PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Sexually Transmitted Diseases--etiology”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis.

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the urethra from 48 (42 per cent) of 113 men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), four (7 per cent) of 58 without overt urethritis, and 13 (19 per cent) of 69 with gonorrhea. Postgonococcal urethritis (PGU) developed in 11 of 11 men who had C. trum antibody to C. trachomatisis developed. The immunotype specificity of chlamydial antibody corresponded to the immunotype isolated. Among culture-negative patients. chlamydial antibody prevalence correlated with the number of past sex partners and with previous NGU. Herpesvirus hominis, cytomegalovirus, T-mycoplasma, Mycoplasma hominis, other bacteria, and Trichomonas vaginalis were not implicated in NGU or PGU. Thus, the cause of chlamydia-negative NGU and PGU remains obscure. Endocervical chlamydia were found in sex partners of 15 of 22 NGU patients with and two of 24 without urethral chlamydial infection (p smaller than 0.001). Tetracycline treatment of both sex partners appears advisable.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Advances in the diagnosis and management of chancroid.

Improved technologies for the cultural diagnosis of chancroid have resulted in increased interest in the management and control of genital ulcer disease. New treatment regimens have been identified, and new control strategies have evolved. These strategies now permit localized introductions of chancroid into developed countries to be contained rapidly. However, additional work is still necessary in developing countries.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pattern of sexually transmitted diseases in a Malagasy population.

BACKGROUND: Data concerning the spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility of STDs in Madagascar are scarce. OBJECTIVES: Improvement of STD patient management in Madagascar. GOAL OF THE STUDY: Assessment of the spectrum of STDs and improvement of therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Etiologic study of 400 patients (169 men, 231 women) under consultation at the major STD service in Antananarivo for one or more of the STD syndromes, urethral discharge, cervicovaginal discharge, genital ulcers, or condylomata according to a fixed diagnostic schedule. RESULTS: Of genital ulcers, syphilis accounted for 46%, lymphogranuloma venereum for 24%, chancroid for 16%, and herpes for 1%. Of the syphilis cases, 51% presented as condyloma lata. Discharge was found in 124 men and 210 women. Counting concomitant infections separately, gonorrhea occurred in 69% of the men and 20% of the women with discharges, chlamydia infection in 42% and 52%, trichomoniasis in 9% and 31%, candidiasis in 12% and 30%. Bacterial vaginosis was found in 37% of the women with discharges. In 32% of male and 71% of female gonorrhea cases, there was concurrent chlamydia infection. Infection with HIV 1 or 2 was not detected. Determination of the antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoea revealed high efficacy of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and spectinomycin; but frequent resistance to tetracycline and cotrimoxazole. CONCLUSIONS: High priority should be given to the management of infections with chlamydia and with Treponema pallidum as well as to educational measures to increase awareness of genital ulcer disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Clinical and laboratory study of first episode genital herpes in Singapore.

A prospective study of the epidemiology, clinical aspects and laboratory features of first episode genital herpes was carried out in Middle Road Hospital, Singapore between June 1986 and December 1987. A total of 68 patients were studied. There were more women than men in the study population with a female to male ratio of 7.5 to 1. The peak incidence of first episode genital herpes was between 20 and 29 years of age. Specimens from 63 patients yielded positive culture for herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV-1 was isolated from 21 patients (30.9%), HSV-2 from 41 patients (60.3%) and untyped HSV from one patient (1.5%). True primary genital herpes was diagnosed in 43 patients (68.3%) using a test for complement fixing antibodies to HSV. HSV-1 was found to be the causative agent in 18 (41.9%) of the true primary infections, HSV-2 in 24 (55.8%) and untyped HSV in one (2.3%). In comparison, HSV-1 was isolated in only 2 (10%) of the 20 patients with non-primary first episode genital herpes; HSV-2 was found in 13 patients (65%) and the culture was negative in 5 (25%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Isolation of anaerobes from clinical chancroid associated with fluctuant bubo in men.

Microbial flora especially anaerobes were studied in 67 patients with genital ulcers due to chancroid (diagnosed clinically) and 53 controls with genital ulcers due to other causes. The aerobic flora was similar in patients of chancroid with or without associated bubo and in controls. Anaerobes were however, isolated with higher frequency from chancroid ulcers associated with fluctuant bubo compared to those without bubo (P less than 0.01) and with non-fluctuant bubo (P less than 0.05). Anaerobic bacteria like Bacteroides melaninogenicus, B. fragilis and anaerobic cocci may play a role in the perpetuation of genital ulcers and development of bubo in chancroid.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases: the global picture.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are now the commonest group of notifiable infectious diseases in most countries, particularly in the age group of 15 to 50 years and in infants. Their control is important considering the high incidence of acute infections, complications and sequelae, their socioeconomic impact, and their role in increasing transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The worldwide incidence of major bacterial and viral STD is estimated at over 125 million cases yearly. STD are hyperendemic in many developing countries. In industrialized countries, the bacterial STD (syphilis, gonorrhoea, chancroid) declined from the peak during the Second World War till up to the late fifties, then increased during the sixties and early seventies, and they have been decreasing again from the late seventies till the present. In the industrialized world, diseases due to Chlamydia trachomatis, genital herpes virus, human papillomaviruses and human immunodeficiency virus are now more important than the classical bacterial ones; both groups remain major health problems in most developing countries. Infection rates are similar in both women and men, but women and infants bear the major burden of complications and serious sequelae. Infertility and ectopic pregnancies are often a consequence of pelvic inflammatory disease, and are preventable. Sexually transmitted diseases in pregnant women can result in prematurity, stillbirth and neonatal infections. In many areas 1-5% of newborns are at risk of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum, a blinding disease; congenital syphilis causes up to 25% of perinatal mortality. Genital and anal cancers (especially cervical cancer) are associated with viral sexually transmitted diseases (genital human papillomavirus and herpes virus infections). Urethral stricture and infertility are frequent sequelae in men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Nongonococcal urethritis.

Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) and its counterparts in women are the most common sexually transmitted disease syndromes in the United States and Western Europe. Chlamydia trachomatis causes 40 to 50 percent of the cases of NGU and is a major cause of mucopurulent cervicitis and urethral infection in women, epididymitis in young men, pelvic inflammatory disease, acute perihepatitis, and neonatal conjunctivitis and pneumonia. Chlamydial infection also has been linked with Reiter's syndrome, infertility, cervical dysplasia, stillbirth, postpartum endometritis, and other syndromes. Tetracycline HCl is the treatment of choice for NGU and related syndromes, and for the sexual partners of infected patients.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pelvic inflammatory disease: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

Coincident with the epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases, the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease has risen sharply in recent years. Pelvic inflammatory disease is a major direct cause of infertility; in addition, it leads to ectopic pregnancies and chronic inflammatory residua requiring surgical intervention. This threat to the future fertility of women is rendered more serious by the difficulty of making a correct diagnosis and the likelihood that faulty diagnosis will result in inadequate treatment. Pelvic inflammatory disease is caused not only by Neisseria gonorrhoeae but also by Chlamydia trachomatis, genital tract mycoplasmas, and mixed bacteria from the endogenous vaginal and cervical flora, especially anaerobes. Diagnostic criteria include (1) lower abdominal and pelvic pain, (2) lower abdominal tenderness, (3) elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, (4) adnexal inflammatory mass, and (5) presence of leukocytes and bacteria in the peritoneal fluid. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment appear to be crucial in preventing infertility. No studies have evaluated prospectively the relative advantages of inpatient vs. outpatient management of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. The recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC; Atlanta, Ga.) for outpatient treatment and the results of a multi-hospital collaborative study using the CDC regimens are discussed. Criteria for hospitalization and parenteral antibiotic therapy are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The role of socioeconomic status gradients in explaining differences in US adolescents' health.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine whether socioeconomic status (SES) gradients exist among US adolescents for self-rated health and for 5 diseases that cause serious adolescent and continuing adult morbidity. METHODS: Baseline data from 15,483 adolescent and parental surveys from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were used. SES indicators included parental education and occupation, and household income. Dependent variables included self-rated health and the presence of depression, obesity, asthma, suicide attempt in the past year, and prior sexually transmitted disease. RESULTS: SES gradients were found for self-rated health, depression, and obesity (P < .01). Suicide attempt was linearly associated with income (P < .01). After adjustment for other SES and sociodemographic factors, education and income remained independent correlates of both depression and obesity; income remained an independent correlate of attempted suicide. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in susceptibility to socially mediated etiologic mechanisms of disease may exist during adolescence. Understanding the sociostructural context and patterning of adolescents' lives is crucial to clearly understanding health and disease etiology throughout the course of life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Divergent approaches to partner notification for sexually transmitted infections across the European union.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to characterize partner notification (PN) policy and practice for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the European Union (EU) and Norway. GOAL: The goal of this study was to promote European good practice in PN. STUDY: This study consisted of a cross-sectional survey using a structured questionnaire to national STI surveillance leads. RESULTS: Considerable heterogeneity exists in approaches to PN. In 2 countries, PN is compulsory for notifiable STIs; and in 13, it is voluntary. Most countries use patient referral but 5 of 15 also offer provider referral. Activity level varies by country and disease. Etiologic treatment of contacts is most common; 5 usually offer epidemiologic treatment and patient-expedited treatment is unusual. Similarities exist with provision mainly by specialized STI treatment services for bacterial STIs. CONCLUSIONS: This divergence in approach calls for the setting of minimum standards for PN delivery together with mechanisms for establishing and sharing best practice. Further research must identify monitoring systems for inclusion in routine surveillance.

Contact Tracing↗
PubMed1985

Pelvic inflammatory disease and its sequelae in adolescents.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is the most common serious complication of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Each year over one million women in the United States experience an episode of PID, with approximately 16-20% of cases occurring in teenagers. Acute PID increases a woman's risk for recurrent PID, chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Recent reports indicating that PID rates are rising and are highest among adolescent females aged 15-19 underscore the need to remain current on the clinical as well as the epidemiologic aspects of PID. We present such an update in this article. Trends in incidence and key risk factors are discussed; besides adolescence itself and STD, other important categories of risk factors include sexual activity, contraceptive method, and previous episode(s) of PID. The polymicrobial nature of PID is discussed along with an analysis of the role of specific organisms, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, and mycoplasmas in PID. Early diagnosis and the institution of appropriate treatment regimens are essential to the prevention of PID's devastating sequelae. Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for the wide range of clinical presentations associated with PID and be prepared to provide effective management, including proper evaluation and prompt treatment of sexual partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Intrauterine contraceptive device and pelvic inflammatory disease.

Comprehensive, mainly epidemiological data has helped us to recognize the strongest risk factors of pelvic inflammatory disease during intrauterine contraceptive device use. These are user's exposure to sexually transmitted diseases, young age and insertion of the device. Moreover, parity of the user and type of device may affect the risk of pelvic infection.

Adult↗