communities of Orang Asli (aborigines) in Peninsular Malaysia were observed for evidence of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection over periods of 1-8 mo. Sequential sera were examined for antibody by the indirect immunofluorescence test. The incidence of infection in the two self-selected populations in the two communities was calculated to be 3.9% per month and 3.2% per month.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Dietary manipulation of serum triglycerides.

A group of children who had been treated for protein-energy malnutrition with a high-energy, high-faty diet, presented very low levels of fasting serum triglycerides (50.8 +/- 5.9 mg/dl). When the diet was changed to a high-energy, low-fat formula, these levels increased rapidly to normal values (104.9 +/- 19.2 mg/dl). Reversing the dietary change produced the opposite effect within 2 days. This effect was also studied in 14 normal adults, who received a high-fat diet ad libitum during 5 days. Meals were prepared from common foodstuffs with a high fat content. The hypotriglyceridemic effect occurred in all volunteers. A close relationship was observed between the initial triglyceride concentration and the decrement produced by the high-fat diet (r = 0.97), which did not affect serum cholesterol levels. No consistent response of serum free-fatty acids was detected, while serum proteins remained within normal values. Despite the rather high energy intake, most subjects lost weight during the experimental period. The level of fasting serum triglycerides of the adult volunteers was negatively correlated to the fat content of their self-selected diets. These results are discussed in relation to current ideas about fat requirements.

Adult↗