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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

A prospective study of the effect of the appropriateness of foot-shoe fit and training shoe type on the incidence of overuse injuries among infantry recruits.

In a prospective study of the effect of the appropriateness of foot-shoe fit and training shoe type on the incidence of overuse injuries among infantry recruits, it was found that three shoe widths for each shoe length size were necessary to adequately accommodate the recruit population's foot anatomy. Recruits compensated for the lack of available shoe widths by choosing larger shoe sizes. However, this compensation did not result in an increase in the incidence of overuse injuries. Recruits who trained in basketball shoes had a lower incidence of overuse injuries of the feet than recruits who trained in infantry boots (p = 0.0001), but the overall incidence of overuse injuries was the same in both groups.

Cumulative Trauma Disorders↗
PubMed1990

Shoes for the insensitive foot: the effect of a "rocker bottom" shoe modification on plantar pressure distribution.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on plantar pressure of the rocker bottom shoe, which is a frequently used intervention for the ulcerated diabetic foot. In-shoe pressure distribution was recorded during walking in a conventional extra-depth shoe which was then modified into a rocker bottom configuration with a 24 degrees rocker, and the experiment was repeated. Peak pressures in the rocker shoe were reduce by approximately 30% compared to the conventional shoe in the medial and central forefoot and in the toe regions, but pressures were elevated in the heel, the midfoot, and in the lateral forefoot regions. These experiments suggest that a correctly designed rocker bottom show may reduce the risk of ulceration in certain areas of the foot. However, since pressures in some regions can also be elevated by this type of footwear, attention to individual design is critical.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

[The fixing shoe with rolling sole (arthrodesis shoe) with interchangeable built-in-element (author's transl)].

The fixing shoe with rolling sole (arthrodesis shoe) serves to ensure pain-free or at least tolerably painless walking in case of changes due to arthrosis or lesion sequelae in the ankle joints or the tarsus. This is achieved by means of a high shaft of adequate strength, an accurate bedding of the foot, and a rolling sole with sufficient lift at the tip. This shoe is indicated in cases where the load alone is well tolerated whereas load in conjunction with movement produces pain. Several types of these orthopedic shoes have been developed. Of these, the model with interchangeable built-in element has proved most successful in the authors' experience. This built-in element consists of a drummed (milled) cap reinforced with cast resin, and a cork bedding. This removable or interchangeable unit is advantageous compared with a firmly integrated system insofar as any changes or repairs can be effected easily and at a lower cost.

Arthrodesis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Shoe wear patterns and pressure distribution under feet and shoes, determined by image analysis.

A method is outlined for extracting contours of the pressure exerted by feet on the ground, either directly or through the soles of shoes, and of the wear patterns on shoe soles. The method is applied to two types of image: shoeprint images made in the laboratory, and pedobarography images recording the distribution of pressure under the foot during a footstep. The first procedure in extracting the information from images involves low pass filtering in the Fourier domain, performed by a microcomputer and frame-grabbing system. The boundaries of the regions in the resultant images are then extracted from the filtered images to display the shape of constant pressure areas and of the general shoe-wear.

Dermatoglyphics↗
PubMed1992

[Shoe supports and corrective shoes in performance athletes--a 3-year study in young cross-country skiers].

51 young cross-country skiers, members of the Swiss national team, were interrogated and examined relative to problems of the skeleton. In case of 36 athletes (71%), orthopedic corrections of the foot and leg position were effectuated. The annual controls showed a reduction of pain and decreased impairment of the capacity of sport from 62.7% to 21.9%. The painful inflammations decreased over the same period from 66.7% to 32%. In comparison with other epidemiologic studies without treatment, we can conclude that orthopedic corrections are efficient in the protection of high-performance athletes from overload lesions and probably from definitive lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Heel movement within a court shoe.

Lateral movements of the leg and foot were filmed from behind to evaluate court shoes. Inversion/eversion may be an indicator of potential injuries, but estimates of actual inversion/eversion have typically been measured as the angular displacement of marker pairs on the lower leg and on the shoe. The purpose of this study was to measure the shoe movement versus the heel movement inside the shoe in order to determine the appropriateness of using shoe markers to represent the heel position. Two windows were cut into the heel counter of the shoe to show the heel position in addition to shoe position. The subjects were filmed from behind during a lateral side-stepping movement. The difference between the shoe and heel position was [corrected] statistically significant. The average maximum change in heel inversion inside the shoe was 13.3 +/- 3.8 degrees, compared with 30.7 +/- 6.2 degrees for the shoe. In addition, the maximum change in heel inversion in a barefoot movement was 10.1 +/- 3.1 degrees. The results suggest that for a lateral movement shoe markers do not accurately represent the position of the heel, and heel movement inside a shoe is similar to a barefoot movement. Skin markers on the heel as observed through windows in the shoe give a better indication of the actual position of the calcaneus than do markers placed directly on the shoe.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The art and science of fitting shoes.

The two primary components of achieving proper shoe fit are shoe shape and shoe size. Shoe shape refers to the shape of both the sole and the upper. Proper fit is achieved when shoe shape is matched to foot shape. Shoe size is determined by arch length rather than overall foot length. The proper shoe size is the one that accommodates the first metatarsal joint in the widest part of the shoe. A set of seven guidelines for achieving proper shoe fit is offered. Properly fitting shoes are important in avoiding foot discomfort and deformity, and are absolutely essential in patients with arthritis, diabetes, and other foot disorders.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

The effects of shoes on the torsion and rearfoot motion in running.

Excessive pronation is accepted as a good indicator for various running injuries. The least amount of pronation takes place when running barefoot. The latest investigations show that this is connected to a large torsional movement between forefoot and rearfoot which can be influenced by the shoe sole construction. The shoes which are in use among runners in track and field are basically of two types, running shoes (in general torsionally stiff) and spikes (torsionally flexible). The possibly varying effect of these shoes on the shoe/foot motion in running is not known. The purpose of this investigation was therefore to show whether the pronation angle and the torsion angle differ when running barefoot, with spikes, and with running shoes (forefoot touchdown, N = 9 left and right). A film analysis provided the angular movements of the lower leg, rearfoot, and forefoot as well as pronation and torsion in the frontal plane. The results show that at touchdown the torsional movements with both shoe types are quite different from those of running barefoot. With shoes, the torsion angle is reduced back to zero--with running shoes more than with spikes--and the pronation angle is increased beyond the barefoot values (P less than 0.01). In order to reduce the risk of injury, both shoe types should be improved--the running shoes with respect to torsion and the spikes with respect to pronation.

Achilles Tendon↗
PubMed1991

Clinical trial of a computer-aided system for orthopaedic shoe upper design.

A trial has been conducted to produce the uppers for orthopaedic shoes using an existing commercial computer-aided design system. The aims of the trial were to confirm that a CAD system developed for the volume shoe trade (Shoemaster from Clarks Shoes) could be used for the upper design of orthopaedic shoes and to assess the contribution of professional shoe design on cosmesis and acceptability of these shoes. A small number of adult diabetic patients and children with foot deformities were selected, all of who had previously been prescribed and issued with special shoes. The existing lasts for these patients were digitised, and new styles developed on the CAD system over a 3D image of the last. Pattern pieces were cut automatically and the uppers closed. Lasting was done as normal at the two collaborating orthopaedic companies and the shoes supplied to the patients. The CAD system proved successful in coping with orthopaedic last shapes and shoe requirements. Professional design produced fashionable and cosmetically-pleasing styles within the constraints imposed by the underlying medical conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

The movement of the heel within a running shoe.

Most running shoe investigations have used the same standard procedure for the evaluation of the shoes: the runners are filmed from behind and a film analysis is carried out digitizing markers at the heel counter of the shoe and on the lower leg. The angular displacement of these markers relative to the horizontal or the vertical is assumed to be an indicator for various sports injuries. The goal of this investigation was to measure the movement of the heel counter as well as the movement of the heel inside the shoe. First, the influence of the size of different heel counter windows was controlled and found negligible for the test conditions of this study. Second, 15 subjects performed the following procedure: running (a) barefoot, (b) with shoes with windows, and (c) without windows. Overall, the heel was found to move similarly but not identically to the heel counter. The maximum change of pronation was (a) 13.7 +/- 3.7 degrees, barefoot; (b) 14.1 +/- 3.8 degrees for the shoe with windows and 12.1 +/- 3.7 degrees for the heel inside these shoes; and 14.9 +/- 4.2 degrees for the shoes with no windows. To achieve a general impression of a shoe in the sense of a qualitative description, the previous method without heel counter windows still seems adequate. However, for a detailed analysis of quantitative nature, it is important to use the method with heel counter windows.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Dynamic performance assessment of selected sport shoes on impact forces.

Few investigators have evaluated the performance characteristics of non-running sport shoes. The purpose of this study was to assess the dynamic performance characteristics of four different shoe models during landings. Five male subjects performed 25 voluntary hanging drop landings (60 cm) onto a force platform (1000 Hz) for each of four shoe conditions (C1 and C2 = basketball shoe, C3 = running shoe, C4 = volleyball shoe). Ground reaction force data were evaluated for maximum forefoot (F1) and rearfoot (F2) impact forces as well as the respective times of occurrence of these events (T1, T2). Results of the group data analysis indicated a preferential performance rank order of C1, C3, C4, C2 although significant interaction effects were observed, indicating a need for single-subject analyses. Three techniques were incorporated to assess individual subject condition differences, all of which elicited unique rank orders for the shoes although each identified C1 as the "best" shoe condition. The results of the study support the necessity for within-subject analyses conducted with an adequate number of trials when attempting to detect subtle performance differences that may exist between various sport shoes. Whether the observed statistically significant differences are biomechanically meaningful remains an important unanswered question.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Shoe sole thickness and hardness influence balance in older men.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that shoes with thick, soft midsoles, such as modern running shoes, provide better stability in older individuals than those with thin-hard midsoles. In addition, we examined the relation between footwear comfort and stability and stability when barefoot. DESIGN: Randomized-order, cross-over, controlled comparison. SETTING: Subjects were drawn from an internal medicine practice. PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of 25 healthy men, minimum age 60 years. Additional selection criteria were absence of disabilities influencing ability to walk and lack of history of frequent falls. MEASUREMENTS: Balance failure frequency, which was defined as falls from the beam per 100 meters of beam walking when 10 passes were made down a 9 M long balance beam. Comfort rating was based on an ordinal scale. RESULTS: Contrary to the hypothesis: (1) midsole softness was associated with poor stability (F(2,48) = 17.9, P < 0.0001); (2) thick midsoles also provided poor stability (F(1,24) = 7.36, P < 0.01). When barefoot, subjects showed 19% higher balance failure frequency than with the poorest shoe and 171% greater than the best shoe (t = 5.33, P < 0.0001). Higher comfort was generally found in shoe types associated with higher balance failure frequency. CONCLUSIONS: For optimal stability, shoes with thin, hard soles are preferable for older individuals. Health professionals should exercise caution when recommending shoes with thick, yielding midsoles, such as running shoes, to unstable elderly individuals. Older men and women with a history of falls or who are obviously unstable, should avoid barefoot locomotion.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1975

Torques developed by different types of shoes on various playing surfaces.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of shoe type, playing surface, weight supported and stance position upon the torques developed at the shoe-turf interface. The study was predicated upon the assumption that many knee injuries are torque-related and due to foot fixation, either by rigid cleating or by excessive traction between the shoe and playing surface. A laboratory apparatus was designed to measure the torque developed by various shoe-surface combinations. Under investigation were 11 shoe types, three artificial surfaces and natural grass, two player weights, and two player foot-stance positions. Torque data were gathered using impact loading, with an impact energy that is probably often experienced under competitive playing conditions. Resulting data indexed the shoes according to the mean torques developed on each of the playing surfaces, and comparisons of torque data with field studies by other researchers suggested which shoe-surface combinations might be the most potentially hazardous.

Ankle Injuries↗
PubMed1991

[Treadmill versus field trial. Movement analysis and pressure distribution in the athletic shoe].

Our current knowledge on interactions between runner and runningshoe is mainly based on treadmill measurements. In order to reveal stress load and adaptation on playing surfaces it was necessary to develop a combined measuring device out of 3-D video motion analysis and portable pressure measurement system. By means of a motor driven cart moving parallel to the subject with comparable position of cameras to the treadmill test it was possible to set up an identical trial for track and field. 12 subjects (male, age 24-32, size 9) were tested at a speed of 2.8 m/s. The varying conditions were treadmill and grass and two different constructed running shoes. 200 cycles and over 1000 steps were analyzed. The quantitative analysis of 37 parameters describing the contact phase was performed using the wilcoxon test for paired samples.-A qualitative comparison of running styles was introduced by using angle-angle-diagrams (knee and ankle by 3-D data) similar to those first described for 2-D by P.R. Cavanagh in 1973. It showed a huge interindividual variability under same conditions. Comparing the angle-angle-diagrams for the four different running conditions it was possible to classify them into three characteristic groups: non-adaptors, surface-adaptors and shoe-adaptors. Comparing track and field to treadmill measurements significant differences were found for the knee at impact: On treadmill the initial knee angle was 4.6 degrees more extended at a 13% higher angle velocity and a 30% higher angle deceleration (sig. p less than 0.05). A 7.3% higher impulse was found on grass at a 5.9% higher step length. No difference in maximum pressure was found. These results show that adaptation is performed mainly by the knee. Changing the motion pattern the knee seems to be capable of homogenizing the different stress loads to the foot. Comparing the running shoes significant differences were found in the motion of the ankle: a controversial behaviour was found to be on treadmill and grass. The pressure data revealed significant differences for the treadmill test to be in the heel area, for grass in the arch area. This points to an--up to now--unknown importance of the arch on unplain surfaces that are obviously influenced by the construction of the shoe and are not accessible by treadmill tests. The described different behaviour of shoes in treadmill and track and field tests points out the reduced validity of single treadmill tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Technical evaluation of a CAD system for orthopaedic shoe-upper design.

Computer aided design is now employed routinely in the volume shoe trade. New styles are developed on a three-dimensional image of the last followed by automated pattern generation and engineering. It is suggested that such systems could be useful in the orthopaedic footwear industry although the different requirements for these bespoke products need careful consideration. A clinical trial has been conducted on the Shoemaster (Clarks Shoes) upper design system both to assess its technical capabilities and to consider its role in improvement of service and cosmetic appearance. This particular system works throughout on a three-dimensional representation of the shoe last, which offers particular advantages for integration with shape capture and reproduction. The report concentrates on the technical evaluation to assess (a) its ability to work with unusual last shapes dictated by medical requirements and (b) its potential for integration into a complete computer system for design of both shoe lasts and shoe uppers. The trial indicates that this particular system is promising in both respects.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Questionnaire study of the use of surgical shoes prescribed in a rheumatology outpatient clinic.

Our questionnaire study was undertaken to ascertain the proportion of patients who use an appliance and to what extent, up to a year after being prescribed. Twenty-four percent no longer used the appliance. Two-thirds wore their orthosis for more than 6 hours/day. Half the patients had surgical shoes--moulded and bespoke, most found their shoes of benefit. Moulded shoes were found to be worn more frequently and to be more comfortable, easier to put on and more attractive. Patients reported a significantly greater improvement in their condition with moulded shoes than with bespoke shoes.

Adult↗