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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Metagenomic insights into mechanisms of coral larval settlement induction and inhibition by marine biofilms.

BACKGROUND: Biofilms are essential to larval settlement in many marine invertebrates, yet the mechanisms driving settlement induction or inhibition in corals remain poorly resolved. This challenge lies in the vast taxonomic and functional diversity of marine biofilms, making it difficult to identify cues associated with settlement. To address this, we analysed the metagenomes of biofilms used to induce settlement (attachment and metamorphosis) of four broadcast-spawning non-acroporid coral species: Dipsastrea favus, Platygyra sinensis, Echinophyllia aspera and Porites lobata. Biofilms were developed for one or two months, under light or dark treatments, with light biofilms inducing significantly higher settlement than dark biofilms. RESULTS: Gene composition varied strongly among treatments, with light biofilms enriched in genes encoding carotenoid biosynthesis and nitrate reduction, while dark biofilms encoded more genes for denitrification and nitric oxide production. Modelling revealed the abundance of genes encoding GABA biosynthesis and the type III secretion system (SS) were positively associated with settlement, while genes encoding the type II secretion system, flagellar and lipopolysaccharides were negatively associated. Genes predicted to promote settlement were concentrated in metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) assigned to Flavobacteriaceae, Rhodobacteraceae and Pirellulaceae, consistent with previous research identifying these lineages as potential inducers. While we detected homologues of some biosynthesis genes for the settlement-inducing compounds cycloprodigiosin and tetrabromopyrrole in the MAGs, pathways were incomplete suggesting additional compounds promote settlement on these biofilms. CONCLUSIONS: These findings link biofilm metagenomics to coral larval settlement for the first time, suggesting carotenoids may attract larvae to biofilm surfaces, while GABA may promote searching and attachment. Additional compounds, for example cycloprodigiosin, tetrabromopyrrole or effector proteins, may be required to complete metamorphosis, however the specific compounds responsible likely vary across biofilm communities and suggest multiple mechanisms can lead to settlement. Simultaneously, elevated levels of nitric oxide, type II SS exudates or an abundance of flagellar potentially inhibit the settlement process. This study advances our understanding of the complex microbial processes underpinning coral larval settlement.

Biofilm↗
PubMed2026

Transcriptomic insights into the molecular mechanism of antifouling agent-induced settlement inhibition in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.

Marine biofouling remains a persistent challenge to maritime industries and marine ecosystems worldwide. In this study, we systematically evaluated the acute toxicity, settlement inhibitory efficacy, and underlying molecular mechanisms of an N-oleyl-1,3-propanediamine-based antifouling agent using pediveliger larvae of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The 96 h-LC50 of the agent was determined to be 0.81 mg/L, and exposure to 1.68 mg/L achieved complete larval settlement inhibition without inducing significant acute toxicity. Transcriptomic analysis identified 791 differentially expressed genes, dominated by downregulated genes associated with ribosomal function, translation, cell adhesion, and cytoskeletal organization. The agent exerts its inhibitory effect primarily through the global suppression of protein synthesis, disruption of cell-substrate adhesion and cytoskeletal integrity, and induction of proteotoxic stress responses. These findings reveal a multi-pathway molecular mechanism underlying antifouling agent-induced settlement inhibition in oyster larvae and provide key molecular biomarkers to support the development of eco-friendly antifouling technologies.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Chronic disease in a 15th-century skeleton from the first European settlement of the Canary Islands: Early evidence in the colonial Atlantic expansion (San Marcial de Rubicón, Lanzarote).

OBJECTIVE: This study seeks to evaluate morphological changes in a skeleton recovered from San Marcial de Rubicón, the earliest permanent European settlement in the Canary Islands. MATERIALS: The individual derives from a primary inhumation dated to the early fifteenth century. METHODS: Macroscopic observation was combined with conventional radiography, computed tomography, and mitochondrial DNA analysis. A systematic differential diagnosis considered metabolic, infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic, and degenerative conditions. RESULTS: The individual under investigation is an adult male with evidence of diffuse cortical thickening, periosteal new bone formation, heterogeneous radiodensity, cranial diploic expansion, long-bone bowing, severe degenerative joint disease, sacroiliac ankylosis, and elongated thoracic vertebral defects. Mitochondrial DNA analysis identified haplogroup X2c1, consistent with European maternal ancestry. CONCLUSIONS: The overall pattern is most consistent with polyostotic Paget disease of bone, although coexisting axial ankylosis and vertebral defects complicate the interpretation. These additional lesions are insufficient to support an alternative primary diagnosis. SIGNIFICANCE: This case provides an early extra-European archaeological example of Paget disease in the context of Atlantic colonial expansion. Rather than simply extending the geographic record of the disease, it shows how chronic skeletal conditions with strong European clinical and archaeological associations may be identified in frontier populations formed through mobility, settlement and colonial interaction. LIMITATIONS: The diagnosis is based on a single individual, and nuclear DNA data were insufficient to assess genetic susceptibility. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Further radiological, genomic, and isotopic analyses of early colonial skeletal assemblages are needed to evaluate chronic disease, mobility, and biological diversity in Atlantic frontier populations.

Male↗
PubMed1977

[Criteria for determining whether to offer compensation in cases of whiplash injury to the spine (neck area). A study of cases in which compensation or cash settlement has been granted (author's transl)].

We compared two groups of patients with whplash injury. The first group of 17 patients received a life annuity or a cash settlement, whereas the second group, comprised of 84 people, received no compensation at all. This comparison revealed some considerable differences. However, with regard to statistically significant factors, the 2 groups differ only in neurological symptoms, giddiness, and degenerative changes revealed by X-ray. In the first group, 11 patients who received compensation showed two of the statistically significant factors; 5 patients showed one factor; and 1 showed none. The criteria which govern the granting of compensation are being discussed in detail on the basis of our own cases and the literature. It is an exception when permanent damage due to whiplash is accepted. In individual cases, however, continuous complaints and objective findings years after the trauma are justification for a moderate compensation.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Risk of communicable disease infection associated with wastewater irrigation in agricultural settlements.

The incidence of enteric communicable diseases in 77 kibbutzim (agricultural communal settlements) practicing wastewater spray irrigation with partially treated nondisinfected oxidation pond effluent is compared with that in 130 kibbutzim practicing no form of wastewater irrigation. The incidence of shigellosis, salmonellosis, typhoid fever, and infectious hepatitis is two to four times higher in communities practicing wastewater irrigation. No significant differences are found for the incidence of streptococcal infections, tuberculosis, and laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza. Nor are differences found for enteric disease rates during the winter nonirrigation season. Strong wastewater treatment measures, including effective bacterial and viral inactivation through disinfection, are recommended for all cases of sewage irrigation or land disposal near residential areas in light of the potential public health risks involved.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1979

Infant mortality in 12 Aboriginal settlements: Queensland, 1972--1976.

The infant mortality rate amongst Aborigines from 12 Queensland Aboriginal settlements and missions over the years 1972 to 1976 was 72 per 1000 live births. This rate is comparable with that for Queensland of 60 years ago. The Aboriginal infants had twice the present-day Queensland risk of neonatal death and eight times the risk of postneonatal death. Prematurity was the major cause of neonatal deaths; gastroenteritis and pneumonia were the major causes of infant deaths. These rates emphasise the need for community and preventive health care for the Aboriginal children, particularly during the postneonatal period.

Australia↗
PubMed1976

[Obesity in correlation with nutrition in representative settlements of the industrial-agrarian complex in Burgas].

The authors investigated the obesity incidence in connection with nutrition factors in 13 representative settlements of Industry-Agrarian Complex Burgas. They established that obesity covers 42,4 per cent of the population above the age of 14 and is 1,5 times more often among females as compared with males. The correlation among youths (age 14-25), mature aged subjects (26-50) and advanced aged ones (over 51) is 1:5,5:4,5. The light I and II stages prevail (88,6 per cent of all the cases) and the majority of the "pure" cases of obesity (73,6 per cent) have no complains.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Microbial settlement of paint- and building-materials in the sphere of drinking-water. 1. Information: long time observation of a bitumen paint in a drinking-water-reservoir (author's transl)].

In a drinking water reservoir with a freshly applied bituminous coating a microbial settlement was found on the walls. Its development was observed over a period of 23 months. The slime on the walls consisted of bacteria and fungi and was secondarily colonized by protozoa and nematodes. The quantities of the microbial coating decreased during a 12 months time. In the beginning of the time of observation a high number of bacteria was found in the water. The carbon fixed by the microbes came from fossile sources to an amount of 90%.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1978

Communality of surnames: a measures of biological interrelationships among thirty-one settlements in upper Val Varaita in the Italian alps.

The upper part of the Alpine valley of the Varaita (population about 1,596) has three communities situated in a triangle about 6 km on a side but divided into frazioni (clusters of houses) that form a "Y" along the road and river in the valley floor. The coefficient of relationship (Ri) based on the communality of surnames between pairs of frazioni and between pairs of the communities shows very high levels of interrelationship (up to 0.26 compared with 0.5 for brothers). It tends to be higher between frazioni of the same community than between communities. It is highest among five pairs of contiguous frazioni within 1 km of each other. It tends to be highest between frazioni of the community least influenced by tourism and migration. It is not dmonstrably affected by the division of one community into two parishes. It is about twice as high between contiguous communities as between the two communities with an intervening one. The high values represent the long history of the same surnames in the valley and the accumulation of relationship through high levels of valley endogamy.

Genetics, Medical↗
PubMed1976

Effects of onchoceriasis on settlement in the Middle Hawal Valley, Nigeria.

Eight lowland villages in which onchocerciasis is hyperendemic are compared with two upland (low prevalence) control villages in the middle Hawal valley, Nigeria. Detailed demographic data from the hyperendemic villages and from the control villages are analysed. The population was found to be more mobile in the lowland zone, which is also the zone of village desertion. Variables influencing the probability of village abandonment are discussed. It is suggested that onchocerciasis is only a part of a complex of desertion, though probably the most important single element. Particularly in association with remoteness, itself related to onchocerciasis and its troublesome vector, onchocerciasis has been instrumental in depopulating riverain areas and continues to perpetuate their unattractiveness.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Serological evidence for a high incidence of transmission of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi in two Orang Asli settlements in Peninsular Malaysia.

Two communities of Orang Asli (aborigines) in Peninsular Malaysia were observed for evidence of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi infection over periods of 1-8 mo. Sequential sera were examined for antibody by the indirect immunofluorescence test. The incidence of infection in the two self-selected populations in the two communities was calculated to be 3.9% per month and 3.2% per month.

Adolescent↗