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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Silver as biocides in burn and wound dressings and bacterial resistance to silver compounds.

Silver products have been used for thousands of years for their beneficial effects, often for hygiene and in more recent years as antimicrobials on wounds from burns, trauma, and diabetic ulcers. Silver sulfadiazine creams (Silvazine and Flamazine) are topical ointments that are marketed globally. In recent years, a range of wound dressings with slow-release Ag compounds have been introduced, including Acticoat, Actisorb Silver, Silverlon, and others. While these are generally accepted as useful for control of bacterial infections (and also against fungi and viruses), key issues remain, including importantly the relative efficacy of different silver products for wound and burn uses and the existence of microbes that are resistant to Ag+. These are beneficial products needing further study, although each has drawbacks. The genes (and proteins) involved in bacterial resistance to Ag have been defined and studied in recent years.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2003

Bacterial silver resistance: molecular biology and uses and misuses of silver compounds.

Resistance to silver compounds as determined by bacterial plasmids and genes has been defined by molecular genetics. Silver resistance conferred by the Salmonella plasmid pMGH100 involves nine genes in three transcription units. A sensor/responder (SilRS) two-component transcriptional regulatory system governs synthesis of a periplasmic Ag(I)-binding protein (SilE) and two efflux pumps (a P-type ATPase (SilP) plus a three-protein chemiosmotic RND Ag(I)/H+ exchange system (SilCBA)). The same genes were identified on five of 19 additional IncH incompatibility class plasmids but thus far not on other plasmids. Of 70 random enteric isolates from a local hospital, isolates from catheters and other Ag-exposed sites, and total genomes of enteric bacteria, 10 have recognizable sil genes. The centrally located six genes are found and functional in the chromosome of Escherichia coli K-12, and also occur on the genome of E. coli O157:H7. The use of molecular epidemiological tools will establish the range and diversity of such resistance systems in clinical and non-clinical sources. Silver compounds are used widely as effective antimicrobial agents to combat pathogens (bacteria, viruses and eukaryotic microorganisms) in the clinic and for public health hygiene. Silver cations (Ag+) are microcidal at low concentrations and used to treat burns, wounds and ulcers. Ag is used to coat catheters to retard microbial biofilm development. Ag is used in hygiene products including face creams, "alternative medicine" health supplements, supermarket products for washing vegetables, and water filtration cartridges. Ag is generally without adverse effects for humans, and argyria (irreversible discoloration of the skin resulting from subepithelial silver deposits) is rare and mostly of cosmetic concern.

Drug Resistance, Bacterial↗
PubMed1986

[Effect of silver compounds on viruses in water].

Two commercial substances, Certisil and Micropur, containing microbicidal silver compounds and destinated for decontamination as well as preservation of water were examined for virus inactivating activity against ECBO-, influenza A, Newcastle Disease, pseudorabies and vaccinia viruses in drinking water. In the recommended concentration as well as higher concentrated the lability of the viruses was increased by the silver compounds. This activity which cannot be designated as a true virucidal effect was clearly evident in the case of ECBO and vaccinia viruses, moderate on influenza and pseudorabies viruses but insignificant on Newcastle disease virus. Two combined silver compounds, Certisil-Combina and Sanosil, each containing an immediate microbicidal part besides silver differed in their antiviral activity. The chlorine separating part of Certisil-Combina didn't cause an improvement or acceleration of the destabilizing effect on viruses compared to the pure silver compound, while the hydrogen peroxide part of Sanosil led to a better and continuing inactivating influence on the viruses which were merely reduced in infectivity by 99,9% within one day. Only in the case of evident or suspected contamination of water reservoirs by viruses the addition of a combined silver drug with oxygen separating part seems to be useful.

Antiviral Agents↗
PubMed2005

Exposure-related health effects of silver and silver compounds: a review.

A critical review of studies examining exposures to the various forms of silver was conducted to determine if some silver species are more toxic than others. The impetus behind conducting this review is that several occupational exposure limits and guidelines exist for silver, but the values for each depend on the form of silver as well as the individual agency making the recommendations. For instance, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists has established separate threshold limit values for metallic silver (0.1 mg/m3) and soluble compounds of silver (0.01 mg/m3). On the other hand, the permissible exposure limit (PEL) recommended by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the recommended exposure limit set by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is 0.01 mg/m3 for all forms of silver. The adverse effects of chronic exposure to silver are a permanent bluish-gray discoloration of the skin (argyria) or eyes (argyrosis). Most studies discuss cases of argyria and argyrosis that have resulted primarily from exposure to the soluble forms of silver. Besides argyria and argyrosis, exposure to soluble silver compounds may produce other toxic effects, including liver and kidney damage, irritation of the eyes, skin, respiratory, and intestinal tract, and changes in blood cells. Metallic silver appears to pose minimal risk to health. The current occupational exposure limits do not reflect the apparent difference in toxicities between soluble and metallic silver; thus, many researchers have recommended that separate PELs be established.

Argyria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analytical findings in a fatal poisoning with silver compound.

A 69-year-old male radio technician drank an unknown amount of a liquid and died within 5 h at a hospital. Mainly silver, potassium, and calcium, among other substances, were found in the residue of the liquid from the empty bottle by means of the spectrographic method (30.7% silver and 25.5% potassium using atomic absorption spectometry [AAS] method). The toxicological analysis of the postmortem material for silver performed by the flame AAS method (stomach, 2.43 micrograms/g; intestines, 1.12 micrograms/g; liver, 6.29 micrograms/g; kidney, 4.85 micrograms/g; spleen, 30.1 micrograms/g; heart, 10.8 micrograms/g; lung, 14.8 micrograms/g; and brain, 0.61 microgram/g) confirmed fatal silver compound poisoning. The results were verified by the standard additions technique and recovery examination. However, no increase in the potassium concentrations was observed in the postmortem material. There have been no data in available literature on the distribution of silver in tissues in people after oral administration of silver salts.

Aged↗
PubMed1970

Mechanism of prophylaxis by silver compounds against infection of burns.

To clarify tthe mechanism by which local application of silver compounds protects burns against infection, an ion-specific electrode was used to measùre the concentration of silver ions in solutions. By this method it was shown that in burn dressings silver ions were reduced to a very low level by precipitation as silver chloride. The antibacterial effect was found to depend on the availability of silver ions from solution in contact with precipitate. Between 10(-5) and 10(-6) molar silver nitrate solution in water was rapidly bactericidal. The minimal amount of silver nitrate causing inhibition of respiration of skin in tissue culture was about 25 times the minimal concentration of silver nitrate that inhibited growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1999

Validation of K-edge 125I brachytherapy enhancement with silver compounds.

Brachytherapy with radioactive seeds implanted within the tumour volume has demonstrated good success rates in treating certain cancers. In an effort to improve the curative rates in cancer patients, ongoing research is being conducted to enhance the amount of radiation dose that is absorbed within the tumour volume while minimizing the dose absorbed by the surrounding normal tissue. One method for enhancing tumour dose absorption with 125I brachytherapy seeds is to increase the number of photoelectric atomic interactions within the tumour volume by introducing small quantities of a silver compound, taking advantage of the K-edge effect. Because low-energy electrons and Auger electrons are the primary sources of brachytherapy dose enhancement, acquiring accurate experimental measurements of absorbed dose increases is a major challenge. To circumvent this problem, an x ray fluorescence excitation spectroscopy dosimetry technique supplemented with clinically accepted dosimetry calculations was developed to estimate relative absorbed dose increases in a water phantom containing up to 7.5 mM of silver. Excellent agreement was observed between theoretically derived Monte Carlo dosimetric predictions and experimental measurements. These results successfully demonstrated that K-edge enhanced 125I brachytherapy is indeed possible with future development of a non-toxic silver chelate.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1989

[Serum and tissue silver levels after burns treated with silver compounds].

This study was performed in order to investigate serum and tissue silver levels in burns which were used 10 percent silver nitrate as a topical agent. We formed four groups of animals and pulverized 10 percent silver nitrate solution to the first group (GI) that included ten rabbits of which backs were burned by boiling water and silver sulphadiazine cream to second group (GII) with nine rabbits. We carried out 10 percent silver nitrate solution to the first control group (GIII) and silver sulphadiazine cream to the second control group (GIV) each of which had seven animals with unburned skin. We obtained blood samples from every animal before and after application of topical agent on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 15th, 21st and 28th. We determined serum and tissue silver levels by atomic absorption spectrophotometer in kidney and liver of the animals which were sacrificed on the 28th day. In first and second groups we found that serum silver values reached on 3rd day to the maximum level and then the values decreased gradually. We also determined that diminution of the serum silver levels were prominent following on 15th day. It was shown that there was no silver in the serum on 28th day except four animals. The silver deposition in the liver was much more than in the kidney. Between these two groups there was significant difference neither in the serum on the same days nor the tissue silver levels. According to these data it was concluded that serum and tissue silver levels with 10 percent silver nitrate used in burns produced no difference from that of 1 percent silver sulphadiazine cream.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of silver preparations on the microflora regenerated from a condensate of atmospheric water vapor in a hermetically-sealed chamber].

The effect of different silver compounds (silver sulphate, silver nitrate, electrolytic ionic silver) on microorganisms in water reclaimed from the atmospheric condensate in an enclosed environment was investigated. The following microorganisms were examined: Alcaligenes faecalis, Citrobacter freundii. Aeromonas hydrophila, Staphylococcus epidermidis, etc. The ionic silver concentrations in solution varied from 0.1 to 10 mg/l. The efficiency of the silver compounds was found to depend on the microbial strain, ionic silver concentration in solution, and time of exposure. The microflora of the reclaimed water proved to be highly resistant to the preservatives which was strongly associated with the bacterial physical and chemical composition of the products preserved.

Aeromonas↗