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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2026

Microdroplet-based high-throughput screening for antagonistic bacteria targeting penaeid shrimp pathogenic Vibrio harveyi.

Antagonistic bacteria that suppress the growth of specific bacteria have attracted attention as an antibiotics-independent strategy for infectious disease control in aquaculture. Microfluidics-based water-in-oil droplets (microdroplets) enable high-throughput screening of antagonistic bacteria in the field of medicine or agriculture. However, the use of this screening system in aquaculture has not yet been reported. In particular, penaeid shrimp aquaculture, one of the largest sectors of global aquaculture, has a strong demand for alternative disease control strategies because vaccination is ineffective. Here, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept study of microdroplet-based high-throughput screening system for antagonistic bacteria targeting penaeid shrimp pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. Using this screening system, we successfully isolated 18 bacterial candidates with potential growth-inhibitory activity, representing three genera (Pseudoalteromonas, Shewanella, and Tenacibaculum), from the bacterial community of kuruma shrimp Penaeus japonicus rearing water. 16S rRNA gene-based bacterial community analysis revealed that these isolates included several low-abundance, rare taxa. Although these isolates showed no inhibitory activity on agar plates, one out of four tested strains showed a trend toward improved survival during co-infection tests using kuruma shrimp. Overall, our study highlights both the potential and limitation of microdroplet-based antagonistic bacterial screening to accelerate the development of biological control strategies in shrimp aquaculture.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Characterization of some fish and shrimp spoiling bacteria.

The classification of some important groups of bacteria involved in fish and shrimp spoilage was studied. Trimethylamine is produced by Pseudomonas putrefaciens, a "non-defined" group resembling Ps. putrefaciens, Photobacterium spp. and some Moraxella-like bacteria. Hypoxanthine is produced by the same groups of bacteria except the last named and also by the "typical shrimp spoilers" (presumptive Alteromonas). Strong off-odours are produced on fresh fish by Ps. putrefaciens, dextrose-oxidative Pseudomonas spp. (Groups I and II according to Shewan, Hobbs and Hodgkiss, 1960), the above mentioned "non-defined" group and by only some of the "typical shrimp spoilers", whereas Moraxella-like bacteria and Photobacterium spp. failed to produce strong odours. Strong off-odours are produced on boiled shrimp by the "typical shrimp spoilers" (presumptive Altermonas). Ps. putrefaciens, the dextrose-oxidative Pseudomonas spp. and the "non-defined" group; Moraxella-like bacteria produced less offensive odours or none, nor did Photobacterium.

Alcaligenes↗

PubMed2026

Precisely designed keystone metabolites boost shrimp disease resistance by recruiting symbionts via the lipoxin A4-AP-1 pathway.

BACKGROUND: Gut metabolites and symbionts are indispensable for host health, yet the precise identification of keystone metabolites and construction of synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) to enhance disease resistance remains limited. RESULTS: Using Litopenaeus vannamei as a model, we identified pyruvic acid and DL-glutamine (1:2) as keystone metabolites by borrowing the microbial ecology principles of bio-indicators and driver taxa. Dietary supplementation with these metabolites sufficiently protected shrimp from white feces syndrome (WFS). Multi-omics analyses demonstrated that keystone metabolites exerted positive effects by enriching beneficial Ruegeria lacuscaerulensis, Bacillus subtilis and Nioella nitratireducens, strengthening the gut network stability, and enhancing shrimp immunity, which collectively potentiated WFS resistance. The recruited three strains were consumers and producers of the two keystone metabolites, and discriminative strains between healthy and diseased shrimp across global datasets. A SynCom constructed from the three strains (4:3:2) replicated the efficacy of keystone metabolites. Both keystone metabolites and SynCom elevated shrimp gut and hepatopancreas lipoxin A4 (LXA4) levels, which suppressed the pro-inflammatory transcription factor AP-1, as validated by in vivo inhibition assay. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that precisely designed keystone metabolites enhance shrimp disease resistance through the recruitment of key symbionts-LXA4-AP-1 axis. The rationally designed keystone metabolites and SynCom are compelling biocontrol solutions in improving host disease resistance. Video Abstract.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Intestinal content accelerates muscle protein degradation in red shrimp (Solenocera crassicornis) during refrigeration: Insights from metagenomics and metabolomics.

This study systematically explored the effects of intestinal components on muscle quality deterioration and protein degradation of red shrimp during refrigerated storage. The results demonstrated that refrigeration induced continuous quality degradation and muscle protein breakdown in red shrimp, whereas eliminating intestinal tissues effectively retarded muscle spoilage and protein degradation, and optimized muscle texture. The intestinal microorganisms could secrete extracellular proteases to promote muscle protein degradation were primarily Vibrio, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Photobacterium, and Shewanella. These microorganisms promote protein degradation by secreting zinc proteases, serine proteases, and aspartyl proteases. This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms of intestinal microbial metabolism influences the muscle protein degradation of red shrimp during refrigeration. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for precise regulation of intestinal-targeted microorganisms, thereby maintaining optimal quality of shrimps during refrigeration.

Animals↗

PubMed2025

Population stratification in Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) off Iceland evident from RADseq analysis.

The northern shrimp Pandalus borealis (ice. Stóri kampalampi) is a North Atlantic crustacean of significant commercial interest which has been harvested consistently in Icelandic waters since 1936. In Icelandic waters, the length at which this protandrous species transitions from male to female differs between the inshore and offshore populations, suggesting a biologically meaningful stratification which may or may not be plastic. Using reduced representative genomes assembled from RADseq data, sampled from 96 individuals collected at two time points (2018 and 2021), we compare the level of genetic structure across a gradient extending out of Skjálfandi bay, north Iceland. These data are compared to samples from a far offshore site, some 65 km out from the bay, as well as another inshore fjord in Arnarfjörður, in northwestern Iceland. Since 1999, no harvesting of inshore populations of P. borealis in Skjálfandi has been allowed due to stock decline, but harvesting of offshore stocks has continued. Uncertainty surrounding the extent of structure between the in- and offshore aggregations has remained. Here we report distinct genetic structure defining the inshore and offshore populations of northern shrimp, but find significant admixture between the two. Most importantly, we see that genetically inshore populations of northern shrimp extend far outside the harvest boundaries of inshore shrimp, and offshore individuals may exhibit punctuated migration into the inshore areas.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

From dysbiosis to resilience: Microbiome engineering for sustainable shrimp aquaculture.

The intensification of shrimp aquaculture has increased exposure to disease, environmental perturbations, and antimicrobial pressure, making microbial stability increasingly relevant to sustainable production. Microbiome stability-encompassing resistance to disturbance and resilience of functional recovery-provides an ecological framework for understanding how shrimp and culture-environment microbial communities respond to intensive farming. This review examines the transition from microbial homeostasis to dysbiosis and evaluates how microbiome engineering could redirect disrupted communities towards resilient states. Evidence is integrated across the intestine, hepatopancreas, rearing water, sediment and biofloc to assess how host genetics, ontogeny, diet, culture conditions, antibiotics and pollutants shape microbiome assembly and destabilization. Disease-associated changes in acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease, white faeces syndrome, Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection, and white spot syndrome virus infection are critically evaluated, with explicit separation of associations, pathogen-induced dysbiosis, and community-level causality. Established and emerging interventions-including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, functional diets, biofloc management, phages, postbiotics, microbiota transplantation and synthetic microbial communities-are assessed according to their capacity to modify microbial function, persistence and recovery rather than taxonomic change alone. We further examine how multi-omics, microbiome-informed breeding, and environmental monitoring could support biomarker development, predictive decision support and context-specific intervention. We argue that progress requires a shift from taxonomic description to function-guided engineering, from endpoint comparisons to direct measurement of resilience, and from laboratory efficacy to reproducible farm-scale validation. Overall, microbiome management may contribute to more disease-resilient and sustainable shrimp production, provided that its effectiveness can be validated under commercial farming conditions.

Dysbiosis↗

PubMed2026

Microbial decomposer diversity and metabolic function during the decomposition of brine shrimp carcasses in a saline lake.

BACKGROUND: Decomposition of brine shrimp carcasses has a crucial role in carbon cycling of saline lakes, yet the microbial dynamics remain poorly understood. RESULTS: Here we integrated metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, culturomics, metabolomics, and microcosm experiments to investigate microbial community succession and function during brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) carcass decomposition in Barkol Lake, a hypersaline lake in China. A total of 149 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) and 77 pure culture genomes were recovered across 33 phyla, with 72.12% genomes representing species-level novel lineages. Our results reveal diverse bacterial and archaeal taxa, including novel lineages from CG03, T1Sed10-126 and rare archaeal taxa (Asgardarchaeota, Thermoplasmatota, Nanoarchaeota, and Halobacteriota), involved in degradation of biomacromolecules-proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids-via extracellular hydrolysis, nutrient transport, and intracellular catabolism. These taxa exhibit substrate preferences, rapidly responding to the breakdown of polysaccharides and proteins, followed by lipids and nucleic acids. Hydrolyzed oligomers are further oxidized by various microbes through fermentation, sulfate reduction, and methanogenesis via metabolic handoffs. Additionally, viral auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) further enhance microbial host functions, contributing to key ecological processes such as carbon cycling and stress response. A temporally structured microbial decomposer network (MDN) was observed, driving mineralization cascades from fermentation to sulfate reduction and methanogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals microbial metabolic handoffs and virus-mediated modulation as critical mechanisms for organic matter turnover, expanding the known diversity and function of decomposers in saline ecosystems. Our findings offer new insights into biogeochemical processes in saline lakes and highlight a synergistic microbial decomposer network involving bacteria, archaea, and viruses that collectively drive nutrient cycling during brine shrimp carcass decomposition. Video Abstract.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Ascorbic acid-dependent collagen formation in penaeid shrimp.

1. This study tested the hypothesis that black death, the ascorbic acid (AsA) related disease of penaeid shrimp, is related to collagen underhydroxylation. 2. Collagen measured as hydroxyproline (HYP) in healthy Penaeus californiensis (Holmes) and P. stylirostris (Stimpson) of a wide range of masses were determined. The results revealed a logarithmic relationship between total body collagen HYP and body weight fitting the equation y = 90x1.18 where y = total collagenous HYP (microgram) and x = body weight (g). 3. Shrimp tissues most subject to mechanical trauma (subcutis, hindgut and gills) had the highest collagenous HYP levels and were most consistently and severely affected by an ascorbic acid (AsA) deficiency disease. 4. Prolyl hydroxylase (PH) activity was demonstrated in tissues of P. californiensis and P. stylirostris by hydroxylation of [3,4-3H]proline. 5. AsA was required for shrimp PH activity using a chicken embryo substrate. 6. Nutritional trials revealed that dietary AsA was required for proline hydroxylation in collagen formation in P. californiensis.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Invertebrate miRNA pva-small RNA-11881/pva-miR-11881 as a potential RNA-based therapeutic against white spot syndrome virus in infected shrimp.

Small RNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) play diverse roles in host virus interactions and hold promise for therapeutic applications. An uncharacterized shrimp miRNA with potent activity against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), a major double-stranded DNA pathogen in aquaculture, was identified and characterized. Among the 1,239 differentially expressed unannotated small RNAs in Penaeus vannamei hemocytes, one of the most strongly downregulated candidates, termed pva-small RNA-11881 or pva-miR-11881, was predicted to target multiple WSSV genes. A pva-small RNA-11881/pva-miR-11881 isomir that originates from the 5' untranslated region of a host lipase 3-like gene was identified. Its primary transcript contains Drosha and Dicer processing sites, and the precursor exhibits canonical pre-miRNA features. In vivo administration of its primary transcript, pva-pri-miR-11881, significantly reduced WSSV copy number and improved shrimp survival. Mechanistically, pva-miR-11881 directly suppresses crucial WSSV genes WSSV004, WSSV164, and WSSV419 and modulates the host immune response against WSSV infection by enhancing phenoloxidase activity, thereby reducing apoptosis and necrosis, and promoting caspase-1-mediated cell death. These findings reveal that the pva-miR-11881 in P. vannamei holds strong potential as a biotherapeutic agent for managing viral diseases in shrimp.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Draft genome sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis GIFSPR-111, a putative probiotic isolated from shrimp farm soil in Bangladesh.

Bacillus thuringiensis GIFSPR-111, isolated from shrimp farm soil in Shamnagar, Bangladesh, inhibits Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the causative agent of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in shrimp and exhibits probiotic potential. The 5,608,442 bp draft genome contains multiple biosynthetic gene clusters, with potential to synthesize diverse bioactive metabolites.

Bacillus thuringiensis↗

PubMed2026

Single-cell RNA sequencing provides further insights into the immunostimulatory action of freeze-dried Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on Penaeus vannamei shrimp.

Immunostimulation through dietary interventions opened new avenues in developing disease control and prevention tools for shrimp aquaculture. We have previously shown that feeding with freeze-dried Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LAB) increased disease resistance of Penaeus vannamei against both Vibrio parahaemolyticus and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) based on bulk RNA sequencing of shrimp gills. This tissue participates in ion transport and serves as a first line of defense against environmental stressors and pathogenic infections. However, characterization of their cell composition and functions remains limited. Here, we implemented a single-cell RNA sequencing approach to further gather insights into how feeding with freeze-dried LAB modulates host immunity which may not be evident with bulk RNA sequencing approach. A total of five clusters with unique transcriptional signatures were identified, corresponding to pillar cells, septal cells, and sessile hemocytes. Pseudo-bulk analyses at global- and cluster-levels showed differential expression of genes related to host immunity and metabolism. We further revealed how overall transcriptomic changes are not exclusively caused by gene expression changes but may also be driven by cell population dynamics. This study highlighted how single-cell RNA sequencing approach may shed light on the mechanisms of action of immunostimulants which may be masked in bulk transcriptome analyses.

Animals↗

PubMed2024

Structural modelling and preventive strategy targeting of WSSV hub proteins to combat viral infection in shrimp Penaeus monodon.

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) presents a considerable peril to the aquaculture sector, leading to notable financial consequences on a global scale. Previous studies have identified hub proteins, including WSSV051 and WSSV517, as essential binding elements in the protein interaction network of WSSV. This work further investigates the functional structures and potential applications of WSSV hub complexes in managing WSSV infection. Using computational methodologies, we have successfully generated comprehensive three-dimensional (3D) representations of hub proteins along with their three mutual binding counterparts, elucidating crucial interaction locations. The results of our study indicate that the WSSV051 hub protein demonstrates higher binding energy than WSSV517. Moreover, a unique motif, denoted as "S-S-x(5)-S-x(2)-P," was discovered among the binding proteins. This pattern perhaps contributes to the detection of partners by the hub proteins of WSSV. An antiviral strategy targeting WSSV hub proteins was demonstrated through the oral administration of dual hub double-stranded RNAs to the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, followed by a challenge assay. The findings demonstrate a decrease in shrimp mortality and a cessation of WSSV multiplication. In conclusion, our research unveils the structural features and dynamic interactions of hub complexes, shedding light on their significance in the WSSV protein network. This highlights the potential of hub protein-based interventions to mitigate the impact of WSSV infection in aquaculture.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Antennular sensilla of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina.

1. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the external morphology of setae found on the antennules of adults and nauplii of the brine shrimp, Artemia salina (L.). The permeability of the antennular setae was studied by means of Slifer's crystal violet method. 2. Each antennule of an adult brine shrimp possessed a terminal cluster of sensory setae. Within a cluster there were two morphologically distinct kinds of sensilla, here designated type 1 and type 2. Three type 1 sensilla were observed on every antennule examined. The number of type 2 sensilla per antennule was usually four or five. 3. Type 1 sensilla of adults were 43 to 80 micrometer long and simple in external morphology. They were widest at the base, decreased in diameter gradually, and terminated as a finely tapered tip. No pores were resolved by scanning electron microscopy. 4. Type 2 sensilla of adults were shorter (shaft length, 12 to 23 micrometer) and displayed a single pore at the tip (average pore diameter, 0.4 micrometer). In thin section they were seen to possess a distinctive articular specialization of the cuticle at the base of the seta. 5. Dye penetration experiments indicated that type 2 sensilla were permeable to aqueous crystal violet, whereas type 1 sensilla were not. 6. The antennular setae of nauplii resembled type 1 sensilla in general shape, in being impermeable to crystal violet, and in lacking a terminal pore and basal articular specialization. Moreover, a total of three setae was normally present on each naupliar antennule, and the same number of type 1 sensilla was found on each adult antennule examined. If the three naupliar setae represent a developmental stage in the formation of three adult sensilla, available observations suggest that the larval setae are developmentally related to type 1, rather than to type 2 adult sensilla.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Colorimetric determination of boric acid in prawns, shrimp, and salted jelly fish by chelate extraction with 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol.

Borate was directly chelate-extracted from foods with 5% 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD) in n-hexane-n-butyl acetate mixture (8 + 2), from which borate was selectively transferred into 1% NaOH, since EHD-chelated boron did not react with curcumin to develop color. Finally, an aliquot of the alkaline solution was acidified with HCl and reacted with curcumin in a rotary evaporator. Color development was increased by heating for 8 min at 80 degrees C under reduced pressure of 16 mm Hg. Frozen shrimp and prawns (peeled and with shells) and salted jelly fish were analyzed by the proposed method. Results were compared with the contemporary official method of Japan based on curcumin reaction on an incinerated sample. Over 90% of the boric acid was recovered by the proposed method when samples were fortified with 20 ppm boric acid. Recoveries were superior to those of the official method especially for shrimp and prawns with shells and salted jelly fish. Detection limit of boric acid is 1 ppm. Moreover, the method requires only about 1 hr for analysis of one sample, making it suitable for routine analysis.

Boric Acids↗

PubMed1979

Evaluation of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) larvae as a bioassay for mycotoxins in animal feedstuffs.

Brine shrimp larvae was tested as a possible simple biological screening system to identify specimens of animal feedstuffs that should be examined further by chemical analytical procedures for mycotoxins. All extracts of the control, nonmouldy feedstuffs increased larval mortality, this being most marked in the case of silage. Chemical and biological testing of diagnostic specimens indicated that the bioassay identified two of four chemically positive specimens and 59 of 135 chemically negative specimens and 59 identified larvicidal compounds present in normal feedstuffs gave a high percentage (56%) of false-positive bioassay results when compared to the results of chemical analyses for three mycotoxins. The use of brine shrimp larvae did not materially reduce the necessity of conducting chemical analyses for mycotoxins.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed2026

Proteomic profiling of the aqueous extract from the antennal gland of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.

The antennal gland (AnG) of decapod crustaceans has been proposed as a potential source of bioactive molecules involved in chemical communication; however, its protein composition remains largely unexplored. Here, we present the first reference proteomic map of the aqueous extract from the antennal gland of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Protein extracts from immature and mature females were analyzed using an integrated workflow combining one-dimensional SDS-PAGE, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and nanoLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses revealed a high degree of qualitative similarity between reproductive stages. SDS-PAGE resolved six major protein bands (∼227, 166, 77, 42, 35, and 17 kDa), most comprising multiple co-migrating proteins as revealed by LC-MS/MS. Hemocyanin was identified as the predominant protein and was detected across several electrophoretic bands. Additional proteins were associated with innate immunity, including β-1,3-glucan-binding protein and coagulable hemolymph protein; reproductive processes, including vitellogenin, spermatogonial stem-cell renewal factor, farnesoic acid O-methyltransferase, estrogen sulfotransferase, and prostaglandin reductase 1; as well as energy metabolism, protein homeostasis, cytoskeletal organization, and intracellular trafficking. Because several identified proteins are widely distributed or known hemolymph components, their detection cannot be assumed to reflect AnG-specific expression or function. Collectively, these findings establish a molecular reference for the L. vannamei AnG and reveal protein components associated with multiple physiological processes. This dataset provides a proteomic framework for future comparative and functional studies aimed at elucidating antennal gland physiology and experimentally evaluating the potential involvement of proteinaceous or peptide-based molecules in chemical communication in decapod crustaceans.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Genome sequences of pirAB+ and pirAB- Vibrio campbellii strains isolated from shrimp ponds with mortality outbreaks carry type VI secretion systems.

Vibrio campbellii strains PH1401 and PH1409 were isolated from shrimp ponds with documented mortality outbreaks in the Philippines. PH1401 and PH1409 share identity with V. campbellii strain BoB-53. Whole-genome analysis reveals full-length pirAB binary toxin genes in PH1401. Both strains carry three type VI secretion systems.

Vibrio campbellii↗

PubMed1979

Haemoglobin from the tadpole shrimp, Lepidurus apus lubbocki Characterization of the molecule and determination of the number of polypeptide chains.

Haemoglobin from the tadpole shrimp, Lepidurus apus lubbocki, was found to have a sedimentation coefficient (s020,w) of 19.3 +/- 0.2 S and a molecular weight, as determined by sedimentation equilibrium, of 798000 +/- 20000. The amino acid composition showed the lack of cysteine and cystine residues. A haem content of 3.55 +/- 0.03% was determined, corresponding to a minimal mol.wt. of 17400 +/- 200. The pH-independence in the range pH 5-11 of the sedimentation coefficient indicates a relatively high stability of the native molecule. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis gave one band with mobility corresponding to a mol.wt. of 34000 +/- 1500. The molecular weight of the polypeptide chain was determined to be 32800 +/- 800 by sedimentation equilibrium in 6 M-guanidinium chloride and 0.1 M-2-mercaptoethanol. The findings indicate that Lepidurus haemoglobin is composed of 24 identical polypeptide chains, carrying two haem groups each.

Amino Acids↗