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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Shoulder injuries.

Shoulder injuries result from acute or repetitive over-use mechanisms. An outline for a careful history and physical examination is presented along with recommendations for radiographic imaging of shoulder injuries dependent on the suspected diagnosis and injury mechanism. Descriptions of the more common shoulder problems are presented with recommendations for non-surgical treatment. Indications for surgical treatment that will allow the primary practitioner to best manage these injuries are presented.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed2004

Acute shoulder injuries.

The shoulder is the most mobile joint in the human body. The cost of such versatility is an increased risk of injury. It is important that family physicians understand the anatomy of the shoulder, mechanisms of injury, typical physical and radiologic findings, approach to management of injuries, and indications for referral. Clavicle fractures are among the most common acute shoulder injuries, and more than 80 percent of them can be managed conservatively. Humeral head fractures are less common and usually occur in elderly persons; 85 percent of them can be managed nonoperatively. Common acute soft tissue injuries include shoulder dislocations, rotator cuff tears, and acromioclavicular sprains. Acromioclavicular injuries are graded from types I to VI. Types I and II are treated conservatively, types IV to VI are treated surgically, and there is debate about the best approach for type III. Eighty percent of shoulder dislocations are anterior. Diagnosis of this injury is straightforward. The injury usually can be reduced by employing a number of nonsurgical techniques. Traumatic or acute rotator cuff tears can be managed conservatively or surgically, depending on the patient and the degree of injury.

Acromioclavicular Joint↗
PubMed1989

Rehabilitation of common shoulder injuries.

Rehabilitation of shoulder injuries begins with a thorough physical examination. Treatment is directed toward correction of the abnormal examination findings with consideration of the pathology. Many of the manual procedures, exercises, and other physical agents may be used with modifications for treatment in many of the diagnostic categories. Continual reassessment of the signs and symptoms is essential for optional progression. Ultimately, treatment should seek to normalize mobility and balance the muscular force couples acting on the shoulder complex.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Mechanisms of neck and shoulder injuries in tennis players.

Shoulder injuries are common among athletes involved in repetitive overhead arm movements, particularly baseball pitchers and tennis players. Due to the similarities between pitching and serving, both athletes often present with similar types of shoulder injuries. However, subtle differences in neck and shoulder movements between the pitcher and tennis player may be responsible for additional mechanisms of injuries specific to tennis players. This paper outlines the similarities and differences between the pitch and serve and discusses how these differences may relate to additional neck and/or shoulder injuries specific to tennis players. In the analyses of mechanisms of injuries sustained by tennis players, such detailed analyses of movement patterns occurring during the serve may optimize a clinician's sports-specific rehabilitation protocol.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2004

Sport-specific shoulder injuries.

This article reviews basic shoulder anatomy and biomechanics and discusses the impact these have on the etiology of shoulder injuries in sports. Four types of sport activities lead to shoulder injuries:muscle and tendon overuse, acute tears of the dynamic stabilizers,impingement and overuse injury. Most shoulder injuries initially are treated nonoperatively with rehabilitation. Rehabilitation protocols are successful in most patients. This article also discusses why postoperative rehabilitation is vital to the ultimate success of patients who require operative treatment.

Athletic Injuries↗
PubMed2001

Differential diagnosis of shoulder injuries in sports.

Shoulder injuries are common problems in all types of sports. There can be a good deal of variability in how symptoms are expressed from individual to individual, and part of the challenge in understanding the injury is being able to interpret the athlete's complaints as they relate to examination findings and the conditions that produce the symptoms. The history is particularly important because the sensitivity and specificity of many aspects of the examination are variable. A relaxed patient and a systematic evaluation is the best way to be thorough. Radiographs and even MRIs are frequently negative in soft tissue problems in the young athlete. This underscores the importance of a good examination. There may be some utility in using contrast-enhanced MRIs to look at labral pathologic conditions, cysts, or ganglions, but this information is certainly less useful than the patient's description of symptoms and the examiner's findings. With this awareness, we can manage these injuries with more confidence.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence and variance of shoulder injuries in elite collegiate football players.

BACKGROUND: Shoulder injuries are the fourth most common musculoskeletal injury encountered in American football players. There is little information in the literature on the role of playing position in the type of shoulder injuries seen. HYPOTHESIS: There is a high prevalence of shoulder injuries in elite collegiate American football players, with type of injury varying by playing position. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A total of 336 elite collegiate American football players were invited to the National Football League Combine for physical testing and medical evaluation. Current and historical data were evaluated for the purpose of this study, and all players underwent radiographic examinations, including plain radiographs and/or magnetic resonance imaging when necessary. All shoulder pathological conditions and shoulder surgical procedures were recorded. Players were categorized by position for the analysis of position-specific trends. RESULTS: Of the players, 50% had a history of shoulder injuries, with a total of 226 shoulder injuries (1.3 injuries per player injured); 56 players (34%) had a total of 73 surgeries. The most common injuries were acromioclavicular separation (41%), anterior instability (20%), rotator cuff injury (12%), clavicle fracture (4%), and posterior instability (4%). The most common surgeries performed were anterior instability reconstruction (48%), Mumford/Weaver-Dunn surgery (15%), posterior instability surgery (10%), and rotator cuff surgery (10%). Shoulder injuries were more common in quarterbacks and defensive backs. Surgery was more common in linebackers or linemen. A history of anterior instability was more common in defensive players, with surgery required 76% of the time. Linemen had more rotator cuff injuries and posterior instability than players in other positions. CONCLUSION: Shoulder injuries are common injuries in elite collegiate football players, with one-third undergoing surgical procedures. There are definitive trends in the types of injuries per player position.

Acromioclavicular Joint↗
PubMed1998

Shoulder injuries from alpine skiing and snowboarding. Aetiology, treatment and prevention.

There has been a decrease in the overall injury rate and the rate of lower extremity injuries for alpine skiing, with a resultant increase in the ratio of upper extremity to lower extremity injuries. Upper extremity injuries account for 20 to 35% of all injuries during alpine skiing and nearly 50% of all injuries during snowboarding. The most common upper extremity injuries during skiing are sprain of the thumb metacarpal-phalangeal joint ulnar collateral ligament, and the most common in snowboarding is wrist fracture. Shoulder injuries from skiing and snowboarding have been less well characterised. With the increased ratio of upper to lower extremity injuries during alpine skiing and the boom in popularity of snowboarding, shoulder injuries will be seen with increasing frequency by those who care for alpine sport injuries. Shoulder injuries account for 4 to 11% of all alpine skiing injuries and 22 to 41% of upper extremity injuries. The rate of shoulder injuries during alpine skiing is 0.2 to 0.5 injuries per thousand skier-days. During snowboarding, shoulder injuries account for 8 to 16% of all injuries and 20 to 34% of upper extremity injuries. Falls are the most common mechanism of shoulder injury, in addition to pole planting during skiing and aerial manoeuvres during snowboarding. Common shoulder injuries during skiing and snowboarding are glenohumeral instability, rotator cuff strains, acromioclavicular separations and clavicle fractures. Less common shoulder injuries include greater tuberosity fractures, trapezius strains, proximal humerus fractures, biceps strains, glenoid fractures, scapula fractures, humeral head fractures, sterno-clavicular separations, acromion fractures and biceps tendon dislocation. Prevention of shoulder injuries during skiing and snowboarding may be possible through interventions in education and technique, conditioning and equipment and environment.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Shoulder injuries to quarterbacks in the national football league.

BACKGROUND: Quarterbacks are at risk for shoulder injury secondary to both the throwing motion as well as from contact injury. OBJECTIVE: To delineate the incidence and etiology of shoulder injuries to quarterbacks in the National Football League (NFL). METHODS: Using the NFL Injury Surveillance System (NFLISS), all reported injuries to quarterbacks between 1980 and 2001 were identified. RESULTS: A total of 1534 quarterback injuries were identified with a mean of 18.8 and a median of 6.0 days of playing time lost. The majority of these injuries occurred during a game (83.8%). Passing plays were responsible for 77.4% of all quarterback-related injuries. Shoulder injuries were the second most common injury reported (233 or 15.2%), following closely behind head injuries (15.4%). Direct trauma was responsible for 82.3% of the injuries, with acromioclavicular joint sprains being the most common injury overall (40%). Overuse injuries were responsible for 14% of the injuries, the most common being rotator cuff tendinitis (6.1%) followed by biceps tendinitis (3.5%). CONCLUSION: In this review, the vast majority of shoulder injuries in quarterbacks occurred as a result of direct trauma (82.3%), and less than 15% were overuse injuries resulting from the actual throwing motion.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Shoulder injuries in the athlete.

Shoulder injuries are common in the athletic population. Injuries can be a result of repetitive overhead use or from direct trauma. Common injury sites include the rotator cuff, glenohumeral joint, acromioclavicular joint, biceps tendon, scapulothoracic articulation, and sternoclavicular joint. The identification, physical exam, and treatment options of these conditions will be discussed.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1984

Shoulder injuries in the athlete.

Most shoulder injuries in the athlete can be managed nonoperatively; prior to any management, however, they require careful evaluation for accurate diagnosis. Once the diagnosis has been made, few of these injuries will actually require surgery and most will obtain an excellent result with full return to function. Several specific shoulder injuries are discussed and their treatment is outlined.

Acromioclavicular Joint↗
PubMed1987

Shoulder injury caused by electric shock.

Shoulder injury and more in particular bilateral dislocation of the shoulder joint after electric shock is rare. Three patients are presented with dislocation and fracture of the shoulder and serious muscle contraction. After an accident involving electric current potential shoulder injuries should be considered. Early diagnosis improves the functional results of adequate treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Epidemiologic perspective on shoulder injuries.

The type and incidence of shoulder injuries in baseball, swimming, football, and wrestling are discussed in detail; also mentioned are shoulder injuries in tennis, basketball, skiing, and javelin throwing.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Shoulder injuries during alpine skiing.

We retrospectively reviewed alpine skiing injuries at a destination ski resort during three seasons to characterize the incidence and types of shoulder injuries. A total of 3451 injuries in 3247 patients were reviewed. The overall injury rate was 4.44 injuries per 1000 skier-days. Injuries to the upper extremity represented 29.1% (N = 1004) of all alpine ski injuries. Injuries involving the shoulder complex (393 injuries in 350 patients) accounted for 39.1% of upper extremity injuries and 11.4% of all alpine skiing injuries. The rate of shoulder injury was 0.51 injuries per 1000 skier-days. Patients with shoulder injuries had a mean age of 35.4 years, and the male-to-female ratio of these patients was 3:1. Falls represented the most common mechanism of shoulder injury (93.9%) in addition to collisions with skiers (2.8%), pole planning (2.3%), and collisions with trees (1%). The most common shoulder injuries were rotator cuff strains (24.2%), anterior glenohumeral dislocations or subluxations (21.6%), acromioclavicular separations (19.6%), and clavicle fractures (10.9%). Less common shoulder injuries included greater tuberosity fractures (6.9%), trapezius muscle strains (6.4%), proximal humeral fractures (3.3%), biceps tendon strains (2.3%), glenoid fractures (1.5%), scapular fractures (1%), humeral head fractures (1%), sternoclavicular separations (0.5%), an acromial fracture (0.3%), a posterior glenohumeral dislocation (0.3%), and a biceps tendon dislocation (0.3%).

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed2001

Mobility impairment, muscle imbalance, muscle weakness, scapular asymmetry and shoulder injury in elite volleyball athletes.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between shoulder mobility, rotator muscles' strength and scapular symmetry, and shoulder injuries and/or pain in elite volleyball athletes. METHODS: An isokinetic shoulder muscle strength test, which was performed at speeds of 60/sec and 180/sec, and shoulder mobility and scapula lateral slide tests were conducted bilaterally on 16 subjects, who represented the England elite volleyball players. The subjects also prospectively completed monthly questionnaires during the competition season to report on their shoulder condition. RESULTS: The results showed that the active range of shoulder internal rotation and concentric external rotators' strength in the dominant arm were significantly less, than in the non-dominant arms, but the internal rotators were significantly stronger in both concentric and eccentric tests at both testing speeds. Seven of 16 subjects indicated overt shoulder injury or pain during their training season, nine subjects had shoulder mobility impairment, seven had muscle imbalance, 13 had relative muscle weakness and five had scapular asymmetry. The association between shoulder muscle strength imbalance (eccentric external < concentric internal) of rotators in the dominant arm and shoulder injuries was statistically significant (Fisher's exact test, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that rotator muscle strength imbalance may play an important role in shoulder injuries in high-level volleyball players.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Prevention and treatment of elbow and shoulder injuries in the tennis player.

Tennis injuries are common in both the upper and lower extremities. The most common, and often most difficult, upper extremity injuries are shoulder tendinitis and tennis elbow (lateral and medial). Key considerations in the treatment of tendinitis include an understanding of the injury process and the resultant character and quantity of the pathologic spectrums. Tendon degeneration rather than tendon repair is the primary pathologic entity secondary to intrinsic muscle-tendon overload. For best treatment results, the protocols of treatment, both surgical and nonsurgical, must be individualized.

Adult↗