Convergence of human age-sex distributions to an equilibrium-state age-sex distribution.
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Age Factors↗
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Comparative analysis of population age-sex distribution from sample and complete enumeration: 1970 and 1980 census data.
"This paper will attempt to analyze the degree of distortion introduced by sampling, if any, on the age and sex distribution of the population based on the information taken [in the 1970 census] from the sample households. Specifically, the 1970 age and sex distribution of the Philippine population based on the 5-percent sample households will be compared with that obtained from the information supplied by all households, i.e., the actual age and sex distribution of the Philippines....Findings...suggest a failure of the estimation procedures used in past censuses to correct errors attributable to sampling. In particular, the type of sampling error highlighted in this paper is the distortion introduced by sampling in age-sex distribution."
Age Distribution↗
Sex distribution in sibships according to occupation of parents.
The relationship between sex distribution in sibships and the occupation of parents is examined to determine if nongenetic factors influence sex ratios in families of three or more children. The study is based on data for 2,759 families listed in the U.S. reference book "Who Is Who in the East", as well as additional data from "Who Is Who in American Women". It is found that "parents in aggressive, extrovert occupations are more likely to continue procreation if the first two children are both female rather than male, whereas parents in humanistic or artistic occupations are more likely to continue procreation if the first two children are male rather than female. This relationship between occupation and reproduction decreases the percentage of unisexual sibships." (summary in FRE, ITA)
Americas↗
Microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study of frequency, sex distribution and relation to hypertension.
We studied 112 type 2 diabetic patients. Fourteen patients had frank proteinuria, and 37 of the remaining 98 had microalbuminuria which was more frequent in men than in women (P < 0.02). Hypertension was found in 47 of the patients, equally distributed between sexes. Male diabetics with microalbuminuria had higher systolic blood pressure than diabetics without microalbuminuria (P < 0.02). Body mass index was higher in both sexes with hypertension compared to patients without hypertension. In the hypertensive men plasma C-peptide values were higher compared to patients without hypertension (P < 0.01) irrespective of the presence of microalbuminuria. A positive correlation between blood pressure and C-peptide was found (P < 0.01) in the men. We suggest that gender should be taken into account in the analysis and interpretation of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes.
Adult↗
The influence of the age and sex distributions of drivers on the reduction of impaired crashes: Ontario, 1974-1999.
Legislative changes and public media campaigns to prevent impaired driving are often cited as explanations for the reduction in the rate of impaired crashes over the past 25 years in most of the industrialized world. Other factors may have contributed to these reductions, such as changes in the age and sex distribution of the driver population. The primary purpose of this article is to assess the extent to which the reduction in impaired crashes in Ontario, Canada, may be attributable to the changing age and sex distribution of drivers. In Ontario, the rate of impaired crashes declined by 78.1% from 1974 to 1999. During this time period, the average age of drivers increased from 39.4 years in 1974 to 43.2 in 1999. Similarly, from 1974 to 1999 the percentage of all drivers that were women increased from 39.6% to 46.8%. Since statistics show the likelihood of impaired crashes is lower for both older drivers and women, the reduction of impaired crashes is partially due to these demographic changes. Using indirect standardization, the aging population accounted for an 8.6% decline in the rate of impaired crashes. The changing sex distribution of drivers accounted for a 9.4% decline in impaired crashes. Other global factors may also help to explain the reduction of impaired crashes, such as general road safety improvements and reductions in per adult consumption of alcohol.
Accidents, Traffic↗
Age- and sex-distribution of the mutation load.
We investigate the age and sex distribution of genetic fitness under mutation-selection balance by means of simple one-locus two-allele models. We find that the extent of age and sex variation in the mutation load is very dependent on the average effect of new mutations. If the average heterozygote selective effect of new mutations is large, then age and sex differences may constitute a significant fraction of the total load, and be significant as compared to standing genetic variation. Whether the mutation load will increase or decrease with age depends on the age- and sex-specific effects of the new mutations, and on the rate of accumulation of mutations in the germ line as individuals age. We argue that the load will most likely increase with age in animals with continuous germ-cell division throughout life, and that this will occur even when mutations have unconditionally deleterious effects. We show that a male-biased mutation rate is likely to result in both a male-biased mutation load and a load that increases with male age.
Age Distribution↗
Changing patterns of sex distribution in familial medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and associated phaeochromocytoma.
Analysis of 49 kindreds with the familial form of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) reported up to 1973 revealed a non-random sex distribution of 220 affected members, with a predominance of females among patients presenting with MTC and of males among patients presenting only with phaeochromocytoma. This pattern of sex distribution has completely disappeared among 201 patients from 47 kindreds reported in more recent years, MTC now being equally distributed between the two sexes. It is suggested that this change is related to the different diagnostic approach predominant in each period of time and that MTCs discovered at a preclinical stage by calcitonin screening are equally distributed between the sexes, while females predominate when tumours have progressed until they are clinically evident.
Adult↗
[The sex distribution of congenital cardiopathies].
For 17 years, 4150 infants and children under 13 years of age with final diagnosis of well defined congenital heart disease were studied and the pattern of sex differences are reported. In general, the sex distribution was equal: 2108 males (50.8%) and 2042 females (49.2%) with a male to female ratio of 1.03. Male sex predominance was marked for the following specific lesions: aortic stenosis (valvar and subvalvular) (70%), coarctation of the aorta (66%), transposition of the great arteries (60%), univentricular heart (76%), tricuspid atresia (63%), Ebstein anomaly (76%), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (85%), vascular rings (77%) and right midventricular stenosis (70%). Female sex predominance was marked for the following specific lesions: Persistent ductus arteriosus (72%), atrioventricular septal defects (62%) supravalvular aortic stenosis (71%) and isolated infundibular pulmonic stenosis (80%). A more balanced sex distribution was confirmed for cases of congenital rubella syndrome with persistent ductus arteriosus as isolated cardiovascular malformation (56%). The Importance to establish the sex dominance is emphasized as predictive of recurrence risk of congenital heart disease.
Adolescent↗
Age and sex distribution of some retinal macular diseases: senile and presenile macular degeneration and central serous retinitis.
The age and sex distribution of senile macular degeneration (SMD) was investigated at the Low Vision Clinic in Stockholm. SMD increased with age and was found to be more common among women than men. This difference was not due to the fact that women live longer than men or related to women consulting ophthalmologists more often than men because of visual handicap. The age and sex distribution of presenile macular degeneration ( PSMD ) and central serous retinitis (CSR) was investigated at the Department of Ophthalmology of Falun Hospital. Also PSMD increased with age and was found to be more common among women than men, even if the sex difference was not as clear as for SMD. CSR was found to be more frequent at younger ages and, contrary to SMD and PSMD , more common among men. The reasons for these sex differences in frequencies of SMD, PSMD and CSR are not known.
Adult↗
Size and age-sex distribution of pediatric practice: a study from Pediatric Research in Office Settings.
OBJECTIVES: To estimate (1) the average number of patients per practitioner in Pediatric Research in Office Settings, the national practice-based research network of the American Academy of Pediatrics; (2) the total number of active patients cared for in the network; and (3) the age-sex distribution of patients seen in pediatric practice. SETTING: Eighty-nine practices in 31 states with 373 Pediatric Research in Office Settings practitioners (59% of Pediatric Research in Office Settings members). METHODS: Practices were asked to enumerate the number of patients visiting the practice during the 2-year period from January 1, 1991, through December 31, 1992. Patients making multiple visits were counted only once, resulting in a patient count rather than a visit count. Age-sex registers were completed using computer billing records or medical record sampling. RESULTS: Study participants cared for 529513 active patients (50.7% male). Each practitioner cared for an average of 1546 patients. The number of patients per practitioner was significantly higher in less-populated areas and in solo practices. Children aged 12 years and younger comprised 81% of the patients seen by Pediatric Research in Office Settings practitioners, and more than half of the children were aged 6 years or younger. Before age 5 years, boys accounted for a slightly, but significantly, higher number of patients, whereas after age 14 years, girls comprised a significantly larger proportion of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The average number of 1546 patients per practitioner derived from these private practice data is in line with health maintenance organization-based estimates. Pediatric practitioners predominantly serve younger children. These data provide the only current national estimates of the size and age-sex distribution of independent pediatric practices, and can help pediatricians and health service researchers plan for the future provision of health care to children.
Adolescent↗
Thirty cases of concurrent Paget's disease and primary hyperparathyroidism: sex distribution, histomorphometry, and prediction of the skeletal response to parathyroidectomy.
Studies of the effect of parathyroidectomy (PTX) on bone turnover in patients with the combination of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and Paget's disease (PD) are largely limited to case reports. The etiology of the combination is disputed. We report 30 patients and their biochemical (n = 17) and histomorphometric (n = 4) responses to PTX in 18. All 18 patients except one had a post-PTX fall in plasma alkaline phosphatase (pAP). There was a significant positive correlation between the degree of post-PTX fall in pAP and both the preoperative plasma total corrected calcium (CaC) (P < 0.01) and serum ionized calcium (P < 0.05). For the patients with CaC levels >3.0 mmol/liter, the mean % fall in pAP was 68% of pretreatment (to 32%). For those with CaC levels >/=2.68 mmol/liter the fall in pAP was >18%. Of 12 literature cases treated by PTX and followed up, 11 had a postoperative fall in pAP (range 6-83%). Pretreatment bone biopsies (n = 6) could not be distinguished from uncomplicated PD. No significant histomorphometric changes were documented postoperatively in the four patients studied; however, % fibrotic surfaces declined in each of the four. Of the 18 patients, only one had radiologic subperiosteal erosions preoperatively; none had clinical tetany postoperatively-thus distinguishing this combination of diseases from severe PHPT bone disease-a situation easily biochemically confused with this combination. The sex distribution of 2.75:1 F/M in this series resembles reported ratios in pure PHPT of 2.37:1, unlike the ratios found in pure PD (0.49-1.01:1). The prevalence of PHPT in PD is 2.2-6.0% (mean 4.4%) in 1836 patients. In our series, 73% of patients with both diseases were females >60 years of age. In population studies >60 years, PHPT was present in 3% of women and 1% of men. Hypercalcemia in PD is frequently attributed to immobilization. As part of this study, we examined 184 patients referred with PD for the existence of, and cause of hypercalcemia. Of this group, 21 were hypercalcemic, 19 (90%) of whom had PHPT; none had immobilization hypercalcemia. In patients with both disorders, the indications for PTX should include the potential post-PTX improvement in pagetic biochemistry and symptoms. The sex distribution (resembling pure PHPT) and the similar prevalence of PHPT in Paget's, and in the elderly population, support the likelihood, in most cases, that these two common diseases are associated by chance.
Alkaline Phosphatase↗
Frequency, location, and age and sex distribution of various types of gastric polyp.
Data on the frequency and location of the various types of gastric polyps are highly inconsistent. In a retrospective analysis of 5515 gastric polyps obtained from 4852 patients in the period between 1969 and 1989, including reexamination of 197 surgical, 1572 polypectomy, and 3746 biopsy specimens, the most frequent types found were Elster's glandular cysts (fundic gland polyps) (47.0%), followed by hyperplasiogenous polyp (28.3%), tubular adenoma (9.0%), adenocarcinoma (7.2%), inflammatory fibroid polyp (3.1%), carcinoid tumor (1.7%), Brunner's gland heterotopia (1.2%), and tubulopapillary adenoma (1.0%). Peutz-Jeghers polyps, juvenile polyps, and pancreatic heterotopia were found in younger patients (mean ages: 33.39 and 45 years, respectively), whereas the age of most patients (66%) with glandular cysts was between 40 and 69 years. Patients with any of the other types of gastric polyps were mostly (55-100%) over 60 years of age at the time of diagnosis. Glandular cysts, hyperplasiogenous polyps, inflammatory fibroid polyps, and carcinoid tumors were significantly more common in women, while all the other polyps were more or less equally distributed between the sexes. Glandular cysts and carcinoid tumors were relatively small (mean diameter 8 mm), and were mostly located in the corpus (100% and 83%, respectively). Medium-sized pancreatic heterotopias, Brunner's gland heterotopias, and inflammatory fibroid polyps (mean sizes 7-10 mm) were usually located in the antrum (100%, 81%, 80%, respectively), while the other polyps had an average size of between 10 and 16 mm and were distributed equally throughout the stomach.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adenocarcinoma↗
[Age and sex distribution of biliary lithiasis].
The authors analyze the age and sex distribution of cholelithiasis in 388 patients. Cholelithiasis in those patients is diagnosed by X-ray method and in 24 of them -- was verified at operation. The incidence of cholelithiasis patients increases with age advancing. The percentage of patients with cholithiasis in the age group from 21 to 30 is 8,2 per cent, to reach 24,7 per cent among the patients from the age group 61 to 70. After that age the incidence of cholelithiasis decreases and among patients over 80 - the percentage is 0,5 per cent. Females are more frequently affected than males. From all the patients examined 77,9 per cent are females and 22,1 per cent are males; the ratio is about 4:1. Younger females suffer more after than the young males and the ration ranges about 15:1.
Adolescent↗
[The impact on nuptiality of unbalanced sex distribution in the marriage market. Interpretation problems].
"The impact of sex disparities in numbers on the various sex specific ratios, traditionally used in nuptiality analysis, is not clear. Most authors consider that individuals pertaining to the sex group which is in minority on the marriage market, will tend to marry sooner and at [a] higher rate, and vice versa. There are however many counter-examples. Actually, a comparative analysis of the various results obtained so far is meaningless. There is indeed no agreement on the definition of the marriage market and the unbalance of sexes, nor on the way to measure it." The focus of the study is worldwide, with emphasis on data concerning Canada. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)
Americas↗
Typus melancholicus measured by a questionnaire in unipolar depressive patients: age- and sex-distribution, and relationship to clinical characteristics of depression.
We investigated the age- and sex-distribution of Typus melancholicus (TM) score by Kasahara's scale and the relationship of that score to various clinical characteristics in 110 unipolar depressive outpatients. The following results were obtained: The TM score in depressives is always constant regardless of age or sex, and has no relationship to clinical characteristics such as age, onset age, severity of depression, previous episodes, stress of life events, existence of melancholia, and the 4-month outcome. Patients with a higher TM score had no history of previous hypomanic episodes, while patients with a lower TM score had a significantly lower prevalence of early parental loss compared to those with moderate and higher TM scores. No difference in the prevalence of depressive family history was found between patients with different TM scores.
Adult↗
Sex Distributions in the Most Frequent Autosomal Genetic Causes of Retinitis Pigmentosa.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore whether sex imbalances are detectable in the most frequent genetic causes of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS: Databases from centers in three countries (Moorfields Eye Hospital, London; Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; and Australian Inherited Retinal Disease Registry, Perth, Australia) were searched, quantifying numbers of male and female patients with disease attributed to variants in the six most frequently involved autosomal RP genes. Proportions of female patients (with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were calculated for each gene. Two-tailed binomial testing was performed (Bonferroni corrected threshold, P = 0.008) to investigate whether proportions differed significantly from an underlying male:female ratio of 1:1. For genes where the 95% CI did not include 50%, sex distributions were also explored in previously published cohorts. RESULTS: Our search yielded 1454 patients with disease attributable to variants in USH2A (n = 550), RP1 (n = 277), RHO (n = 246), PRPF31 (n = 158), EYS (n = 124), and MYO7A (n = 99). Proportions of female patients (95% CI) for each gene were 46.2% (42.0-50.5%), 49.5% (43.4-55.5%), 55.3% (48.8-61.6%), 63.9% (55.9-71.3%), 39.5% (31.0-48.7%), and 42.4% (32.7-52.8%), respectively. The 95% CI did not include 50% for PRPF31 and EYS; binomial testing revealed P values of 6.24 × 10-4 and 0.025, respectively. Combining with data extracted from previously published cohorts yielded P values of 1.62 × 10-6 and 0.0084, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a significant preponderance of female patients for PRPF31-associated RP and a preponderance of male patients in those with EYS-associated RP. Our findings suggest that sex is likely to be a modifier affecting penetrance in PRPF31-associated disease and might act in the opposite direction in disease associated with EYS.
Humans↗
Sex distribution of DSM-III personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients.
The author determined the sex distribution of 170 outpatients with a DSM-III diagnosis of personality disorder measured by standardized instruments and compared his findings with DSM-III predictions. They confirmed the prediction of more women diagnosed as having histrionic personality disorder and more men diagnosed as having paranoid, compulsive, and antisocial personality disorders. The predicted excess of women diagnosed as having borderline and dependent personality disorders was not confirmed.
Ambulatory Care↗
[Age and sex distribution of sexually transmitted diseases in Valladolid. A study of 5076 cases].
The age and sex distribution of 5,076 cases of S.T.D. dealt with between 1982 and 1988 at the Dermatological Dispensary of the Territorial Social Welfare Service in Valladolid are studied. The maximum frequency of S.T.D. (24.1% of cases) corresponded to the age group between 21 and 25 years, which was also the period for maximum prevalence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (26.3%), Gardnerella vaginalis (30.7%), Candida albicans (27.4%) and acuminata condyloma (33.4%). Syphilis (19.9%), Chlamydia trachomatis (27%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (24.6%), Mycoplasma hominis (25.0%), Trichomonas vaginalis (23.0%) and genital herpes had maximum prevalence in the group between 26 and 30 years. Women were affected at younger ages than males. 16.9% of women with some S.T.D. were between 16 and 20 years of age, while only 6.5% of males with S.T.D. were in this age-group (p less than 0.001).
Adolescent↗